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Oil well
cementing

Mustafa Jassim Zaal

2021
 Science topic for the day

Brief introduction

Primary cementing process is the process of pumping a quantity of cement into the annular
space between the wellbore and the casing pipes for the purpose of fixing the casing pipes.
Completing this process requires ensuring that cuttings and formation fluid are removed from
the space between the wellbore and the casing tubes, and that this space is filled with the
appropriate amount of
Cement and its transformation into a solid state capable of supporting casing tubes and
withstanding various well operations such as perforation and various production operations
throughout the life of the well.
Cementing processes objectives
Expectations and outcomes

Objectives
Zonal isolation and determine fluid movement
Support casing pipes
protect casing pipes from corrosion processes
Prevet blowout
Cementing process types

Primary cementing
Secondary cementing
Primary cementing
Running after casing, includes :

single stage cementing

cementing through drilling string

multi-Stage Cementing

Liner cementing
Secondary cementing
Running in case of fail primary cementing, and aim to complete
and repair previous cementing operations , includes :

cementing through casing shoe

cementing through perforation

cementing Equipment
Cementing Head
Guide Shoe

Float collars

Casing centralizers

Cement Plugs(top plug &Bottom plug)

Cementing head

Cementing Head is designed to hold a

cementing plug before it is pumped
down the casing during the cementing
operation. In most operations, a bottom
plug is launched before the spacer or
cement slurry. The top plug is released
from the cement Head after the spacer
fluid. A manifold incorporated into the
cement head assembly allows connection
of a fluid circulation line.
Guide shoe
A guide shoe is installed on the bottom
joint of casing and is usually combined
with a float collar in the casing string for
conventional cementing operations. The
guide shoe thru-bore allows conversion
balls, tubes and debris to exit the casing
without obstruction.
Float collar
During cementing operations, float
equipment is essential for preventing
back-flow while also serving as a
landing point for wiping and
displacement plugs.
Centralizers
centralizer provides positive standoff and
centering and can be used in both cased
or open hole applications. Designed for
use in highly deviated and horizontal
well conditions, offers sufficient
clearance for fluid passage, maximum
flow and well bore stabilization
Cement plugs
A rubber plug used to separate the cement slurry from other
fluids, reducing contamination and maintaining predictable
slurry performance. Two types of cementing plug are typically
used on a cementing operation. The bottom plug is launched
ahead of the cement slurry to minimize contamination by
fluids inside the casing prior to cementing. A diaphragm in the
plug body ruptures to allow the cement slurry to pass through
after the plug reaches the landing collar. The top plug has a
solid body that provides positive indication of contact with
the landing collar and bottom plug through an increase in
pump pressure.
Cementing test
cement must be tested before it is used in wells cementing. The test is
done on pure cement without any addition. The quality of cement
can be assessed indirectly through the following measurements:

initial setting time

final setting time
cement Fineness

specific Gravity of cement slurry

Filtration of cement slurry

Cement additives

Most oil well cement slurries will be added to some

additives in order to modify cement properties so
cement operation can be properly performed.
Accelerators

Accelerators are added to shorten the time for cement

to properly set and it will reduce rig time while waiting
on the cement (WOC). Accelerators are crucial in
shallow depths where bottom temperature is low

Chemical used as accelerators are as follows;

Calcium chloride 1.5 – 2.0 %
Sodium chloride 2.0 – 2.5%
Sea water
Retarders

Retarders have the opposite function as accelerators

because they are used to prolong thickening time of
cement in order to prevent premature setting of
cement. Retarders are used in the deeper hole
section where bottom hole pressure is high.

Chemical used as retarders are as follows;

Calcium lignospulphanate
Saturated salt solution
Lightweight additives
(extenders)
Lightweight additives are used to reduce slurry density.
Some sections in the well may require a reduced cement
weight because a formation fracture gradient is quite low.
With normal cement density, it can cause cement losses
and it will result in a bad cement job. Reducing the cement
density will cause decreasing in compressive strength and
increasing in thickening time.

Chemicals used as light weight additives are as follows;

Bentonite (2%-16%)
Pozzolan
Diatomaceous earth (10%-40%)
Heavy weight additives

Heavy weight additives are added in order to increase

slurry density. Some overpressures zones must be
cemented with a high density cement.

Chemicals used as heavy weight additives are as follows;

Barite
Hematite
Sand
Cement Bond Log ( CBL , VDL , GR , CCL
Cement bong image log (record 360 degree)