BASIC CONCEPT OF COMPUTER

QUESTION NO.1: Differentiate Input and Output Device?

ANSWER:

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN INPUT AND OUTPUT DEVICES

An input device sends information to a computer system for processing, and

an output device reproduces or displays the results of that processing. Input
devices only allow for input of data to a computer and output devices only receive
the output of data from another device.

Most devices are only input devices or output devices, as they can only accept
data input from a user or output data generated by a computer. However, some
devices can accept input and display output, and they are referred to as I/O
devices (input/output devices).

For example, a keyboard sends electrical signals, which are received as input.
Those signals are then interpreted by the computer and displayed, or output, on the
monitor as text or images. The computer sends, or outputs, data to a printer. Then,
that data is printed onto a piece of paper, which is also considered output.
INPUT DEVICES
An input device can send data to another device, but it cannot receive data from
another device. Examples of input devices include the following.

 Keyboard and Mouse - Accepts input from a user and sends that data

(input) to the computer. They cannot accept or reproduce information

(output) from the computer.

 Microphone - Receives

sound generated by an input source, and sends that sound to a

computer.

 Webcam - Receives images generated by whatever it is

pointed at (input) and sends those images to a computer.

OUTPUT DEVICES
An output device can receive data from another device and generate output with
that data, but it cannot send data to another device. Examples of output devices
include the following.

 Monitor - Receives data from a computer (output) and displays that

information as text and images for users to view. It cannot

accept data from a user and send that data to another device.

 Projector - Receives data from a computer (output) and displays, or

projects, that information as text and images onto a surface, like a wall or
 screen. It cannot accept data from a user and send that data to another

device.

 Speakers - Receives sound data from a computer and plays the sounds for

users to hear. It cannot accept sound generated by users and

send that sound to another device.

INPUT/OUTPUT DEVICES
An input/output device can receive data from users, or another device (input),
and send data to another device (output). Examples of input/output devices include
the following.

 CD-RW drive and DVD-RW drive - Receives data from a computer

(input), to copy onto a writable CD or DVD. Also, the drive sends data

contained on a CD or DVD (output) to a computer.

 USB flash drive - Receives, or saves, data from a computer (input). Also,

the drive sends data to a computer or another device (output).

QUESTION NO.2: What is a Microprocessor?

ANSWER:

MICROPROCESSOR

A microprocessor is an alternate name of central processing unit (CPU) of a

computer system. Its components are present on a single integrated circuit chip
of silicon, which contains millions of small components such as transistors, diodes
and resistors that work together. A microprocessor processes data in the form of
numbers hence performing arithmetic and logic operations that includes
subtracting, adding, transferring numbers from one area to another and comparing
two numbers. It is also called as brain of computer and performs all the work in a
computer system.

Microprocessor-based systems are thus found everywhere today and not just in
computers and smartphones: in automatic testing of products, speed control of
motors, traffic light control, communication
equipment, television, satellite communication,
home appliances, such as microwave oven,
washing machine, gaming   controller,
industrial controllers and even specialized
applications such as military applications. 

QUESTION NO.3: What is RAM and

ROM?

ANSWER:

RAM:

RAM denotes to Random access memory, it is the main memory in a computer or

the hardware in a computing device where the operating system (OS), application
programs and data in current use are kept so they can be quickly reached by the
device's processor. The data stored in RAM can be accessed almost instantly
regardless of where in memory it is stored. It
allows your computer to perform many of its
everyday tasks, such as loading applications,
browsing the internet, editing a spreadsheet,
or experiencing the latest game. Memory also allows you to switch quickly among
these tasks, remembering where you are in one task when you switch to another
task.

There are many different types of RAMs that are commonly use in present. Some
are mentioned bellow:

 Static RAM (SRAM)

 Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
 Synchronous Dynamic RAM (SDRAM)
 Single Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic RAM (SDR SDRAM)

ROM:

ROM stands for Read-Only Memory. It is a type of electronic storage that refers to
computer memory chips containing permanent or semi-permanent data, .comes
built in to a device during manufacturing. The memory from which we can only
read but cannot write on it. This type of memory is non-volatile and not as easily
accessible as in RAM.  It is either modified
with extreme difficulty or not at all. ROM
is mostly used for firmware updates. The
data stored in Rom is not lost whenever
you start the system again. It allows the
computer to boot up or regenerate
whenever it is turned on.

Following are the some common types of ROM:

 Masked ROM (MROM)

 Programmable ROM (PROM)
  Erasable and Programmable ROM (EPROM)
 Electrically Erasable and Programmable ROM (EEPROM)

QUESTION NO.4: What is computer virus and how does it

spread?

ANSWER:

COMPUTER VIRUS

A computer virus is a malicious program, script, macro, or code designed to

damage, steal personal information, modify data, and send e-mail, display
messages, or a combination of these actions. Computer viruses never occur
naturally. They are always induced by people.

When the virus is executed, it spreads by copying itself into or over data files,
programs, the hard drive boot sector, or anything else writable. To help the spread,
the virus, writers use knowledge of
security vulnerabilities, zero-days,
or social engineering to gain access to a
host's computer.

All operating systems can contract a

computer virus or malware. Whether it
is Android, iOS, Microsoft
Windows, macOS, or a Linux variant, all
these computers can be at risk of getting
a virus.

SPREAD OF VIRUS

There are many ways a computer can become infected with a computer virus or
other malware. When a virus is made, it's often distributed
through shareware, pirated software, e-mail, P2P programs, or other programs
where users share data. Once downloaded or copied to the computer, if the infected
program is executed, it can potentially affect anything that a computer can access.
Following are the methods through which a computer can get infected with a virus.
 Accepting without reading
 Downloading any infected software
 Opening e-mail attachments
 Inserting or connecting an infected disc or drive
 Visiting unknown links
 Not running the latest updates
 Pirating software, movies or music
 No antivirus scanner