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Existing Engineering Departments & Corporations:

1. Irrigation Department (Minor, Medium & Major)
2. Roads & Building Department
3. Panchayati Raj Engineering Department
4. Public Health Department
5. Rural Water Supply & Sanitation Department
6. A.P. Tourism Department
7. Tribal Welfare Department
8. A.P. Housing Corporation
9. A.P. Educational Welfare Infrastructure Development Corporation
(APEWIDC)
10. Rajiv Vidya Mission (Sarva Siksha Abhiyan)
11 . A.P.Police Housing Corporation
12. A.P. Medical Infrastructure Development Corporation (APMIDC)
13. APGENCO
14. AP TRANSCO etc
 The activities of Engineering Departments are listed below:
 Irrigation Department (Minor, Medium & Major): Construction of
Irrigation Projects.
 Roads & Building Department: Construction of District Roads, State &
National Highways and Govt.Buildings.
 Panchayati Raj Engineering Department: Development works in Rural
Areas: Construction of buildings, Roads and other works in Gram
Panchayats aided by State or Central Govt. or local funds.
 Rural Water Supply & Sanitation Department: Drinking Water Projects
& Sanitation Works in Rural Areas
 Public Health Department: Drinking Water Projects to Municipal
Corporations and Municipalities and district head quarters.
 A.P. Tourism Department: Constructional activities relating to Tourism
department.
 Tribal Welfare Department: Construction of development activities in
Tribal Areas (ITDA) like Schools, Residential School buildings, Roads,
Public Buildings.
 A.P. Housing Corporation: IAY Housing.
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 The activities of Engineering Departments are listed below:
 A.P. Educational Welfare Infrastructure Development Corporation
(APEWIDC): Construction of Residential School Buildings, High School
Buildings etc.
 Rajiv Vidya Mission (Sarva Siksha Abhiyan): Construction of Primary /
Upper Primary School Buildings.
 A.P.Police Housing Corporation: Construction / renovation to Police
states / Police Academy / Police Quarters and deposited works of other
departments if any.
 A.P. Medical Infrastructure Development Corporation (APMIDC): It
involves in construction of Hospitals, Primary Health Centers and staff
quarters to Doctors and hospital staff & Hostel for students.

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Guiding Codes for Engineering Works:

 A.P. Public Works Department Code (D – Code)

 A.P. Public Works Account Code (A – Code)

 A.P. Public Works Finance Code

 A.P. Departmental Standard Specifications &

 G.O.s and circulars of Govt. invouge.

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To take up any work following are required:
1. Administrative Sanction

2. Technical Sanction

 Administrative Sanction: will be accorded based on the line

estimate approved by the Competent Authority.

 Technical Sanction: The Technical Sanction powers are

illustrated in APPWD Code (Chapter VI Powers of
Sanction) & G.O. 1007 TR &B dt.05-11-1976 for both original
works and maintenance works.

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Procedure involved in taking up of any work is:

 Object: Obtaining the requirement of User department.

 Site: Based on available site size layout plan, plan of the
building to be prepared.
 In planning of any public building provision of ramp of
1:12 slope and PHC Toilet are must and follow National
Building Code NBC norms (i.e., for provision of areas,
staircase, fire escape facilities etc.) and other guidelines.
 IS / IRC Codes to be adopted for designing of Buildings /
Roads.
 Detailed Estimate Preparation:
 Site survey.

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Procedure involved in taking up of any work is:

 Safe Bearing Capacity (SBC) / California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Values are
required for Buildings / Roads respectively.

 Specification Report.

 Lead chart of materials & its source.

 Current Year Schedule of Rates (SoR) effect from 1st June of year.

 Rates based on Revised Standard Data 2009 and its amendments invouge.

 MoRD (Ministry of Rural Development) & MoRTH (Ministry of

Transportation & Highways) data for Roads.

 Preparation of Abstract Estimate

 Technical Sanction.

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Execution of Works on:

 Nomination basis (for works costing less than Rs.5lakhs) ‘or’

 e-Tendering for works.

 Work will be accorded to the L1 Tenderer.

 Work order will be issued and agreement will be concluded

 Handing over Site (As per APDSS Para 58, if the site to be handed over
within 2months from the date of issue of work order the Contractor can
withdraw the contract and EMD to be refunded if this is not done).

