IN THE NAME OF ALLAH

Republic of Iraq
Ministry of higher Education and Sc.Research
AL-Kitab University
DENT.1ST STAGE
SUB: Carbonate and Bicarbonate determination
By: Ismail Yildirim Yousif
Under supervision: Dr. Thiab
Work date: 5/3/2019
Report date: 12/3/2019
GROUP: D4
INTRODUCTION:
Once the presence of certain substances in a sample is
known, the study of their absolute or relative abundance
can help in determining specific properties. Knowing the
composition of a sample is very important, and several
ways have been developed to make it possible,
like gravimetric and volumetric analysis. Gravimetric
analysis yields more accurate data about the composition
of a sample than volumetric analysis but also takes more
time to perform in the laboratory. Volumetric analysis, on
the other hand, doesn't take that much time and can
produce satisfactory results. Volumetric analysis can be
simply a titration based in a neutralization reaction but it
can also be a precipitation or a complex forming reaction
as well as a titration based in a redox reaction. However,
each method in quantitative analysis has a general
specification, in neutralization reactions, for example, the
reaction that occurs is between an acid and a base, which
yields a salt and water, hence the name neutralization. In
the precipitation reactions the standard solution is in the
most cases silver nitrate which is used as a reagent to
react with the ions present in the sample and to form a
highly insoluble precipitate. Precipitation methods are
often called simply as argentometry. In the two other
methods the situation is the same. Complex forming
titration is a reaction that occurs between metal ions and a
standard solution that is in the most
cases EDTA (Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic acid). In the
redox titration that reaction is carried out between
an oxidizing agent and a reduction agent. There are some
more methods like Liebig method / Duma's method /
Kjeldahl's method and Carius method for estimation of
organic compounds. SUCH AS CARBONATE AND
BICARBONATE DETERMINATION

THEORY:
First: the phenophthalaline guide (ph.ph):
We will use the phypholphine guide, where the color
of the guide changes at the endpoint (from pink to
colorless) when one equivalent of acid is used to
convert carbonates to bicarbonates.Or in short:
The above equation shows that hydrochloric acid will
first react with the carbonate in the mixture (leaving
the bicarbonates in the mixture indicated red).
Therefore, at the end point where the color of the
guide changes, we will have a solution containing
only bicarbonate (the bicarbonate produced by the
acid reaction with the carbonates) In blue) and
bicarbonates originally found with the mixture
indicated red in the equation). If we symbolize the
size of the consumer acid with the symbol V1,
Thus, the size of all carbonates (and later converted
into end products of carbon dioxide, water and salt)
is twice as large as the color change of the guide.
Second: Methyl orange (M.O)
When using the Methyl Orange (M.O) guide in the
calibration, the volume to be used from the acid
indicated by the symbol (V2) will be:Part of which
was consumed to convert carbonates to
bicarbonates (V1) and then a similar fraction (V1)
was consumed to convert these bicarbonates into
final products. The two stages can be written as
follows Or merge them into one phase as we have
experienced in the previous experiment Carbonate
consumes twice as much acid as phenolphthalene
(as it will consume a volume of V1) to turn into
bicarbonate and then consume a similar volume of
V1 to convert bicarbonate to CO2 (H2O, NaCl).The
third part of the volume of acid in the mixture is
consumed and the three stages of consumption of
volume (V2) can be written as follows Thus, the
amount of acid that is equivalent to bicarbonates in
the mixture is:
Conditions to be met in the initial standard:
1- to remain stable for a few months
2- The interaction between the standard solution and
the material to be estimated should be rapid.
3- The interaction is complete and non-inverse and
necessary to obtain a clear parity point.
4- the possibility of expressing reactions with balanced
chemical equations.
5- The standard solution detector gives a clear
equivalence point, which is arithmetically dependent on
estimating the unknown substance.

