2015،7.

‫( اﻟﻌﺪد‬A) ‫اﻟﺠﺰء‬، 33‫ اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‬،‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﮭﻨﺪﺳﺔ واﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺎ‬

Hydraulic Characteristics of Flow Over Triangular Broad

Crested Weirs

Dr. Raad Hoobi Irzooki

Engineering College, University of Tikrit/Salah Aldeen
Email:dr.raadhoobi@gmail.com
Mohammad Faiq Yass
Engineering College, University of Tikrit/ Salah Aldeen

Received on:15/3/2015 & Accepted on: 9/7/2015

ABSTRACT
In the present work, the hydraulic characteristics of flow over triangular broad
crested weirs with triangular front or back face have been experimentally studied. The
main objective of this research is to obtain empirical equation to estimate the value of the
discharge coefficient (C d ) for this kind of weir and determine the factors that affect on it.
For this purpose 18 models were constructed with different dimensions made of
plexiglass and were tested in a laboratory flume of 6m length, 30cm width and 40cm
height .These models divided into two groups, each group consists of 9 models. In the
first group 108 experiments were conducted by changing the upper face angle of the weir
three times (90°, 120°, 150°), the angle of the triangular front or back face (α) is also
changed three times (90°, 120°, 150°), for each model six different discharges were
passed. In the second group 54 experiments were carried out on models with a straight
face on the front and back (α=180°) with changing the upper face angle (θ) three times
(90°, 120°, 150°) and changing the height of the edge of the weir (P) three times ( 20 , 18 ,
16 cm), for each model six different discharges were passed. Dimensional analysis was
performed to obtain the dimensionless parameters that the discharge coefficient (Cd)
depends on it. Results showed that the change in the angle of the triangular front or back
face (α) have little effect on the discharge over these weirs, while it was noted that the
height of the edge of the weir (P) affects on the discharge coefficient, where (Cd)
increased with increasing (P). Also, the upper face angle of the weir (θ) has an effect on
the discharge coefficient, where the discharge coefficient increased with decreasing the
value of angle (θ). A simple empirical equation was predicted, in terms of the application,
for the calculation of the discharge coefficient (Cd) of weirs that used in this study, there
was a good agreement between the results obtained from this equation with the
experimental results.

Keywords: Triangular broad crested weirs, Coefficient of discharge, Artificial Neural

Network.