 Tenders: As per G.O.Ms.No.94 I & CAD (PW-COD) Dept. dt.01-07-

2003. Excess Tender Premium up to 5% over estimate cost is allowed.
For less Tender Premium more than 15% Additional Security Deposit
will be collected.
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Recording of Measurements: Site Order Book, Level Field Book, Measurement
Book.

Measurement Book: All the measurements of executed work will be recorded by

the Engineer – in – Charge i.e., AEE / AE at site in the presence of the
Contractor and it will be check measured randomly by the Dy.Executive
Engineer. Executive Engineer / Superintending Engineer will super check the
works at random as per the guidelines given in APPWD Code.

Working Estimate / Completion Report:

a) Working estimates to be prepared for change in specifications or quantities

or new items.

b) Approval from the competent authority required.

c) Completion report will be prepared after completion of the work.

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d) Price Adjustment clause as per G.O.Ms.No.94 TR & B (R.I) Dept. dt.16-04-
2008, G.O.Ms.No.252 TR & B (R.I) Dept. dt.28-08-2008, & G.O. Ms. No. 35 TR &
B (R.I) Dept. dt.30-01-2009 . Generally Price Adjustment will be allowed when
the variation in rates are more than 5% decrease or increase.

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 Programmes Existing from Central Govt. & State Govt. are as
follows:

 Government of India with State sharing

 14th Finance Commission

 MGNREGS (Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee

Scheme)

 PMGSY (Pradhanmantri Grameen Sadak Yojana)

 PMKSY (Pradhanmantri Krishi Sichai Yojana)

 NRDWP (National Rural Drinking Water Programme)

 Swatcch Bharat Mission (Sanitation)

 Sarva Siksha Abhiyan

 IAY etc.
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 State Works:

 Plan Schemes

 Maintenance Grants

 Irrigation works

 Residential School Buildings

 Hospitals

 Police Housing Scheme

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Technical Sanction Powers:

i) Assistant Executive Engineers /

Assistant Engineers - Rs.50,000/-

ii) Deputy Executive Engineers - Rs.2.00lakhs

iii) Executive Engineers - Rs.10.00lakhs

iv) Superintending Engineers - Rs.50.00lakhs

v) Chief Engineer / Engineer-in-Chief - above Rs.50.00lakhs

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General pattern of Engineering Department:

i) State Head - Engineer – in – Chief / Chief Engineer

ii) Circle Head - Superintending Engineer

iii) Division Head - Executive Engineer

iv) Sub – Division Head - Deputy Executive Engineer

v) Field level - Assistant Engineer / Assistant Executive

Engineer

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 Major Rural Programme:

 MGNREGS: a) Provides minimum 100days of employment to all

identified unemployed.

 b) Job cards to be given to all identified unemployed

 Material component – not to exceed 40% taking district as unit.

 Details of buildings permitted under MGNREGS:

i.Gram Panchayat Buildings (with covered area of 130sqm/1400sft)

ii. Anganwadi Centers (covered area at least 56sqm / 600sft)

iii. Village Haats

iv. Crematoria

v. Women Self Help Groups Federation

vi. Cyclone Shelters

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vii. Common Work sheds for lively hood activities of Self Help Groups

viii. Houses Sanctioned under IAY (Min. built up area 20sqm / 215sft).

MGNREGA component: 90days in plain areas & 95 days in Hilly

areas over and above the funds approved under IAY programme

ix. Food Grains Storage Structures

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Designs:
A) Foundations: Based on type of soil and its Safe Bearing Capacity
the following may be adapted:

i) In Black Cotton Soils: Pile foundations

ii) In Sandy soils: Either open or RCC footings & columns
iii) In Gravelly soils: Either open / stub foundations / RCC Footings
& columns
B) Basement: For i) Masonry structures : Plinth beams are provided
C) Super structure: Brick / Flyash / Stone Concrete blocks / CC
Blocks / Stone masonry with RCC Columns or masonry
pillasters.
Superstructure: English bond / Flemish bond / Rat trap bond.
D) Roof: RCC / Filler slab / Tiled / GI sheet roofing.
Dead loads + Live loads + wind loads / earth quake resistance

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E) Columns: RCC / Masonry: For RCC Designs we have to
consider i) Dead Loads / Wind Loads / Earthquake loads
ii) Eccentricity iii) Long column effect (height more than 12
D))
F) Flooring: Brick Bat Flooring / Ellise pattern (1:2:4) /
Kadapa / Macherla / Bethamcherla / Shahabad / Mable /
Granite Flooring ( Prefer locally available material)
G) Finishings: Plastering, painting, doors, windows,
ventilators, electrifications, water supply & sanitation
Type of structures we used to have prior to RCC/ Concrete
technology, Mid 18th Century : Stone structures with lime
or mud mortars, Mud houses with thatched roofing,
Timber houses.

