Professional Documents
Culture Documents
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY I
- a proportioned mixture of siliceous materials (sand, crushed stone)
and cement (lime, Portland) which, after being prepared in a plastic
state with water, hardens into a stonelike mass.
• Mortar is cement mix used to glue masonry units to each other, or
other surface finishing materials like tiles, bricks, stones to a
receiving structure like a wall or floor.
• Plaster is mortar applied to wall surfaces as a preparation or a hard
finish coat.
- is a proportioned mixture of cement, fine aggregate and water. - Mortar may be mixed by hand or mechanical mixers, the latter
being preferred for large quantities.
- For first-class mortars 1 part of cement should be added to not more
- When the mixing is done by hand, it should be done on
than 3 parts of sand.
platforms made watertight to prevent the loss of cement.
- Replacing 10 or 15 percent of the cement by volume with hydrated - The cement and sand should be mixed dry in small batches in
lime gives greater workability and increases the strength of the mortar. the proportions required on a clean platform.
- Water is added and the whole remixed until it is homogeneous
- For rubble stonework, 1 : 4 will be much stronger than lime mortar.
in color and leaves the mixing hoe clean when drawn out.
- For the top surface of floors and walks, use 1 : 1 to 1-1/2. - Mortar should never be retempered after it has begun to set
- Mortar made with fine sand requires a much larger quantity of cement
to obtain a given strength than mortar made with coarse sand.
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1.02 PLASTER
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1.03 TYPES OF PLASTER AND THEIR USES 1.03 TYPES OF PLASTER AND THEIR USES
a. Lime Plaster b. Gypsum Plaster
Lime putty (hydrated lime and water), mixed on the job with sand • Gypsum plaster. Plaster of Paris mixed with clay, lime and
and gypsum plaster, used for two and three-coat finish surfaces other materials in combinations covered by trademarks or
for interior walls and ceilings. patents. Mixed on the job with water, sand, lime putty, hair or
fiber for two or three-coat finish surfaces for interior walls and
Scratch coat : 1 part lime putty, 1 part Portland cement or ceilings; or used dry as ingredient for hard or sand float finish
Keene’s cement, 2-3/4 parts sand by weight. with lime plaster (see above).
Brown coat : 1 part lime putty, 1part Portland cement or
Keene’s cement, 3 parts sand by weight. • High-strength gypsum plaster. Same as gypsum plaster but
Finish coat: mixed to meet established standards. Mixed on the job with
Hard finish : 1 part lime putty, 1/3 gypsum plaster by volume water, sand, lime putty, hair or fiber for two and three-coat finish
Sand float : 1 part lime putty, ¼ gypsum plaster, 2 parts sand surfaces for both exteriors and interiors.
by volume
- Scratch and brown coats : 1 part high-strength gypsum
plaster to 2 parts sand by weight.
- Hard finish : ¼ lime putty to 1 part high-
strength gypsum plaster by volume
1.03 TYPES OF PLASTER AND THEIR USES 1.03 TYPES OF PLASTER AND THEIR USES
b. Gypsum Plaster b. Gypsum Plaster
• Fibered gypsum plaster. Gypsum plaster premixed with • Bonding plaster. Gypsum plaster mixed with ingredients
fibers. Mixed on the job with water and sand for scratch coat for develop more adhesive strength in combinations covered by
three-coat plastering job trademarks or patents. Used for interior finish for smooth
concrete walls or ceilings. Mix and apply as per manufacturer’s
• Prepared gypsum plaster. Gypsum plaster mixed with fine directions
white sand. Used for two and three-coat finish surfaces for
interior walls and ceilings . • Lightweight gypsum plaster, fire-resistant plaster. Gypsum
- Scratch and brown coats : mix per manufacturer’s instructions. plaster mixed on the job with water, perlite, vermiculite or other
- Finish coat: Any type of final coat plaster suitable mineral aggregate. Lightweight gypsum plaster is used
(gypsum, Keene’s cement, lime or when weight is important, and for fire-proofing other materials
prepared finish coat such as steel. Applied on lath. For interior use only .
- Scratch and brown coats : 2 sand, 2 cu. ft. perlite or vermiculite per 100 lb.
of plaster.
- Brown coat: 3 sand, 3 cu ft. perlite or vermiculite per 100 lb.
of plaster.
- Finish coat:
Hard finish: 1/3 gypsum plaster, 1 lime putty by volume
Sand Float Finish: 1 gypsum plaster, 1-1/2 sand by volume
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1.03 TYPES OF PLASTER AND THEIR USES 1.03 TYPES OF PLASTER AND THEIR USES
b. Gypsum Plaster c. Portland Cement Plaster
• Keene’s cement. Plaster of Paris mixed with alum or borax or • Mixed with water, sand and lime putty. Used for two and three-
other materials and burned (calcined) at 932F. Mixed on the coat finish surfaces for exterior and interior walls and ceilings
job with water, lime putty and fine white sand as hard finish for - Scratch and brown coats : 1 cement, ¼ lime putty, 3 sand.
two and three-coat gypsum plaster. For interior use only - Sand float finish : 1 cement, ¼ lime putty, 3 sand.
- Hard finish : 1 Keene’s cement, ¼ lime putty, • Thickness of plaster coats depends on the type of material to
1/10 fine white sand by weight . which the plaster is applied. Generally, the total thickness is
- Sand float finish : ½ Keene’s cement, 2 lime putty, 4 ½ 5/8” on metal lath and ½” on lathing board and gypsum block.
sand by volume.
