UGANDA INSTITUTE OF

INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS

TECHNOLOGY

SEM 1 Year.2 2021

ASSIGNMENT I

COURSE: TELECOMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING

COURSE UNIT: ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION PRINCIPLES II

LECTURER: MR KARUGABA MICHEAL

NAME: WAMEMA JOSHUA DICKSON

REG NO. 2019/TE/DAY/014

SESSION: DAY

DATE: 7TH JULY 2021

QUESTIONS
Summarize the handout for digital modulation

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 DIGITAL MODULATION SUMMARY
In digital modulation we have symbols and bits.
Symbols are wave forms and physical means by which a bit moves from a transmitter to the receiver. A
bit is actually a data in a binary form meaning represented as 0 for low voltages and 1 for high voltages
Symbol rate is the inverse of time taken to transmit one symbol.
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It can mathematically be written as 𝑅𝑠𝑦𝑚 = 𝑇𝑠𝑦𝑚

On the other hand, bit rate is the inverse time taken to transmit a bit.
1
It can mathematically be written as 𝑅𝑏 = 𝑇𝑏

Symbol and bit rate can mathematically be related by the equation below
𝑅𝑏 = 𝑁. 𝑅𝑠𝑦𝑚
Where N is the number of bits per second
The number of bits per second N can also be calculated from the expression 𝑁 = log 2 𝑀
Where M is the number of symbols
Bandwidth is also given by expression 𝐵𝑊 = 2 𝑅𝑏
Binary digital modulation
This refers to the type of modulation where there are two symbols and therefore each symbol carries
one bit of information. Depending on what we vary e.g. Amplitude, phase or frequency we come up
with different schemes of binary digital modulation
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
This is a frequency modulation scheme where digital information is transmitted through discrete
frequency change of a carrier wave. The simplest form of FSK is Binary frequency shift Keying
(BFSK) where a carrier frequency is shifted to allow frequency to transmit 0’s and 1’s
It was used in dial up modems to connect home computers to internet service providers over an analog
phone
In frequency domain two carrier frequencies are used and consider FSK to be two different digital
transmissions one at mark(high) frequency and the other at space(low) frequency. Then the null band
width definition is used to compute the band width in FSK modulation where band width lies between
the space frequency and mark frequency
𝑩𝑾 = 𝒇𝒎𝒂𝒓𝒌 − 𝒇𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒆 + 𝟐 𝑹𝒔𝒚𝒎 𝑯𝒛
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)and On- Off Keying (OOK)
This is a form of amplitude modulation representing digital data. In this scheme there is shift of
amplitude of a carrier wave.
The simplest form of ASK is OOK. OOK is a type of ASK and in OOK a carrier is transmitted for a 1
bit and nothing for a 0 bit

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In ASK frequency and phase of the carrier are both the same as symbols

Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

This is a form of phase modulation where the carriers phase shifts to one of a finite set of possible
phases
The simplest PSK is a Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) where the phase is shifted between one of
only two phases (00 𝑎𝑛𝑑 1800 )
In PSK the amplitude of all output symbols is the same it is only the phase of the symbols that changes
How to calculate the band width in ASK, OOK, BPSK
𝑩𝑾 = 𝟐 𝑹𝒔𝒚𝒎 𝒃𝒖𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒔𝒆 𝒔𝒄𝒉𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒔 𝑵
= 𝟏 𝒃𝒊𝒕⁄𝒔𝒚𝒎𝒃𝒐𝒍
𝑹𝒃
𝑹𝒔𝒚𝒎 = 𝑹𝒃
𝑵 𝑩𝑾 = 𝟐 𝑩𝑾 = 𝟐𝑹𝒃
𝟏
M-ary PSK or QAM
This is a type of modulation scheme where there are more than two symbols and meaning more
than one bit being transmitted at a time
Symbols and bits are related by a graphical tool called the constellation diagram. The
constellation diagram is a plot in polar coordinates of the phase and amplitude of each symbol in
a digital modulation scheme.
phase 00 is a long the x-axis and it increases in the anticlockwise direction. Symbols however are
represented by large dots and adjacent to them are the bits they represent
bits have the same amplitude and hence equidistant from the origin
increase in the number of bits per second (bps) that are transmitted increases the transmission
band width
m-ary digital modulation helps in transmitting higher bit rate without the associated increase in
band width compared to (ASK, PSK, OOK and BPSK)
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)
This is a transmitting technique of keeping the symbol rate the same while increasing the number
of bits per symbol by transmitting in one of the possible phases
Calculations concerning QPSK
In a QSPK there are 4 symbols M=4, derive an expression for band width
𝑩𝑾 = 2 𝑅𝑠𝑦𝑚 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑵 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝑴 𝑵 = 𝟐
𝑹𝒃 𝑹𝒃
𝑹𝒔𝒚𝒎 = 𝑩𝑾 = 𝟐
𝑵 𝟐
𝒃𝒖𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒔𝒆 𝒔𝒄𝒉𝒆𝒎𝒆 𝑴 = 𝟒 𝑩𝑾 = 𝑹𝒃
M-ary PSK
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Increasing number of possible shifts increases the number of symbols and here in M-ary PSK M
stands for the number of symbols

Consider 8-PSK calculate the bandwidth

𝑩𝑾 = 𝟐 𝑹𝒔𝒚𝒎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑵 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝑴 𝑵 = 𝟒
𝑹𝒃 𝑹𝒃
𝑹𝒔𝒚𝒎 = 𝑩𝑾 = 𝟐
𝑵 𝟑
𝒃𝒖𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒔𝒆 𝒔𝒄𝒉𝒆𝒎𝒆 𝑴 = 𝟏𝟔 𝟐𝑹𝒃
𝑩𝑾 =
𝟒
Consider a 16- PSK drive an expression for band width
𝑩𝑾 = 𝟐 𝑹𝒔𝒚𝒎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑵 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝑴 𝑵 = 𝟑
𝑹𝒃 𝑹𝒃
𝑹𝒔𝒚𝒎 = 𝑩𝑾 = 𝟐
𝑵 𝟒
𝒃𝒖𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒔𝒆 𝒔𝒄𝒉𝒆𝒎𝒆 𝑴 = 𝟖 𝟏
𝑩𝑾 = 𝑹
𝟐 𝒃
For constellation diagrams all symbols appear on a circle about the origin
Noise effect
Increase in number of symbols makes the system more susceptible to noise in M-ary PSK like
32-PSK, 64-PSK and higher noise levels cause bit errors at the receiver. Therefore, as a good
engineer you must ensure that you minimize on the noise during transmission
Noise minimization
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
Here symbols that have different amplitude and different phases are used to spread the symbols
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out and the band width for 8 QAM is 3 𝑅𝑏 just as it is with 8- PSK but the only difference is the
8-QAM has less noise
Higher level QAM
QAM can be extended to have a large number of symbols which allows much higher bitrate in
the same band width. Examples of QAM include 64-QAM,256 QAM
Higher level QAM is applicable in cable modems, satellites and high-speed fixed broadband
They can give to a bitrate of even 800 kbps

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2019/TE/DAY/014