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Appropriate Technologies:
1. What is an appropriate technology?

It is an eco-friendly technology associated with nature, using

local materials, local technologies & labour intensive.

2. Why it is required?

To improve ecological balance by reduction in usage of steel,

cement and other high energy materials.

Labour intensive which is required under MGNREGA

programme.Adoption of cost effective technologies.

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3. Various appropriate technologies available & its safe adoption.
Construction of Building is broadly divided into the following:
1) Sub – Structure - Foundations & Basement
2) Super Structure
3) Roofing
4) Finishings
1) Sub-structure:
a) Foundations: Type of foundation is based on soils and its safe
bearing capacities
i) In hard soils: Preferably Stub or Arch or concrete &
masonry with stone or brick
ii) Loose & filled up soils: Individual footings or strip
foundation
iii) BC soils: Under reamed piles with single or double
bulbs

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Stub Foundation: Maximum C/C distance between Two
stubs is 2.50m

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Arch Foundation
Arch Foundation

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b) Basement:
i) In Hard soils: RR Masonry/ Solid CC Blocks with Damp Proof
Course on top
ii) In Medium & Loose soils: RR Masonry/ Solid CC Blocks with
plinth beam
iii) Basement height to be decided depending up on site conditions,
water logging areas etc.
iv) Basement filling: Sand or gravel or crusher dust in BC soil areas.
Other areas available excavated earth or gravel
2.Super structure: Brick masonry, doors & windows:
I) Brick Masonry:
a) Materials : Bricks / Blocks:
i) 2nd class
ii) mud with 5% of cement sun dried
iii) flyash
iv) stone blocks
v) Compressed Stabilised Earthen Blocks
 b) Masonry:
i) English ‘or’ Flemish bonds in framed/ conventional
type of construction using 2nd class kiln burnt bricks
or flyash bricks or stone blocks or Mud Blocks or
Compressed Stabilised Earthen Blocks with cement or
lime mortar.
ii) Rat trap bond for framed / conventional method
construction using 2nd class, flyash and Compressed
Stabilised Earthen Blocks (CSEB)
II) Lintels:
i) Brick Arch
ii) Brick
iii) Stone
iv) Wooden (seasoned wood)
v) RCC: either cast in situ or precast
III) Sunshades:
i) RCC
ii) Precast CC
iii)Stone
IV) Doors & Windows:
i) Wooden frame & shutters
ii) RCC frame Wooden Shutters
iii) MS frame & shutters

V) Ventilators:
i) Precast CC
ii) Brick Lintels
TECHNOLOGIES DEMONSTRATED DURING
THE WORKSHOP

Brick jali work

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3) Roofing with:
i) RCC
ii) Filler Material
iii) Tile
iv) Sheet (AC, GI etc.)
v) Stone
vi) Wooden
Mangalore Tiled Roofing with Precast RCC Rafters

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Jack Arch Ferro Cement Roof Slab

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Waffle Slab

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Brick Slab (Circular Room with Sloped Roofing)

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Filler Slab With I Section for Sloped Roofing

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Filler Slab With Tiles

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Reinforced Cement Concrete Ribbed Brick Slab
Reinforced Ribbed Brick Slab

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4) Finishings:
I) Plastering with

i)Cement Mortar

ii) Mud Mortar

II) Painting with

i) Lime

ii) Distemper
RAT-TRAP
 The rat trap bond is a masonry
technique, where the bricks are used
in a way that creates a cavity within the
wall, while maintaining the same wall
thickness as of a conventional brick
masonry wall.

 While in a conventional English bond

or Flemish bond, bricks are laid flat, in
a Rat trap bond, they are placed on
edge forming the inner and outer face
of the wall, with cross bricks bridging
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the two faces.
When rat trap bond is used for load bearing structures:

a) Room corners are to be provided with solid construction .

b) First layer, sill level layer, 1st layer above lintel level, layer below slab to

be of solid layer

c) Usage of Half bricks or Quarter bricks to be avoided.