• Plaster of Paris. For ornamental plaster work and castings. • In three-coat plastering work, the scratch and brown coats are
¼” thick at minimum; the finish coat is 1/8” with a minimum of
• Molding plaster. For ornamental plaster work and castings. Mix 1/16” at any point.
with water as per manufacturer’s directions.
• For two-coat work, the base coat is ½” and the finish coat is the
• Acoustics plaster. For acoustic treatment of interior walls and same as three-coat work.
ceilings. Applied on gypsum plaster base coats. Mix with water as
per manufacturer’s directions.
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d. Bond – That connection between bricks, stones g. Heading course – A course in which the bricks
or other masonry units formed by lapping them or other masonry units are all headers.
one upon another carrying up the work, so as to
form an inseparable mass of building, by h. Soldier – A unit laid on its end with its face
preventing the vertical joints falling over each English Bond
perpendicular to the face of the wall.
Soldier
other (also called a breaking joint).
i. Quoins – The corner stones at the angles of
buildings, usually rusticated so as to project
from the normal surface of the wall.
e. Stretcher – A brick or block masonry laid
lengthwise of a wall j. Bond Stones – Stones running through the
Stretcher
thickness of the wall at right angles to its face,
in order to bind it together.
- Stone, together with wood and clay, are the basic building material - Stone commonly used for architectural purposes include
of man. The history of architecture until as late as 1900 was largely
the history of stone in architecture, granite limestone
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They are commonly classified as: - STONEWORK: The types of stonework are based on the shape
and the surface treatment of finish of the stone :
a. Rubble Stone. Stone
delivered from the quarries
rough and irregular shape. a. Rubble work. Masonry of
rough, undressed stones.
- STONEWORK: - STONEWORK:
c. Ashlar. Squared stones in regular courses, in contradistinction to c. Ashlar
rubble work .
• Random course their rectangular
• Ranged work or coursed shape and are laid on horizontal
ashlar – Uniform courses with beds but no effort is made to RANDOM
COURSE WORK
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- are structural units of clay or shale formed while plastic and The types of bricks most frequently used in architecture are :
subsequently fired.
a. Common or building brick. Used for all
- The manufacture of brick consists essentially of screening, purposes, including facing.
grinding, or working the clay to the desired consistency for
moulding, whether by hand or machine. b. Facing brick. Specially processed to give certain
specific surface characteristics. Used for
- After moulding, the bricks are dried and then burned in kilns for exposed masonry surfaces.
many hours at high temperatures, approximately 2000F.
c. Glazed brick. These have a smooth outer
- These processes purify the raw products, make it uniform and surface with a dull satin or high gloss finish. They
homogeneous, burn out all combustible matter, and result in a are load bearing, fire resisting, and impervious.
product which is both stable and physically permanent . They are usually formed with vertical hollow
cores through the body with scoring on the back.
2. UNIT MASONRY
2.03 BRICKS
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Mortar joints • Concrete Hollow Block (CHB) is a hollow masonry unit, with two
between brick or three cells or cores, made of the following ingredients: water,
courses are Portland cement, and various types of aggregate such as sand,
usually from gravel, and crushed stone.
4.5mm (3/16”)
to 12mm (½”). • Lightweight concrete hollow blocks are also manufactured with
such aggregates as cinders, expanded slag, expanded shale or
clay. Expanded blast furnace slag rates the highest in fire
resistance, and due to its cellular structure, has high sound and
thermal insulation quality.
2. UNIT MASONRY
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2. UNIT MASONRY
• Concrete hollow blocks should be laid on a full bed • Block cells with reinforcement are filled with cement mortar.
of mortar with horizontal and vertical joints 10mm
(3/8”) thick. • Concrete hollow block walls should have a reinforced concrete lintel
or beam block course every twelfth course; and a concrete column
• Reinforcement for 100mm (4”) and 150mm (6”) stiffener at every 4.80 meters length.
thick wall shall be 10mm vertical bars at 600mm
on centers and 10mm horizontal bars every third
course.
• Reinforcement for 200mm (8”) thick walls shall be 12mm vertical bars
at 600mm on center and 12mm horizontal bars every third course.
• Dowel bars should be placed into the piers, columns, slabs, leaving 20
bar diameters exposed to splice with the reinforcement of the hollow
blocks.
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- “DURISOL” block is lightweight block - also known as gypsum partition blocks, are usually made of gypsum,
made from fiber and cement. vegetable fibers as binders, and reinforcement.
- “DURISOL” block units are two-core, - used for lightweight, fire-resistant interior partitions and for furring and
100mm (4”) or 150mm ( 6”) x 87mm (7- fireproofing columns.
1/2”) x 600mm (24”).
- Gypsum hollow blocks are manufactured in units of 75mm (3”), 100mm
- Reinforcement shall be 10mm vertical (4”) or 150mm ( 6”) thicknesses, x 300mm (12”) height x 700mm (30”)
bars at 720mm (36”) on center and at length.
every 4th course. Every 4th course
should be a beam block course. Cores - Gypsum solid block is manufactured only with a 50mm (2”) thickness.
shall be solidly filled with cement mortar.
2. UNIT MASONRY
- Structural clay tile are hollow masonry units, open at two ends with
interior webs or partitions 19mm (¾”) to 25mm (1”) dividing the block
into longitudinal cells.
- In its manufacture, the various shapes of clay tile are formed through
special dies and then wire-cut into the required lengths.
End of
Div 04 MASONRY
- It may have a smooth or scored (grooved) surface. Structural clay tile
is classified into:
a. Load-bearing wall tile. 300mm x
300mm x 300mm (12” x 12” x 12”)
b. Non-load bearing, fireproofing,
partition, and furring tile. 100mm
(4”) or 125mm (5”) x 200mm x
300mm
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