Elasticity and Hooke’s Law Compiled By: Manzar Ali Khan

Elasticity is the property of the material to regain its original F 25

F = k e or e = k = 8 = 3.1cm
dimensions, when the deforming force is removed. Such materials are
called Elastic materials, but these materials are elastic up to a limit called (iii) What force is required to cause an extension of 7cm?
“Elastic Limit”. F=ke F = 8 x 7 = 56 N
Extension Load Graphs
Elastic Limit is a point beyond which if the force is applied, the spring will
no longer return back to its original dimensions when the force is removed.
1 e
Hooke’s Law e F k
=F

It states, within Elastic Limit extension/compression of a spring/wire is

directly proportional to the applied force.
Extension Applied Force
F
F=ke where, k= e (Spring Constant-Nm-1)
Limit of Proportionality

The limit of proportionality is a point beyond which the spring does not
obey Hooke’s law.

y intercept= Original Length of wire

Example: if a force of 40 N causes an extension of 5 cm. what is the spring

constant.
(i) F= 40N, e= 5 cm
F 40
k = e = 5 = 8 Ncm-1
Springs in Series and Parallel
(ii) What is the extension for the force of 25N?
Aitchison College Lahore, LGS –JT, LGS Phase 5 and Phase 1, CITY School, LACASx’=
and 2x
SICAS
 Elasticity and Hooke’s Law Compiled By: Manzar Ali Khan
Young modulus and Hooke’s Law
Fx L E xA
E =e x A , F=( L )xe

L Hooke’s Law F = k e,
F = kx k = x
Comparing the two equations

x Ex A
X’ = 2 So, k= L ,
L x
2 Energy stored in a stretched wire
K’= x
2
K’ =2k
Stress, Strain and Young Modulus

Stress is defined as force acting per unit area. 0+ F

Work = average Force x extension= xe=½Fxe
2
F N
Stress =
A m2 Energy stored = ½ F x e
Strain (Ԑ) is defined as extension per unit length.
If F=k e, then Energy stored =½ ke x e
e
Strain = no units. Energy Stored = ½ k x e2
L

Young Modulus (E ) is Ratio of stress over strain Fxe

Energy stored per unit Volume =½
AxL
Stress Fx L
Young Modulus = = =½ Stress x Strain
Strain e x A
Aitchison College Lahore, LGS –JT, LGS Phase 5 and Phase 1, CITY School, LACAS and SICAS
 Elasticity and Hooke’s Law Compiled By: Manzar Ali Khan
Behavior of a wire under Stress

Loading

Unloadin
g
Brittle and Amorphous
• Such as Glass.
• Only Elastic deformation and No Plastic deformation.
• Super –cooled liquids with short range structures.
• Limit of proportionality (A): the wire obeys Hooke’ law. • Become Liquid without any specific melting point.
• Limit of elasticity (L): the line is a curve. The wire is elastic Breaking Point
but does not obey Hooke’s law
• A Yield point(Y): Plastic deformation starts and when
deforming force is removed there is permanent deformation
• Ultimate tensile Stress(C): the highest point on graph showing Polymers- Hysteresis Curve of Rubber
the maximum strength of the wire, beyond which the wire
stretches unevenly forming “Necks”
• Fracture or Breaking point (D): the wire has necks and thus it
breaks from the weakest point.
• OB: permanent deformation.

Ductile and Crystalline

• Metals such as copper, steel etc.
• Both elastic and plastic Deformation
• Long range Atomic Structures called “Lattice.”
1. Work done in Stretching: Total Area under Loading Graph.
2. Energy recovered: Area under Unloading Graph.
3. Energy not recovered (Internal Energy): Shaded area
between the Loading/unloading curves.
 Polymers consist of large chains of molecules entangled up
with each other
 They are strengthened by Sulphur molecule chains
 Graph is called Hysteresis. It does not obey Hooke’s Law.

Aitchison College Lahore, LGS –JT, LGS Phase 5 and Phase 1, CITY School, LACAS and SICAS
 Elasticity and Hooke’s Law Compiled By: Manzar Ali Khan
 It has Elastic Behavior.
 Area between the loading and unloading lines is the
energy not recovered or retained in the rubber.
 The Total Work done to stretch the rubber is not
recovered when the rubber restores to its original
dimension, and some of energy remains in the rubber and
increases its internal energy and temperature.

Aitchison College Lahore, LGS –JT, LGS Phase 5 and Phase 1, CITY School, LACAS and SICAS