86
‫اﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﻟﯿﻜﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺮﯾﺎن ﻓﻮق اﻟﮭﺪارات اﻟﻤﺜﻠﺜﺔ ﻋﺮﯾﻀﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﮭﻨﺪﺳﺔ واﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺎ‪ ،‬اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‪، 33‬اﻟﺠﺰء )‪ (A‬اﻟﻌﺪد‪2015،7.‬‬
‫اﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﻟﯿﻜﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺮﯾﺎن ﻓﻮق اﻟﮭﺪارات اﻟﻤﺜﻠﺜﺔ ﻋﺮﯾﻀﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺨﻼﺻﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻨﺎول ھﺬا اﻟﺒﺤﺚ دراﺳﺔ اﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﻟﯿﻜﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺮﯾﺎن ﻓﻮق اﻟﺴﺪود اﻟﻐﺎطﺴﺔ اﻟﻤﺜﻠﺜﺔ ﻋﺮﯾﻀﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ ذات‬
‫اﻟﻮﺟﮫ اﻟﻤﺜﻠﺚ اﻷﻣﺎﻣﻲ أو اﻟﺨﻠﻔﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﺒﺮﯾﺎً‪ .‬اﻟﮭﺪف اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﻲ ﻟﮭﺬه اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ھﻮ إﺳﺘﻨﺒﺎط ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ وﺿﻌﯿﺔ ﻟﺤﺴﺎب ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﻒ )‪ (Cd‬ﻟﮭﺬه اﻷﻧﻮاع ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﺪود اﻟﻐﺎطﺴﺔ وﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ‪ .‬ﻟﮭﺬا اﻟﻐﺮض ﺗﻢ إﻧﺸﺎء ﺛﻤﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬
‫ﻋﺸﺮ ﻧﻤﻮذج ﺑﺄﺑﻌﺎد ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺰﺟﺎج اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﯿﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﺣﯿﺚ إﺧﺘﺒﺮت اﻟﻨﻤﺎذج ﻓﻲ ﻗﻨﺎة ﻣﺨﺘﺒﺮﯾﺔ ﺑﻄﻮل ‪ 6‬ﻣﺘﺮ‬
‫وﻋﺮض ‪30‬ﺳﻢ وإرﺗﻔﺎع ‪40‬ﺳﻢ‪ .‬ﺻﻨﻔﺖ اﻟﻨﻤﺎذج اﻟﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺘﯿﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ‪ 9‬ﻧﻤﺎذج‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬
‫اﻷوﻟﻰ ﺗﻢ إﺟﺮاء )‪ (108‬ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ وذﻟﻚ ﺑﺘﻐﯿﯿﺮ زاوﯾﺔ اﻟﻮﺟﮫ اﻟﻌﻠﻮي ﻟﻠﺴﺪ اﻟﻐﺎطﺲ )‪ (θ‬ﺛﻼث ﻣﺮات )‪(90°, 120°, 150°‬‬
‫وزاوﯾﺔ اﻟﻮﺟﮫ اﻟﻤﺜﻠﺚ اﻷﻣﺎﻣﻲ أو اﻟﺨﻠﻔﻲ ﻟﻠﺴﺪ )‪ (α‬ﺛﻼث ﻣﺮات أﯾﻀﺎ ً )‪ (90°, 120°, 150°‬وﻟﻜﻞ ﻧﻤﻮذج ﺗﻢ إﻣﺮار ﺳﺘﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺼﺎرﯾﻒ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬أﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ أﺟﺮﯾﺖ )‪ (54‬ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻤﺎذج ذات وﺟﮫ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻣﺎم واﻟﺨﻠﻒ‬
‫)‪ (α=180°‬ﻣﻊ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ زاوﯾﺔ اﻟﻮﺟﮫ اﻟﻌﻠﻮي )‪ (θ‬ﺛﻼث ﻣﺮات )‪ (90°, 120°, 150°‬وﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ إرﺗﻔﺎع ﺣﺎﻓﺔ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ اﻟﺴﺪ )‪(P‬‬
‫ﺛﻼث ﻣﺮات )‪ (16 ،18 ،20 cm‬ﻣﻊ إﻣﺮار ﺳﺘﺔ ﺗﺼﺎرﯾﻒ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻧﻤﻮذج‪ .‬وﺑﺈﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﺒﻌﺪي ﺗﻢ‬
‫إﯾﺠﺎد اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿﺮات اﻟﻼﺑﻌﺪﯾﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﻒ ﻟﻠﺴﺪود اﻟﻐﺎطﺴﺔ اﻟﻤﺜﻠﺜﺔ ﻋﺮﯾﻀﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ‪ .‬أظﮭﺮت اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‬
‫ﺑﺄن ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ زاوﯾﺔ اﻟﻮﺟﮫ اﻟﻤﺜﻠﺚ اﻷﻣﺎﻣﻲ أو اﻟﺨﻠﻔﻲ )‪ (α‬ﻟﻠﺴﺪ اﻟﻐﺎطﺲ اﻟﻤﺜﻠﺚ ﻋﺮﯾﺾ اﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﮫ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻗﻠﯿﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺪار‬
‫اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﻒ اﻟﻤﺎر ﻓﻮﻗﮭﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﯿﻦ ﻟﻮﺣﻆ أن إرﺗﻔﺎع ﺣﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺴﺪ ﯾﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﻒ ﺣﯿﺚ ﯾﺰداد )‪ (Cd‬ﻣﻊ زﯾﺎدة‬
‫)‪ ،(P‬أﻣﺎ زاوﯾﺔ اﻟﻮﺟﮫ اﻟﻌﻠﻮي ﻟﻠﺴﺪ)‪ (θ‬ﻓﺈﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﻜﺴﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﻒ ﺣﯿﺚ ﯾﺰداد )‪ (Cd‬ﺑﺘﻘﻠﯿﻞ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺰاوﯾﺔ )‪ .(θ‬ﺗﻢ أﺳﺘﻨﺒﺎط ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ وﺿﻌﯿﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﯿﻄﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﯿﺚ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ‪ ،‬ﻟﺤﺴﺎب ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﻒ )‪ (Cd‬ﻟﻠﺴﺪود اﻟﻐﺎطﺴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ وﻛﺎن ھﻨﺎك ﺗﻮاﻓﻖ ﺟﯿﺪ ﻣﺎ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺳﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﺒﺮﯾﺎً‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻻﺷﻚ إن اﻟﺴﺪود اﻟﻐﺎطﺴﺔ ھﻲ أﻛﺜﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺂت اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﻟﯿﻜﯿﺔ إﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎ ً ﻟﺤﺠﺰ ورﻓﻊ ﻣﻨﺴﻮب اﻟﻤﯿﺎه وﻟﻘﯿﺎس‬
‫اﻟﺘﺼﺎرﯾﻒ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﻨﻮات أو ﻟﻠﺴﯿﻄﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻧﺤﺪارات اﻟﺸﺪﯾﺪة ﻓﻲ اﻷﻧﮭﺎر واﻟﻘﻨﻮات ﻛﻤﻨﺸﺂت اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻗﻂ‪ ،‬وﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﺴﺪود‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎطﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﯾﻀﺔ ﻣﻦ أھﻢ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﺴﺪود اﻟﻐﺎطﺴﺔ وﺗﺘﻤﯿﺰ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺠﺎل اﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻘﻲ ﺑﻤﺘﺎﻧﺘﮭﺎ وﻋﺪم ﺗﺄﺛﺮھﺎ ﺑﺎﻷﺟﺴﺎم اﻟﻄﺎﻓﯿﺔ‬
‫واﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮات اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﯿﺔ اﻷﺧﺮى‪ ،‬إﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻰ إﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﻣﺮوﻧﺔ إﻧﺸﺎﺋﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ وﺗﻨﻔﯿﺬ اﻟﻤﻠﺤﻘﺎت اﻷﺿﺎﻓﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺸﺄ ﻛﻤﺎ‬
‫إﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﻏﻤﺮاً ﻛﺒﯿﺮاً دوﻧﻤﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻛﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ طﺒﯿﻌﺔ اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﻒ وﻻ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ھﺒﻮطﺎ ً ﻛﺒﯿﺮاً ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻤﯿﺎه ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﻘﺪم‬
‫واﻟﻤﺆﺧﺮ‪ .‬وﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺠﺮﯾﺎن ﻓﻮق أﻧﻮاع اﻟﺴﺪود اﻟﻐﺎطﺴﺔ‪ ،‬وﺑﻀﻤﻨﮭﺎ اﻟﺴﺪود اﻟﻐﺎطﺴﺔ ﻋﺮﯾﻀﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ھﻲ اﻟﺘﺮﺳﺒﺎت اﻟﺤﺎﺻﻠﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺪم اﻟﺴﺪ وﻟﮭﺒﻮط اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺸﻼل اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻲ )‪ (Nappe‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺆﺧﺮ‬
‫ﻋﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي اﻷﻋﺘﯿﺎدي وذﻟﻚ ﻟﮭﺮوب اﻟﮭﻮاء ﺗﺪرﯾﺠﯿﺎ ً ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺸﻼل‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﺴﺒﺐ دﻓﻊ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻟﮫ أﺛﻨﺎء ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻧﮫ‪.‬‬
‫وھﻨﺎك اﻟﻜﺜﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻷﺧﺮى اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺆﺧﺬ ﺑﻨﻈﺮ اﻷﻋﺘﺒﺎر ﻓﻲ ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎت اﻟﺴﺪود اﻟﻐﺎطﺴﺔ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ ﻣﺎﯾﺴﺒﺒﮫ ﺑﻌﺾ أﻧﻮاع‬
‫اﻟﺠﺮﯾﺎن اﻟﺴﺮﯾﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﺎء ﻣﻦ ﻧﺨﺮ وﺗﺂﻛﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎع اﻟﻘﻨﺎة وﻏﯿﺮھﺎ]‪.[2][1‬‬
‫أﺟﺮﯾﺖ اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺤﻮث واﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺪراﺳﺔ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﺠﺮﯾﺎن ﻓﻮق اﻟﺴﺪود اﻟﻐﺎطﺴﺔ ﻋﺮﯾﻀﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻧﮭﺎر واﻟﻘﻨﻮات وأﻋﺘﻤﺪت ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ ﻓﯿﮭﺎ أﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺳﺪود‬
‫ﻏﺎطﺴﺔ ﺑﺄﺷﻜﺎل ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻘﯿﺎس اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﻒ ﻓﻮﻗﮭﺎ وذﻟﻚ ﺑﺄﻋﺘﺒﺎرھﺎ ﻣﻨﺸﺂت طﻔﺢ ﻟﻠﺴﯿﻄﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺴﻮب اﻟﻤﯿﺎه ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﻨﻮات‬
‫]‪ ،[6][5][4][3‬وﻗﺪ ﻗﺎم اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺳﻨﻜﺮ )‪ [7](Singer, 1964‬ﺑﺈﺟﺮاء اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب ﺗﻮﺻﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﮭﺎ ﺑﺄن‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﻒ )‪ (Cd‬ﻟﻠﺴﺪود اﻟﻐﺎطﺴﺔ ﻋﺮﯾﻀﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ إرﺗﻔﺎع اﻟﺴﺪ اﻟﻐﺎطﺲ )‪ (P‬وﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ طﻮل ﻗﻤﺘﮫ‬
‫)‪ (L‬وﻛﺬﻟﻚ أوﺿﺢ أن ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﻒ ھﻮ داﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺴﺒﺔـ ]‪ [H 1 /P‬و ])‪ [H 1 /(H 1 +P‬ﺣﯿﺚ أن )‪ (H1‬ﯾﻤﺜﻞ ﻋﻤﻖ اﻟﻤﺎء‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﻘﯿﺎس ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻘﺪم اﻟﺴﺪ اﻟﻐﺎطﺲ‪ .‬وﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم )‪ (1966‬ﻗﺎم ھﻨﺪرﺳﻮن )‪ [8](Hendrson‬ﺑﺘﻄﻮﯾﺮ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻷﯾﺠﺎد‬
‫اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﻒ ﻟﺴﺪ ﻏﺎطﺲ ﻋﺮﯾﺾ اﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ ذو زاوﯾﺔ ﻣﺪورة ﻣﻊ ﺣﺎﻻت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺮﯾﺎن اﻟﺤﺮج‪ .‬وﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪ 2002‬أﺟﺮﯾﺖ‬
‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب ﻓﻲ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ اﻟﺒﺤﻮث اﻟﻤﺎﺋﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻮزارة اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ إﯾﺮان ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﻤﺖ دراﺳﺔ ﺳﺪود ﻏﺎطﺴﺔ ﻋﺮﯾﻀﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ ذات اﻷﺷﻜﺎل اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﯿﻤﺔ واﻟﻤﻘﻮﺳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﯿﻦ ﺧﺴﺮوﺟﺮدي وﻛﺎﻓﯿﺎﻧﺒﻮر)‪(Kavianpour Khosrojerdi‬‬
‫‪ ،[9] and‬وﻗﺪ أﻋﺘﻤﺪت اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻤﺎذج ھﯿﺪروﻟﯿﻜﯿﺔ ﻟﺴﺪود ﻏﺎطﺴﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ اﻟﻌﺮض واﻟﺘﻘﻮس وﻗﺪ ﺗﻤﺖ ﺗﺠﺎرﺑﮭﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺘﯿﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ﺗﻢ أﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺳﺪود ﻏﺎطﺴﺔ ﻋﺮﯾﻀﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻤﺔ ﻟﻐﺮض إﯾﺠﺎد ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﻒ‬