Purpose:
The purpose of the first titration is to locate
approximately each of the two equivalence points in
the titration of carbonate ion with HCl. The second,
or final, titration is used to determine the second
equivalence point in the titration
Tools of the experiment:
1. Conical flask with capacity (250ml)
2-Absorbent pipette (10ml)
3 - a scented attempt (50ml)
4- Cup of capacity (100ml) with a mixture
(sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate).
5 - Cup capacity (250ml) is placed with
hydrochloric acid.
6. Hydrochloric acid known as concentration
(0.1N).
7 - A mixture of sodium carbonate and sodium
bicarbonate of unknown concentration.
8. A plastic wash flask filled with distilled water.
9. Directory of phenphthalene (ph.ph) - methyl
orange guide (M.O).
Chemical Equations:
Na2CO3+HCl------phph----->NaHCO3+NaCl
NaHCO3+HCl------M.O------->NaCl+H2O+CO2
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Na2CO3+3HCl------------>2NaCl+H2O+CO2

Steps of the experiment:

First: Conduct the experiment using the phenolphthalene
guide:
Wash the plain with plain water and then with distilled
water two or three times and then wash with HCl solution.
2. Fill the bowl (using a funnel) with HCl until the acid
reaches the top, and then open the bottom control valve in
the bowl to lower the acid level by 0 to 0.

3. Wash a conical flask with its capacity (250ml) with

normal water and then with distilled water.

4. Wash the pipette (10ml) with distilled water and wash

with sodium carbonate solution and sodium bicarbonate.

5. Remove 10ml of sodium carbonate solution and sodium

bicarbonate with the mascara and then place it fully in the
conical flask. If there is a bit of solution at the end of the
pipette, be sure to remove it in the beaker and gently snap
it into the conical flask.

6. Add two or three drops of phenphalethine (ph.ph) to the

conical solution to obtain pinkish red.

7. Start calibration by adding hydrochloric acid (HCl)

gradually to the solution of the mixture in the conical
spindle with the conical flask constantly circulating during
calibration and at the end point (e.p) the red color
disappears from the solution (the solution becomes
colorless).
8. Record the size you obtained in Table (1) in the results
section.
9. Remove the solution from the conical flask and wash it
with distilled water. Take 10ml of the mixture and add 2 or
3 drops of phenolphthalene. Then start calibration again
until you reach the end point with the pink disappearing
and record this reading.
10. Repeat the previous step (step 9) for a third time, then
record the acid size you measured and then take the
average of the volumes obtained in paragraphs (7, 9, 10)
and symbolize this mean with V1 and record it in Table
(1).
Second: Conduct the experiment using the methyl
orange guide
11. Remove the solution from the conical flask and
wash it with distilled water. Take 10ml of the mixture
and add 2 or 3 drops of the orange methyl guide.
Then start calibration again until you reach the end
point, where the color of the guide turns from yellow
to orange. The red color is recorded in Table (2) and
the size (HCl) to which it is measured is equivalent
to all carbonates and bicarbonates.
DISSCUSSION:

We found that the bicarbonate

indicator (hydrogencarbonate indicator) is a type
of pH indicator that is sensitive enough to show a
color change as the concentration of carbon
dioxide gas in an aqueous solution increases. The
indicator is used
in photosynthesis and respiration experiments to find
out whether carbon dioxide is being liberated. It is
also used to test the carbon dioxide content during
gaseous exchange of organisms. When the carbon
dioxide content is higher than 0.04%, the initial red
colour changes to yellow as the pH becomes more
acidic. If the carbon dioxide content is lower than
0.04%, it changes from red to magenta and, in
relatively very low carbon dioxide concentrations, to
purple. Carbon dioxide, even in the concentrations
found in exhaled air, will dissolve in the indicator to
form carbonic acid, a weak acid, which will lower the
pH and give the characteristic colour change. A
colour change to purple during photosynthesis
shows a reduction in the percentage of carbon
dioxide and is sometimes inferred as production of
oxygen, but there is not actually any direct evidence
for it
Great care must be taken to avoid acidic or alkaline
contamination of the apparatus in such experiments,
since the test is not directly specific to gases like
carbon dioxide