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Rat-trap brick masonry
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CONSTRUCTION AND DESIGN
 The principal requirement for rat-trap brickwork is the
availability of good quality bricks. The following may be
considered as a guiding principle for ensuring strength of bricks
Type
for of building
Rat-trap construction – Recommended compressive strength
brickwork:
Span not exceeding 4.2 0meters, of brick
Roof/ floor loads as per IS 875
Best Practice Minimum
allowable

Load bearing, double storied More than 50 40 kg/cm2

kg/cm2

Load bearing, single storied More than 40 35 kg/cm2

kg/cm2

Infill masonry walls in framed Minimum 35 kg/cm2

structure ( no restriction on
number of stories)
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Cross joint T - joint End Situation at
Opening
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 10mm

Wooden Strip while laying

Module of Rat Trap Masonry
Mortar

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QUANTITY REQUIRED
 Data for 1.00 Cubic meter of rat-trap bonded brick masonry with wire
cut bricks in cement mortar (1:6).
Description Unit Quantity

Bricks No. 400

Cement kg 36

Coarse Sand cum 0.15

Scaffolding cum 1
Skilled Labour Days 1.56

Unskilled Labour Days 3.95

Curing Labour Days 0.50

Unskilled Labour for Production of Bricks Days 6.25

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 ADVANTAGES:
a) Economy in use of bricks- 400 bricks in Rat-trap bond
masonry against 500 in Conventional brick walls.

b) Saving in quantity of cement mortar- 0.05cum i.e., 0.15cum

against 0.20cum .
c) Provides better thermal comfort.
d) Rat-trap brickwork with good pointing has an aesthetic
appearance.
e) Vertical electrical conduiting can run in the cavity of brickwork
(requires pre – planning).

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 Filler slab
In simply supported RCC slab, Concrete
above the neutral axis takes care of
compressive forces and Steel below the
neutral axis takes care of tensile forces.

Concrete in the bottom half do not satisfy

any structural purpose, instead it increases
dead load of the RCC slab.

In a filler slab this unnecessary concrete is

replaced with a filler material which can be a
waste material to ensure economical
advantage over an RCC slab.

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DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

a) The filler slab can be designed like a

conventional RCC slab as per IS 456-2000
design guidelines, after taking into account
the dead load reduction due to the filler
material and the spacing of reinforcement as
per the size of the filler material.

There can be a conflict between filler

size and the minimum spacing of
reinforcement as per the code, which needs
attention while selecting the filler material.

b) The thickness of filler material should not

exceed the depth of the neutral axis.
Generally speaking, for a slab thickness of
125mm, the filler material depth should not
exceed 60mm.
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Filler slab flat roof
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• Data for 1cum of concrete (Filler Slab) excluding the no.of Mangalore tiles:

Materials:
Cement – 6.6bags
Coarse sand – 0.46cum
Aggregate 20mm size – 0.61cum
Aggregate 10mm size – 0.31cum
Total Aggregates -0.92cum
Labour:
Mason 1st class – 1.67Nos.
Unskilled labour -3.72nos.
Curing labour - 1.22Nos.
Bar bender – 0.82Nos
• Depending up on tile size, the no. of tiles will vary and also reinforcement
spacing will vary.

• The data is for 1cum of regular concrete. For filler slabs the concrete quantity
will get reduced and consequently materials

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Advantages
• It enhances the thermal .

• Reduction (about 20%) in the use of concrete.

• Ceiling of this slab can be given an attractive

appearance.

• Masons who are familiar with conventional RCC slab

construction can easily adapt to filler slab construction.

• Filler slabs can be used wherever RCC is used

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 The Basic Concept for adoption of Appropriate
Technologies is to:

A) Minimise the utilisation of high energy materials like

cement & steel etc.

B) Provide more labour intensive

C) Adoption of cost effective Technologies, local traditions

D) Utilisation of local materials

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Exposed wire cut brick and Random Rubble
Courtyard – Natural stones
Mangalore tiled roofing
Fillers Slab
Brick detailing
Brick detailing
Brick detailing
corbelling
Wood – Honne and Sal for frames
and shutters
Natural Lighting with ventilation to
allow hot air to escape
Natural Lighting in the
bathroom
Sensor based lighting externally and
internally with Led to conserve electricity
Solar Panel for hot water
Solar lights for the pathway
Solar Panel lighting for the
street
Mangalore tiles roof
Flooring – Jaisalmer and kota
Others
• Rain Water harvesting- Water is collected from all roof
tops and diverted to another sump which is used for
gardening, cleaning vessels and washing clothes.
• Organic garden- No fertilizers used . Coco pit with
neem cake, bone meal and cow dung are mixed to a
proportion to act as fertilizer. Kitchen waste is used to
create compost.