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‫اﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﻟﯿﻜﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺮﯾﺎن ﻓﻮق اﻟﮭﺪارات اﻟﻤﺜﻠﺜﺔ ﻋﺮﯾﻀﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﮭﻨﺪﺳﺔ واﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺎ‪ ،‬اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‪، 33‬اﻟﺠﺰء )‪ (A‬اﻟﻌﺪد‪2015،7.‬‬
‫اﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ‬

‫)‪ (Cd‬وﻣﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﻌﻤﻖ اﻟﺤﺮج ) ‪ (y c‬وﺷﻜﻞ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﻮق اﻟﺴﺪ‪ ،‬أﻣﺎ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﻢ أﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺳﺪود ﻏﺎطﺴﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻘﻮﺳﺔ ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﻢ ﻗﯿﺎس أﺧﺘﻼف ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﺎء واﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﻒ ﻹﯾﺠﺎد ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﻒ )‪ .(Cd‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﺎم اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ )ﻗﺎﺳﻢ ﺻﺎﻟﺢ‬
‫اﻻﻟﻔﻲ‪ [10](2005،‬ﺑﺪراﺳﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ إرﺗﻔﺎع ﻗﻤﺔ اﻟﺴﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﻒ )‪ (Cd‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب‬
‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮﯾﺔ ﺣﯿﺚ ﻗﺎﻣﺎ ﺑﺈﺟﺮاء )‪ (254‬ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ أرﺑﻌﺔ أﻧﻮاع ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﺪود اﻟﻐﺎطﺴﺔ وھﻲ )ﺳﺪ ﻏﺎطﺲ ﺣﺎد‬
‫اﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ ‪ sharp crested weir‬وﺳﺪ ﻏﺎطﺲ ﻋﺮﯾﺾ اﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ ‪ broad crested weir‬وﺳﺪ ﻏﺎطﺲ ﻣﺜﻠﺜﻲ ‪triangular‬‬
‫‪ weir‬وﺳﺪ ﻏﺎطﺲ ﺷﺒﮫ ﻣﻨﺤﺮف ‪ .(trapezoidal weir‬وﺑﺄﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺘﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﺒﻌﺪي وﺟﺪ أن اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﻒ )‪ (Cd‬و )‪ (H/Y‬ھﻲ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ طﺮدﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﺪود اﻟﻐﺎطﺴﺔ ﻋﺮﯾﻀﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﯿﺚ أن ‪ H‬ﺗﻤﺜﻞ أرﺗﻔﺎع اﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﻮق‬
‫ﺣﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺴﺪ و ‪ Y‬ﺗﻤﺜﻞ أرﺗﻔﺎع اﻟﺴﺪ‪ ،‬وھﻲ ﺗﺘﻮاﻓﻖ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻮﺻﻞ اﻟﯿﮫ اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻮن ﻓﻲ ھﺬا اﻟﻤﺠﺎل‪ .‬أﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﺪ اﻟﻐﺎطﺲ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻠﺚ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (V-notch‬ﻓﺈن ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﺗﻐﯿﺮ اﻟﺰاوﯾﺔ )‪ (θ‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﻒ )‪ (Cd‬أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﺗﻐﯿﺮ )‪ .(H/Y‬وﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻋﺎم )‪ (2009‬ﻗﺎم اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺎن ﺳﺮﺟﯿﺴﻮن وآرون ﺑﯿﺮﺳﻲ )‪ [11](Sargison & Aaron Percy‬ﺑﺪراﺳﺔ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن اﻟﻤﺎء‬
‫ﻓﻮق ﺳﺪ ﻏﺎطﺲ ﺷﺒﮫ ﻣﻨﺤﺮف ﻋﺮﯾﺾ اﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻗﯿﻢ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻤﯿﻮل اﻟﻤﻘﺪم واﻟﻤﺆﺧﺮ‪ ،‬وﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﺎﻣﺎ ﺑﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﻤﯿﻮل ‪(1V:‬‬
‫)‪ (1V: 1H)،2H‬اﻟﻤﯿﻞ اﻟﻌﻤﻮدي ﺑﺘﺮاﻛﯿﺐ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﺟﮫ اﻻﻣﺎﻣﻲ واﻟﺨﻠﻔﻲ ﻟﻠﺴﺪ اﻟﻐﺎطﺲ‪ ,‬وﻗﺎم اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺎن )ﺳﯿﺪ ھﻮﻣﺎن‬
‫ﺣﺴﯿﻨﻲ و ﺣﺴﯿﻦ أﻓﺸﺎر‪ [12](2014 ،‬ﺑﺈﺟﺮاء ﺗﺠﺎرب ﻣﺨﺘﺒﺮﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺪود ﻏﺎطﺴﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻄﯿﻠﺔ ﻋﺮﯾﻀﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻨﻤﺎذج‬
‫ذات أﺑﻌﺎد ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ وﻗﺪ ﺗﺒﯿﻦ إن ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﻒ )‪ (Cd‬ﯾﺮﺗﺒﻂ ارﺗﺒﺎطﺎ ً وﺛﯿﻘﺎ ﺑﺄرﺗﻔﺎع اﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﻮق ﻗﻤﺔ اﻟﮭﺪار وﻋﺮض‬
‫اﻟﻘﻨﺎه وطﻮل اﻟﺴﺪ اﻟﻐﺎطﺲ‪.‬‬
‫اﺳﺘﻨﺎدا ﻟﻤﺎ ذﻛﺮ ﻣﺴﺒﻘﺎ ﯾﻼﺣﻆ اﻧﮫ ﺗﻢ دراﺳﺔ اﻷداء اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﻟﯿﻜﻲ ﻟﻠﺠﺮﯾﺎن ﻓﻮق أﺷﻜﺎل ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﺪود اﻟﻐﺎطﺴﺔ‬
‫ﻋﺮﯾﻀﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ وﻟﻢ ﯾﺘﻢ اﻟﺘﻄﺮق ﻟﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﺴﺪود اﻟﻐﺎطﺴﺔ ﻋﺮﯾﻀﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺜﻠﺜﺔ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﺗﻢ إﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺳﺪود ﻏﺎطﺴﺔ ﻣﺜﻠﺜﺔ )‪ (triangular‬ﻋﺮﯾﻀﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ ذات وﺟﮫ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ أﻣﺎﻣﻲ )ﻣﺆﺧﺮ اﻟﺴﺪ‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎطﺲ( أو ﺧﻠﻔﻲ )ﻣﻘﺪم اﻟﺴﺪ اﻟﻐﺎطﺲ( وﺑﻘﯿﻢ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ارﺗﻔﺎع ﺣﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺴﺪ )‪ (p‬وزاوﯾﺔ وﺟﮫ اﻟﻤﺜﻠﺚ اﻷﻣﺎﻣﻲ أو‬
‫اﻟﺨﻠﻔﻲ )‪ (α‬وزاوﯾﺔ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ اﻟﮭﺪار اﻟﻤﺜﻠﺚ )‪ (θ‬وﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ‪-:‬‬
‫‪P = (20, 18, 16) cm‬‬
‫)‪α = (90°, 120°, 150°, 180°‬‬
‫)‪θ= (90°, 120°, 150°‬‬
‫واﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (1‬ﯾﺒﯿﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ أﺷﻜﺎل اﻟﺴﺪود اﻟﻐﺎطﺴﺔ ﻋﺮﯾﻀﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﯿﺚ أن ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻣﺜﻠﺜﺔ واﻟﺒﻌﺾ اﻵﺧﺮ ﺑﺪون ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‪ ،‬أي ‪ α‬ﺗﺴﺎوي ‪.ο180‬‬

‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (1‬ﺑﻌﺾ اﺷﻜﺎل اﻟﺴﺪود اﻟﻐﺎطﺴﺔ ﻋﺮﯾﻀﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ‬

‫إن اﻟﮭﺪف اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﯿﺔ ھﻮ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻟﺤﺴﺎب ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﻒ )‪ (Cd‬ﻟﺴﺪ ﻏﺎطﺲ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻠﺚ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺮﯾﺾ اﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ دراﺳﺔ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺪود اﻟﻐﺎطﺴﺔ اﻟﻤﺜﻠﺜﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ زاوﯾﺔ وﺟﮫ اﻟﻤﺜﻠﺚ‬
‫اﻷﻣﺎﻣﻲ أو اﻟﺨﻠﻔﻲ )‪ ،(α‬وزاوﯾﺔ اﻟﻮﺟﮫ اﻟﻌﻠﻮي ﻟﻠﺴﺪ اﻟﻐﺎطﺲ )‪ ،(θ‬وأرﺗﻔﺎع اﻟﺴﺪ اﻟﻐﺎطﺲ )‪ (P‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﻒ اﻟﻤﺎر‬
‫ﻓﻮق اﻟﺴﺪ اﻟﻐﺎطﺲ وﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﻒ‪ .‬وﻋﻠﻰ ھﺬا اﻻﺳﺎس ﺳﯿﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻷﺣﺼﺎﺋﻲ )‪(SPSS-19‬‬
‫واﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﻨﻈﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﺒﻌﺪي ﻟﻐﺮض أﺳﺘﻨﺒﺎط ﻋﻼﻗﺔ وﺿﻌﯿﺔ ﻟﺤﺴﺎب ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﻒ ﻟﻠﺠﺮﯾﺎن ﻓﻮق ھﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﺪود اﻟﻐﺎطﺴﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫اﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﻟﯿﻜﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺮﯾﺎن ﻓﻮق اﻟﮭﺪارات اﻟﻤﺜﻠﺜﺔ ﻋﺮﯾﻀﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﮭﻨﺪﺳﺔ واﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺎ‪ ،‬اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‪، 33‬اﻟﺠﺰء )‪ (A‬اﻟﻌﺪد‪2015،7.‬‬
‫اﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ‬

‫اﻷﺟﮭﺰة واﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮي‬

‫إﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﻓﻲ إﺟﺮاء اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب ﻗﻨﺎة ﻣﺨﺘﺒﺮﯾﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻄﯿﻠﺔ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﻄﻮل اﻟﻘﻨﺎة ‪ 6‬ﻣﺘﺮ ذات ﻗﺎﻋﺪة ﺣﺪﯾﺪﯾﺔ ﺑﻌﺮض ‪0.3‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﺮ وإرﺗﻔﺎع ‪ 0.4‬ﻣﺘﺮ‪ ،‬وﺗﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﺤﻮﺿﯿﻦ ﯾﺠﮭﺰان اﻟﻘﻨﺎة ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻦ طﺮﯾﻖ ﻣﻀﺨﺘﯿﻦ اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻟﮭﺎ ﺗﺼﺮﯾﻒ أﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺪاره‬
‫‪ 8‬ﻟﺘﺮ‪/‬ﺛﺎ‪ ،‬واﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﻟﮭﺎ ﺗﺼﺮﯾﻒ أﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 2‬ﻟﺘﺮ‪/‬ﺛﺎ‪ ،‬وﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﻤﻘﺪار اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﻒ اﻟﺨﺎرج ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﺻﻤﺎم‬
‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻓﺘﺤﺘﮫ ﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﻒ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب‪ .‬اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (2‬ﯾﻤﺜﻞ ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﺗﻮﺿﯿﺤﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﻨﺎة اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻠﺤﻘﺎﺗﮭﺎ‪.‬‬
‫أﺟﺮﯾﺖ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب ﺑﺘﺜﺒﯿﺖ اﻟﻨﻤﺎذج ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﻨﺎة‪ ،‬وﺑﻘﯿﻢ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﺰاوﯾﺔ اﻟﻮﺟﮫ اﻟﻤﺜﻠﺚ اﻻﻣﺎﻣﻲ أو اﻟﻮﺟﮫ اﻟﺨﻠﻔﻲ )‪ (α‬وﻟﺰاوﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻓﺘﺤﺔ اﻟﺴﺪ اﻟﻐﺎطﺲ)‪ (θ‬ﻣﻊ ﻗﯿﻢ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻷرﺗﻔﺎع اﻟﺴﺪ )‪ ،(P‬وﺗﺸﻐﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ ﻟﯿﻨﺪﻓﻊ اﻟﻤﺎء ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻨﺎة ﻓﻮق اﻟﺴﺪ اﻟﻐﺎطﺲ ﻣﻊ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﻜﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﻒ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﺼﻤﺎم اﻟﻤﯿﻜﺎﻧﯿﻜﻲ ﺛﻢ ﻗﯿﺎس إرﺗﻔﺎع اﻟﻤﺎء ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺴﺪ ﺑﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ‪1‬م وﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﺴﺪ ﺑﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ‪25‬ﺳﻢ‬
‫وﻟﻔﺘﺮات ‪5‬ﺳﻢ ﻟﻀﻤﺎن رﺳﻢ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﺠﺮﯾﺎن )‪ (stream line‬ﺑﺸﻜﻞ دﻗﯿﻖ‪ .‬وﻟﻜﻞ ﻧﻤﻮذج ﺗﻢ اﻣﺮار ﺳﺘﺔ ﺗﺼﺎرﯾﻒ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﻢ ﺛﺒﺘﺖ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻮر اﻟﻌﻠﻮي ﻟﻠﻘﻨﺎة اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻟﮭﺪار اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﯿﺎس اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪق‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﯿﺎس اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪق‬

‫اﻟﮭﺪار اﻟﻤﺜﻠﺜﻲ‬

‫أﺣﻮاض اﻟﺨﺰن‬

‫اﻟﺼﻤﺎم اﻟﻤﯿﻜﺎﻧﯿﻜﻲ‬

‫اﻟﻤﻨظور اﻻﻤﺎﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﻨﺎة اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒرﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻀﺨﺔ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﻟﯿﻜﯿﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺸﻛل )‪ (2‬ﻤﺨطط اﻟﻘﻨﺎة اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒرﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨدﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب‬

‫اﻟﺘﺼﺎرﯾﻒ اﻟﻤﺎرة ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﻘﻨﺎة ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﻧﻮﻋﺎ ً ﻣﺎ وﻧﻈﺮاً ﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﮭﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺤﺠﻤﯿﺔ وﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻟﺘﺠﻨﺐ ﺣﺼﻮل ﺧﻄﺄ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﻒ ﺑﮭﺬه اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﺗﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ھﺪار ذو ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻣﺜﻠﺜﺔ ﺣﺎد اﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﺸﻖ ﻋﻤﻮدي ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺣﺮف )‪(V‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﻄﻮع ﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﺒﺮﯾﻄﺎﻧﯿﺔ )‪ [13] (British Standard Institution‬ﺑﺰاوﯾﺔ )‪ ،(90°‬وھﻮ ﻣﺼﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺎدة اﻟﺰﺟﺎج اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﯿﻜﻲ ﺳﻤﻚ ‪1‬ﺳﻢ ﯾﺜﺒﺖ ﻓﻲ ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﻘﻨﺎة‪ ،‬وﻗﺪ ﺗﻤﺖ ﻣﻌﺎﯾﺮﺗﮫ وأﺳﺘﺨﺮاج ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺘﮫ ﺑﺄﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺠﻤﯿﺔ )‪ (Volumetric Method‬ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﻢ ﺣﺴﺎب ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﺎر ﺧﻼﻟﮫ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺘﺮه زﻣﻨﯿﺔ ﻣﺤﺪده وﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﯿﺐ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء‪ ،‬وأﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﻒ اﻟﻤﺎر ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﻨﺎة وﻟﻜﻞ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪Q = 0.0132( H ) 2.5622‬‬ ‫)‪…(1‬‬

‫ﺣﯿﺚ إن‪:‬‬
‫‪ = Q‬ﻣﻌﺪل ﺟﺮﯾﺎن اﻟﻤﺎء )ﻟﺘﺮ‪/‬ﺛﺎ(‬
‫‪ = H‬ﻋﻤﻖ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﻮق ﺣﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺴﺪ اﻟﻤﺜﻠﺚ )ﺳﻢ(‬

‫اﻟﺘﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﺒﻌﺪي‬
‫ﻗﺒﻞ إﺟﺮاء اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب ﺗﻢ إﺧﺘﯿﺎر اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿﺮات اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﺒﻌﺪي اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮة واﻟﺪاﺧﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺄن اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﻒ اﻟﻤﺎر ﻓﻮق اﻟﺴﺪ اﻟﻐﺎطﺲ اﻟﻤﺜﻠﺜﻲ ﻋﺮﯾﺾ اﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﯾﻜﻮن داﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻐﯿﺮات اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬

‫‪89‬‬
‫اﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﻟﯿﻜﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺮﯾﺎن ﻓﻮق اﻟﮭﺪارات اﻟﻤﺜﻠﺜﺔ ﻋﺮﯾﻀﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﮭﻨﺪﺳﺔ واﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺎ‪ ،‬اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‪، 33‬اﻟﺠﺰء )‪ (A‬اﻟﻌﺪد‪2015،7.‬‬
‫اﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ‬

‫) ‪Q = f (α , θ , hw , P, B, L, g , ρ , µ , γ‬‬ ‫)‪…(2‬‬
‫ﺣﯿﺚ إن‪:‬‬
‫= ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﺠﺮﯾﺎن‬
‫= زاوﯾﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﺴﺪ اﻟﻐﺎطﺲ )‪(dimensionless variable‬‬
‫= زاوﯾﺔ اﻟﻮﺟﮫ اﻟﻌﻠﻮي ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﺪ اﻟﻐﺎطﺲ )‪(dimensionless variable‬‬
‫= أرﺗﻔﺎع اﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﻮق اﻟﺴﺪ اﻟﻐﺎطﺲ )‪(L‬‬
‫= أرﺗﻔﺎع اﻟﺴﺪ اﻟﻐﺎطﺲ )‪(L‬‬
‫= ﻋﺮض اﻟﺴﺪ )‪(L‬‬
‫= طﻮل اﻟﺴﺪ )‪(L‬‬

‫= اﻟﺘﻌﺠﯿﻞ اﻻرﺿﻲ‬
‫= اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﻠﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎء‬
‫= ﻟﺰوﺟﺔ اﻟﻤﺎء‬
‫‪ = γ‬اﻟﺸﺪ اﻟﺴﻄﺤﻲ )‪(M T-2‬‬

‫وﺑﺈﺗﺒﺎع ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﺒﻌﺪي ﺑﺄﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺔ ﺑﺎي )‪ (Pie–theorem‬ﺗﻢ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿﺮات اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬ ‫‪hw hw hw‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪= f (α , θ ,‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫)‪, Re, We‬‬ ‫)‪…(3‬‬
‫‪hw 2 ∗ g‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪P L B‬‬

‫وطﺒﻘﺎ ً ﻟﻤﺎ ذﻛﺮه ﺟﺎو) ‪ (Chow, 1959‬إن اﻟﺠﺮﯾﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﻨﻮات ﯾﻜﻮن ﻣﻀﻄﺮﺑﺎ ً وﺗﻜﻮن ﻗﻮى اﻟﻠﺰوﺟﺔ ﺿﻌﯿﻔﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﺔً‬
‫وﺑﺎﻷﻣﻜﺎن إھﻤﺎﻟﮫ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘﻮى اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﯿﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈن اﻟﺠﺮﯾﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻻﯾﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ رﻗﻢ رﯾﻨﻮﻟﺪز‬
‫ﺗﺼﺒﺢ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ )‪ (3‬ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻵﺗﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪Q‬‬ ‫‪h w h w hw‬‬

‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪= f (α ,θ ,‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫)‪,We‬‬ ‫)‪…(4‬‬
‫‪hw ∗ g‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪P L B‬‬

‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ وطﺒﻘﺎ ً ﻟﻤﺎ ذﻛﺮه وﯾﺒﺮ)‪ (Weber 1971‬ﻓﺈن ﻗﻮى اﻟﺸﺪ اﻟﺴﻄﺤﻲ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻗﻠﯿﻠﺔ وﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺆﺛﺮة ﺑﺸﺮط أن ﻻﯾﻘﻞ‬
‫أرﺗﻔﺎع اﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﻮق ﺣﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﮭﺪار ) ‪ (h w‬ﻋﻦ ‪ 6‬ﻣﻠﻢ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أھﻤﺎل رﻗﻢ وﯾﺒﺮ)‪ (We‬ﻟﺘﺼﺒﺢ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪Q‬‬ ‫‪h w hw hw‬‬ ‫)‪…(5‬‬

‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪= f (α , θ ,‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫)‬
‫‪hw ∗ g‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪P L B‬‬

‫وﺑﻤﺎ أن ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﻒ ھﻮ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻻﺑﻌﺪي )‪ (dimensionless parameter‬وﯾﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﻌﻼﻗﺔ طﺮدﯾﺔ ﻣﻊ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﻒ اﻟﻤﺎر ﻓﻮق اﻟﮭﺪار‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺎن ھﺬا اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﯾﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿﺮات اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﻒ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫ان ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪hw hw hw‬‬
‫‪Cd = f (α ,θ ,‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫) ‪,‬‬ ‫)‪…(6‬‬
‫‪P L B‬‬

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 ‫اﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﻟﯿﻜﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺮﯾﺎن ﻓﻮق اﻟﮭﺪارات اﻟﻤﺜﻠﺜﺔ ﻋﺮﯾﻀﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﮭﻨﺪﺳﺔ واﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺎ‪ ،‬اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‪، 33‬اﻟﺠﺰء )‪ (A‬اﻟﻌﺪد‪2015،7.‬‬
‫اﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ‬

‫ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ وﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل رﺳﻢ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿﺮات اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ اﻟﺘﻮﺻﻞ اﻟﯿﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﺒﻌﺪي ﻟﻠﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺳﻠﻮك اﻟﺠﺮﯾﺎن ﻓﻮق ھﺬه اﻟﺴﺪود وﻟﻐﺮض ﺑﯿﺎن ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ زاوﯾﺔ اﻟﻮﺟﮫ اﻷﻣﺎﻣﻲ )اﻟﻤﺆﺧﺮ( أو اﻟﺨﻠﻔﻲ )اﻟﻤﻘﺪم( ﻟﻠﺴﺪ‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎطﺲ اﻟﻤﺜﻠﺚ ﻋﺮﯾﺾ اﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻠﻮك اﻟﺠﺮﯾﺎن اﻟﻤﺎر ﻓﻮﻗﮫ وﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﻒ‪ ،‬أﺟﺮﯾﺖ )‪ (108‬ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫)‪ (9‬ﻧﻤﺎذج ﺗﻢ ﺧﻼﻟﮭﺎ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ زاوﯾﺔ وﺟﮫ اﻟﺴﺪ اﻟﻐﺎطﺲ )‪ (α= 90,120,150,180‬وﻟﻨﻮﻋﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺮﯾﺎن اﻷول ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮن زاوﯾﺔ اﻟﻮﺟﮫ اﻟﺨﻠﻔﻲ ﻟﻠﺴﺪ اﻟﻐﺎطﺲ ﺑﺈﺗﺠﺎه اﻟﺠﺮﯾﺎن وﻣﺮة أﺧﺮى ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن زاوﯾﺔ اﻟﻮﺟﮫ اﻻﻣﺎﻣﻲ ﻟﻠﺴﺪ اﻟﻐﺎطﺲ‬
‫ﻋﻜﺲ إﺗﺠﺎه اﻟﺠﺮﯾﺎن‪.‬‬
‫اﻷﺷﻜﺎل )‪ (5 ،4 ،3‬ﺗﺒﯿﻦ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﻒ ﻓﻮق اﻟﺴﺪ اﻟﻐﺎطﺲ اﻟﻤﺜﻠﺚ ﻋﺮﯾﺾ اﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ ذو وﺟﮫ ﺧﻠﻔﻲ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ‬
‫زاوﯾﺘﮫ )‪ (α‬واﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻼﺑﻌﺪي )‪ (h w /p‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﻜﻮن ارﺗﻔﺎع ﺣﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺴﺪ )‪ (p‬ﯾﺴﺎوي ‪20‬ﺳﻢ وﻟﺰواﯾﺎ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ اﻟﺴﺪ‬
‫)‪ .(θ‬أﻣﺎ اﻷﺷﻜﺎل )‪ (8 ،7 ،6‬ﻓﺘﺒﯿﻦ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﻒ ﻓﻮق اﻟﺴﺪ اﻟﻐﺎطﺲ اﻟﻤﺜﻠﺚ ﻋﺮﯾﺾ اﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ ذو وﺟﮫ أﻣﺎﻣﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻠﺚ زاوﯾﺘﮫ )‪ (α‬واﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻼﺑﻌﺪي )‪ (h w /p‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﻜﻮن ارﺗﻔﺎع ﺣﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺴﺪ )‪ (p‬ﯾﺴﺎوي ‪ 20‬ﺳﻢ وﻟﺰواﯾﺎ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺴﺪ )‪.(θ‬‬
‫ﯾﻼﺣﻆ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ وﻟﻜﻼ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻲ اﻟﺠﺮﯾﺎن‪ ،‬أن اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﻒ ﯾﺰداد ﻣﻊ زﯾﺎدة ) ‪ (h w‬وھﺬا ﻣﻦ اﻻﻣﻮر اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻟﻜﻦ ﯾﻼﺣﻆ ﻋﺪم وﺟﻮد ﺗﻐﯿﺮ ﻛﺒﯿﺮ ﻣﻠﺤﻮظ ﺑﻜﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﻒ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻐﯿﺮ زاوﯾﺔ اﻟﻮﺟﮫ اﻟﺨﻠﻔﻲ أو اﻷﻣﺎﻣﻲ وﻟﻜﻼ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺘﯿﻦ‪،‬‬
‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻢ إﻛﻤﺎل ﺗﺠﺎرب اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻤﺎذج ﺑﺰواﯾﺎ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﺪود اﻟﻐﺎطﺴﺔ اﻟﻤﺜﻠﺜﺔ ﻋﺮﯾﻀﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ ذات وﺟﮫ‬
‫أﻣﺎﻣﻲ وﺧﻠﻔﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ )‪ (α=180ο‬ﻣﻊ إﺳﺘﺨﺪام إرﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺴﺪ )‪ ،(20،18،16) (p‬ﺣﯿﺚ أﺟﺮﯾﺖ )‪(54‬‬
‫ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ )‪ (9‬ﻧﻤﺎذج ﻟﺒﯿﺎن ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿﺮات ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﺠﺮﯾﺎن وﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﻒ )‪ (Cd‬وﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﺠﺮﯾﺎن ﻓﻮق ھﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﺪود اﻟﻐﺎطﺴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪1.5‬‬
‫‪θ=90° , p=20cm‬‬
‫‪1.25‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫)‪Q (ℓ/sec‬‬

‫‪0.75‬‬ ‫‪α=90°‬‬
‫‪0.5‬‬ ‫‪α=120°‬‬
‫‪α=150°‬‬
‫‪0.25‬‬
‫‪α=180°‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪0.1‬‬ ‫‪0.15‬‬ ‫‪0.2‬‬ ‫‪0.25‬‬ ‫‪0.3‬‬ ‫‪0.35‬‬ ‫‪0.4‬‬
‫‪hw / P‬‬
‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (3‬اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﻒ و)‪ (hw/p‬ﻟﺴﺪ ﻏﺎطﺲ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ﻋﺮﯾﺾ اﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﺰاوﯾﺔ ‪ ο90‬ذو وﺟﮫ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ﺧﻠﻔﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺈﺗﺠﺎه اﻟﺠﺮﯾﺎن وﻟﺰواﯾﺎ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪3.5‬‬ ‫‪θ=120° , P=20cm‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪2.5‬‬
‫)‪Q (ℓ/sec‬‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪α=90°‬‬
‫‪1.5‬‬ ‫‪α=120°‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪α=150°‬‬
‫‪0.5‬‬
‫‪α=180°‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪0.1‬‬ ‫‪0.15‬‬ ‫‪0.2‬‬ ‫‪0.25‬‬ ‫‪0.3‬‬ ‫‪0.35‬‬ ‫‪0.4‬‬ ‫‪0.45‬‬ ‫‪0.5‬‬
‫‪hw / P‬‬
‫‪ο‬‬
‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (4‬اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﻒ و)‪ (h w /p‬ﻟﺴﺪ ﻏﺎطﺲ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ﻋﺮﯾﺾ اﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﺰاوﯾﺔ ‪ 120‬ذو وﺟﮫ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ﺧﻠﻔﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺈﺗﺠﺎه اﻟﺠﺮﯾﺎن وﻟﺰواﯾﺎ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬

‫‪91‬‬
‫اﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﻟﯿﻜﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺮﯾﺎن ﻓﻮق اﻟﮭﺪارات اﻟﻤﺜﻠﺜﺔ ﻋﺮﯾﻀﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﮭﻨﺪﺳﺔ واﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺎ‪ ،‬اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‪، 33‬اﻟﺠﺰء )‪ (A‬اﻟﻌﺪد‪2015،7.‬‬
‫اﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ‬

‫‪8‬‬
‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪θ=150° , P=20cm‬‬
‫‪6‬‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫)‪Q (ℓ/sec‬‬

‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪α=90°‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪α=120°‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪α=150°‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪α=180°‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪0.1‬‬ ‫‪0.15‬‬ ‫‪0.2‬‬ ‫‪0.25‬‬ ‫‪0.3‬‬ ‫‪0.35‬‬ ‫‪0.4‬‬ ‫‪0.45‬‬
‫‪hw / P‬‬
‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (5‬اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﻒ و)‪ (h w /p‬ﻟﺴﺪ ﻏﺎطﺲ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ﻋﺮﯾﺾ اﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﺰاوﯾﺔ ‪ 150ο‬ذو وﺟﮫ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ﺧﻠﻔﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺈﺗﺠﺎه اﻟﺠﺮﯾﺎن وﻟﺰواﯾﺎ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬

‫‪1.5‬‬
‫‪1.25‬‬
‫‪θ=90°, P=20cm‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫)‪Q (ℓ/sec‬‬

‫‪0.75‬‬
‫‪α=90°‬‬
‫‪0.5‬‬
‫‪α=120°‬‬
‫‪0.25‬‬
‫‪α=150°‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪0.1‬‬ ‫‪0.15‬‬ ‫‪0.2‬‬ ‫‪0.25‬‬ ‫‪0.3‬‬ ‫‪0.35‬‬ ‫‪0.4‬‬
‫‪hw / P‬‬
‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (6‬اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﻒ و)‪ (h w /p‬ﻟﺴﺪ ﻏﺎطﺲ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ﻋﺮﯾﺾ اﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﺰاوﯾﺔ ‪ 90ο‬ذو وﺟﮫ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ﺧﻠﻔﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻜﺲ إﺗﺠﺎه اﻟﺠﺮﯾﺎن وﻟﺰواﯾﺎ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫‪θ=120°,p=20cm‬‬
‫‪4‬‬

‫‪3‬‬
‫)‪Q (ℓ/sec‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫‪α=90°‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪α=120°‬‬
‫‪α=150°‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪0.1‬‬ ‫‪0.15‬‬ ‫‪0.2‬‬ ‫‪0.25‬‬ ‫‪0.3‬‬ ‫‪0.35‬‬ ‫‪0.4‬‬ ‫‪0.45‬‬ ‫‪0.5‬‬
‫‪hw / P‬‬

‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (7‬اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﻒ و)‪ (h w /p‬ﻟﺴﺪ ﻏﺎطﺲ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ﻋﺮﯾﺾ اﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﺰاوﯾﺔ ‪ 120ο‬ذو وﺟﮫ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ﺧﻠﻔﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻜﺲ إﺗﺠﺎه اﻟﺠﺮﯾﺎن وﻟﺰواﯾﺎ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬

‫‪92‬‬
‫اﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﻟﯿﻜﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺮﯾﺎن ﻓﻮق اﻟﮭﺪارات اﻟﻤﺜﻠﺜﺔ ﻋﺮﯾﻀﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﮭﻨﺪﺳﺔ واﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺎ‪ ،‬اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‪، 33‬اﻟﺠﺰء )‪ (A‬اﻟﻌﺪد‪2015،7.‬‬
‫اﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ‬

‫‪7‬‬
‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪θ=150°, p=20cm‬‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫)‪Q (ℓ/sec‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪α=90°‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪α=120°‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪α=150°‬‬
‫‪0.1‬‬ ‫‪0.15‬‬ ‫‪0.2‬‬ ‫‪0.25‬‬ ‫‪0.3‬‬ ‫‪0.35‬‬ ‫‪0.4‬‬
‫‪hw / P‬‬

‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (8‬اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﻒ و)‪ (h w /p‬ﻟﺴﺪ ﻏﺎطﺲ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ﻋﺮﯾﺾ اﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﺰاوﯾﺔ ‪ 150ο‬ذو وﺟﮫ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ﺧﻠﻔﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻜﺲ إﺗﺠﺎه اﻟﺠﺮﯾﺎن وﻟﺰواﯾﺎ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬

‫أﻣﺎ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﻒ )‪ (Cd‬وزاوﯾﺔ اﻟﻮﺟﮫ اﻟﻌﻠﻮي ﻟﻠﺴﺪ )‪ (θ‬ﻓﮭﻲ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻋﻜﺴﯿﺔ ﺣﯿﺚ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ زادت‬
‫ﻓﺘﺤﺔ اﻟﻤﺜﻠﺚ اﻟﻌﻠﻮﯾﺔ ﻗﻠﺖ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﻒ واﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﺻﺤﯿﺢ ﺑﺜﺒﻮت أرﺗﻔﺎع اﻟﺴﺪ )‪ .(P‬واﻷﺷﻜﺎل )‪(11 ،01 ،9‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺿﺢ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ زاوﯾﺔ اﻟﻮﺟﮫ اﻟﻌﻠﻮي )‪ (θ‬ﻟﻠﺴﺪ وﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﻒ )‪.(Cd‬‬
‫‪1.1‬‬
‫‪P = 20 cm‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪0.9‬‬
‫‪θ = 90 °‬‬
‫‪Cd‬‬ ‫‪0.8‬‬
‫‪θ = 120 °‬‬
‫‪0.7‬‬ ‫‪θ = 150 °‬‬
‫‪0.6‬‬
‫‪0.1‬‬ ‫‪0.2‬‬ ‫‪0.3‬‬ ‫‪0.4‬‬ ‫‪0.5‬‬ ‫‪0.6‬‬
‫‪hw / p‬‬
‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (9‬اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﻒ وﻧﺴﺒﺔ )‪ (h w /p‬ﻟﺰواﯾﺎ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺘﺤﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻮﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﺪ اﻟﻐﺎطﺲ اﻟﻤﺜﻠﺚ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬
‫ارﺗﻔﺎع ﺣﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺴﺪ )‪ (P‬ﺗﺴﺎوي ‪20‬ﺳﻢ‬

‫‪1.1‬‬
‫‪P = 18 cm‬‬
‫‪0.9‬‬
‫‪θ = 90 °‬‬
‫‪Cd 0.7‬‬ ‫‪θ = 120 °‬‬
‫‪θ = 150°‬‬
‫‪0.5‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0.1‬‬ ‫‪0.2‬‬ ‫‪0.3‬‬ ‫‪0.4‬‬ ‫‪0.5‬‬ ‫‪0.6‬‬
‫‪hw / p‬‬
‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (10‬اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﻒ وﻧﺴﺒﺔ )‪ (h w /p‬ﻟﺰواﯾﺎ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺘﺤﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻮﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﺪ اﻟﻐﺎطﺲ اﻟﻤﺜﻠﺚ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬
‫ارﺗﻔﺎع ﺣﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺴﺪ )‪ (P‬ﺗﺴﺎوي ‪18‬ﺳﻢ‬

‫‪93‬‬
‫اﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﻟﯿﻜﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺮﯾﺎن ﻓﻮق اﻟﮭﺪارات اﻟﻤﺜﻠﺜﺔ ﻋﺮﯾﻀﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﮭﻨﺪﺳﺔ واﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺎ‪ ،‬اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‪، 33‬اﻟﺠﺰء )‪ (A‬اﻟﻌﺪد‪2015،7.‬‬
‫اﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ‬

‫ﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (11‬اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﻒ وﻧﺴﺒﺔ )‪ (h w /p‬ﻟﺰواﯾﺎ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺘﺤﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻮﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﺪ اﻟﻐﺎطﺲ اﻟﻤﺜﻠﺚ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬
‫ارﺗﻔﺎع ﺣﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺴﺪ )‪ (P‬ﺗﺴﺎوي ‪16‬ﺳﻢ‬
‫أﻣﺎ ﺑﻘﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿﺮات اﻟﻼﺑﻌﺪﯾﺔ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ اﻟﺘﻮﺻﻞ أﻟﯿﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﺒﻌﺪي وھﻲ )‪ (h w /p‬و )‪ (h w /B‬و )‪(h w /L‬‬
‫ﻓﺄن ﻋﻼﻗﺘﮭﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﻒ )‪ (Cd‬ﻋﻼﻗﺔ طﺮدﯾﺔ ﻟﺠﻤﯿﻊ زواﯾﺎ اﻟﺴﺪ اﻟﻐﺎطﺲ )‪ ،(θ‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﯾﻼﺣﻆ زﯾﺎدة ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﻒ)‪(Cd‬ﻋﻨﺪ زﯾﺎدة أرﺗﻔﺎع ﺣﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺴﺪ )‪.(P‬‬
‫) ‪SPSS19‬‬ ‫وإﺳﺘﻨﺎداً اﻟﻰ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﺒﻌﺪي وﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ )‪ (%70‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻷﺣﺼﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫( ﺗﻢ أﺳﺘﻨﺒﺎط ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ وﺿﻌﯿﺔ ﻟﺤﺴﺎب ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﻒ )‪ (Cd‬ﻟﻠﺴﺪود اﻟﻐﺎطﺴﺔ ﻣﺜﻠﺜﺔ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺮﯾﻀﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻋﺘﻤﺎد‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿﺮات اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ وﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫)‪…(7‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ً إن ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﺨﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﮭﺬه اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ‪ %0.028‬وﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﺤﺪﯾﺪ )‪ (R2‬ﯾﺴﺎوي ‪ .0.769‬وﺑﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺒﻘﯿﺔ واﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ )‪ (%30‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻮﺿﻌﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﻒ اﻟﻤﻘﺎس‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎ ً واﻟﻤﺤﺴﻮب ﻣﻦ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻣﺘﻮاﻓﻘﺔ ﺑﺼﻮرة ﺟﯿﺪة ﻛﻤﺎ ﻣﺒﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(12‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣل اﻟﺗﺻرﯾف اﻟﻣﺧﺗﺑري ) ﻟﺗر ‪ /‬ﺛﺎ (‬

‫‪0.95‬‬

‫‪0.9‬‬

‫‪0.85‬‬

‫‪0.8‬‬

‫‪0.75‬‬
‫‪0.75‬‬ ‫‪0.8‬‬ ‫‪0.85‬‬ ‫‪0.9‬‬ ‫‪0.95‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫(‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣل اﻟﺗﺻرﯾف اﻟﻣﺣﺳوب ﻣن اﻟﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ) ﻟﺗر‪ /‬ﺛﺎ‬

‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (12‬اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﻒ اﻟﻤﻘﺎس ﻣﺨﺘﺒﺮﯾﺎ واﻟﻤﺤﺴﻮب ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻮﺿﻌﯿﺔ ﻟﺴﺪ ﻏﺎطﺲ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ‬
‫ﻋﺮﯾﺾ اﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ‬

‫‪94‬‬
‫اﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﻟﯿﻜﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺮﯾﺎن ﻓﻮق اﻟﮭﺪارات اﻟﻤﺜﻠﺜﺔ ﻋﺮﯾﻀﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﮭﻨﺪﺳﺔ واﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺎ‪ ،‬اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‪، 33‬اﻟﺠﺰء )‪ (A‬اﻟﻌﺪد‪2015،7.‬‬
‫اﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ‬

‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﺷﺒﻜﺎت اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﻌﺼﺒﯿﺔ )‪ ،(Artificial Neural Networks‬ﺗﺒﯿﻦ ﺑﺄن أھﻢ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﺿﻤﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿﺮات اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺠﺮﯾﺎن ﻓﻮق اﻟﺴﺪود اﻟﻐﺎطﺴﺔ اﻟﻤﺜﻠﺜﺔ ﻋﺮﯾﻀﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ ھﻮ) ‪ (h w‬واﻟﺬي ﯾﻤﺜﻞ‬
‫أرﺗﻔﺎع اﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﻮق ﺣﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺴﺪ اﻟﻐﺎطﺲ‪ ،‬ﺣﯿﺚ ﯾﻼﺣﻆ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺪول )‪ (1‬واﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (13‬أن ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮه ھﻲ )‪،(49.1%‬‬
‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﯾﺠﺐ اﻷﻧﺘﺒﺎه وﺗﻮﺧﻲ اﻟﺪﻗﺔ أﺛﻨﺎء ﻗﯿﺎﺳﮫ‪ .‬وﺑﻌﺪه ﯾﺄﺗﻲ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ زاوﯾﺔ اﻟﻮﺟﮫ اﻟﻌﻠﻮي ﻟﻠﺴﺪ)‪ (θ‬وإن ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮھﺎ ھﻮ‬
‫ﻧﺼﻒ ھﻲ )‪ ،(28.7%‬أﻣﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿﺮ )‪ (P‬ﻓﻜﺎﻧﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮه )‪ (11.6%‬وأﺧﯿﺮاً ﯾﺄﺗﻲ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ زاوﯾﺔ وﺟﮫ اﻟﺴﺪ )‪(α‬‬
‫ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﺒﻠﻎ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮھﺎ)‪.(%10.6‬‬

‫ﺟﺪول )‪ (1‬ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﻒ اﻟﻤﻘﺎس ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺳﺪ ﻏﺎطﺲ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ﻋﺮﯾﺾ اﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫‪Independent Variable Importance‬‬
‫‪Importance Normalized Importance‬‬
‫‪X‬‬ ‫‪.2870‬‬ ‫‪58.5%‬‬
‫‪Y‬‬ ‫‪.1060‬‬ ‫‪21.6%‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪.1160‬‬ ‫‪23.7%‬‬
‫‪hw‬‬ ‫‪.4910‬‬ ‫‪100.0%‬‬
‫)‪(X=θ‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫ﺣﯿﺚ إن ‪( Y = α ) :‬‬

‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (13‬ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﻒ اﻟﻤﻘﺎس ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺳﺪ ﻏﺎطﺲ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ﻋﺮﯾﺾ اﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫اﻷﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎت‬

‫أظﮭﺮت ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ اﺟﺮﯾﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺠﺮﯾﺎن ﻓﻮق اﻟﺴﺪ اﻟﻐﺎطﺲ اﻟﻤﺜﻠﺚ ﻋﺮض اﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ ذو‬
‫وﺟﮫ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ﻣﻦ اﻻﻣﺎم او اﻟﺨﻠﻒ أن زاوﯾﺔ اﻟﻮﺟﮫ اﻟﻤﺜﻠﺚ اﻷﻣﺎﻣﻲ أو اﻟﺨﻠﻔﻲ )‪ (α‬ﻟﻠﺴﺪ اﻟﻐﺎطﺲ اﻟﻤﺜﻠﺚ ﻋﺮﯾﺾ اﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫وﻛﺬﻟﻚ إرﺗﻔﺎع ﺣﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺴﺪ )‪ (P‬ﻟﮭﻤﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻗﻠﯿﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺪار اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﻒ اﻟﻤﺎر ﻓﻮﻗﮭﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﯿﻦ ﻟﻮﺣﻆ أن إرﺗﻔﺎع ﺣﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺴﺪ‬
‫ﯾﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﻒ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ واﺿﺢ‪ ،‬ﺣﯿﺚ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻤﻮم ﯾﺰداد )‪ (Cd‬ﻣﻊ زﯾﺎدة )‪ .(P‬أﻣﺎ زاوﯾﺔ اﻟﻮﺟﮫ اﻟﻌﻠﻮي‬
‫ﻟﻠﺴﺪ)‪ (θ‬ﻓﺈﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ واﺿﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﻒ ﺣﯿﺚ ﯾﺰداد اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﻒ ﺑﺰﯾﺎدة ﻗﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﺰاوﯾﺔ )‪.(θ‬‬
‫ﺗﻢ اﺷﺘﻘﺎق ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ وﺿﻌﯿﺔ ﻟﺤﺴﺎب ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﻒ ﻟﻠﺴﺪود اﻟﻐﺎطﺴﺔ اﻟﻤﺜﻠﺜﺔ ﻋﺮﯾﻀﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ وأظﮭﺮت اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‬
‫ﺗﻮاﻓﻘﺎ ﺟﯿﺪا ﻣﺎﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﻤﺤﺴﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﺒﺮﯾﺎ واﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﻤﺤﺴﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ اﺗﻀﺢ أن اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ أھﻤﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﺘﺼﺮﯾﻒ ﻓﻮق ھﺬه اﻷﻧﻮاع ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﺪود اﻟﻐﺎطﺴﺔ ھﻮ ارﺗﻔﺎع اﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﻮق ﺣﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺴﺪ وﯾﺄﺗﻲ ﺑﻌﺪه زاوﯾﺔ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ اﻟﺴﺪ‬
‫وﻣﻦ ارﺗﻔﺎع اﻟﺴﺪ اﻟﻐﺎطﺲ‪.‬‬

‫‪95‬‬
‫اﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﻟﯿﻜﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺮﯾﺎن ﻓﻮق اﻟﮭﺪارات اﻟﻤﺜﻠﺜﺔ ﻋﺮﯾﻀﺔ‬ 2015،7.‫( اﻟﻌﺪد‬A) ‫اﻟﺠﺰء‬، 33‫ اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‬،‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﮭﻨﺪﺳﺔ واﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ‬

‫اﻟﻤﺼﺎدر‬
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