3.1 Papers

UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI
UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS 2021/2022
THIRD YEAR EXAMINATIONS FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF

ARCHITECTURAL STUDIES/BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE
BAR 301: BUILDING TECHNOLOGY AND SERVICES 5
DATE:17 JANUARY 2022 TIME: 2.00PM — 4.00PM
INSTRUCTIONS:
1. ANSWER THREE (3) QUESTIONS

2. Answer Question ONE (Compulsory) and ANY OTHER TWO Questions
QUESTION ONE - COMPULSORY

a) Using sketches, describe what a screen-wall is. (4 marks)
b) Whatis a screen tile? (1 marks)
c) By sketching 2 examples of each type, illustrate how any three types of screen wall
patterns can be created. (9 marks)

d) a of
Ina garden, free standing masonry screen wall may need to be supported. Use sketches
to show two ways supporting masonry screen Walls. (6 marks)
e) The use of brick as an envroimentally friendly material is rapidly gaining acceptance in
differentiate a wall
many urban areas, especiallly for perimeter walls. In brick laying,
created using common bond with 6" course headers from common bond with 6" course
Flemish headers. (4 marks)
f) Discuss the essential diference between a Dutch and an English bond in Masonry Bonded
Garden Walls. (6 marks)
QUESTION TWO
a) Define what a retaining wall is. (3 marks)

b) State any five core materials that can be used to construct a retaining wall. (5 marks)
c) Using short notes and sketches, show your understanding of the various types of retaining
walé2 marks)
QUESTION THREE
a) Define what a work breakdown structure (WBS) is.

(2 marks)
b) The term “rough-in” is used to monitor work stages for building services. Clearly explain
what a ‘rough-in’ is as applied to:
i) Plumbing services (4 marks)
it) Electrical Services (4 marks)
To manage construction processes that occur both sequentially and simultaneously,
recommended that a work breakdown structure (WBS) be created by the construction
is it
manager/contractor and be reviewed by the architect alongside other consultant team
members to before the work programme is
acceptable.
By referring to Appendix,tate what the 10 missing items A-J are in the WBS
cl
(10 marks)
d) The sketch below is of a kitchen countertop with associated joinery. A bulkhead feature
at
the ceiling level has been used to conceal an ugly waste water pipe that runs on the ceiling
soffit draining a toilet on the floor above.
Bulkhead cooade
S
S
aT
oe|
ap
i) You are required to detail, at scale 1:20, the wall section view with bulkhead constructed using
timber stud work. Assume that the floor to floor height is 3000 mm, and ensure the clearly
dimensioned and annotated section view shows the wall-mounted cabinets and granite
countertop below. (10 marks)
ii) Provide a well
it
annotated sketch at scale 1:5 for the bulkhead to show how conceals the pipe.
Your section is to show at the minimum, the concealed 100 mm dia pipe, fastened to the slab
soffit, the timber studwork with associated cladding, and the 75 mm dia down-lighter fixture.
The detail should also clearly show how it meets the wall behind, ceiling above, the wall
mounted cabinet below and the accommodation of the lighting fixture. (10 marks)
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SPECIAL/ SUPPLEMENTARY EXAMINATIONS 2020/2021

ARCHITECTURAL STUDIES / BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE
BAR
301: BUILDING TECHNOLOGY AND SERVICES
5
DATE: FRIDAY, 228? OCTOBER 2021 TIME: 9:00AM — 11:00AM
INSTRUCTIONS:
Answer Question ONE and any other THREE Questions
1. The domestic water supply and drainage systems are closely connected with human
health.
(a) Explain through clear diagrams how precautions

into this system.
to
protect human health are built
(b) Show how the

key elements of this system are laid out inside the house and in
adjoining areas. .
40 marks
2.
a
Using an appropriate sketch(es) explain the main elements of pitched roof. Make notes
to demonstrate the specific measures that prevent water penetration to the habitable
space. 20 marks
3. What do
a
you understand to be the main elements of staircase? How do the key
dimensions on a staircase relate to the dimensions of the human body? Make sketches to
illustrate your answer. 26 marks
4, (a) What are the purposes of ventilation?

() Using a sketch of a building section, illustrate the manner of ventilating a
building. 26 marks
5. Explain the meaning of these terms:

(a) Retaining wall
(b) Building envelop
(c) Partitioning system
(d) Anchoring
(e) Settlement joint 20 marks

BAR 301; BUILDING TECHNOLOGY AND SERVICES
5
DATE: MONDAY, 15T MARCH 2021 TIME: 2:00 P.M. — 4:00 P.M
INSTRUCTIONS:
»
Answer ANY FOUR questions.
* All questions carry equal marks.
* Credit will be given for neat sketches, and the correct use of technical terms.
1. What are the essential functions of the floor system? Using a well annotated section of the
constructed floor, show how the components address each of these functions.
2, The domestic water supply and drainage system is closely connected with human health.
(a) Explain through clear diagrams how precautions to protect human health are built into this
system.
(b) Show how the key elements of this system are laid out inside the house and in the
adjoining external areas.
3. Using
neat illustrations a
show the various parts of typical staircase, including the tread, riser,
nosing, landing, balustrade, etc., and explain in short notes how each of them are articulated
to ensure human comfort in the use of the stairs.
4. Using neat sketches, show how both a pitched roof and flat roof are constructed to protect
functional spaces from the penetration of rain water. Explain why valleys on pitched roofs
constitute a risk.
5. Take a hypothetical small office. Using sketches of plans and elevations, show several ways
in which spaces can be partitioned to reflect the relationships between functions. Indicate
clearly the material you would choose and any other characteristics of the system.
Page 1 of 1

BAR 301: BUILDING TECHNOLOGY AND SERVICES 5
DATE: FRIDAY, 474! DECEMBER 2020 TIME: 2:00 P.M. — 4:00 P.M
INSTRUCTIONS: Answer QUESTION

1
and ANY OTHER 3 QUESTIONS.
Credit will be given for neat sketches and correct technical language
QUESTION
a) Using
1:neat sketches and detailed notes, explain the cold and hot water distribution
system
for a two storey residential house, identifying all fixtures and other critical installations.
b) Using a kitchen sink as an example, show the precautions taken in design to ensure that
clean water is not contaminated and that habitable space is not fouled by sewer gases.
QUESTION 2:
a
:
Consider typical office environment. Take two functions that

require to be separated but related
and show how you would choose a partition system between the two. Illustrate such a partition
focusing on how
it
is anchored in place and any other work on it.
QUESTION 3:
Demonstrate through sketches, the provision that are made in the building fabric to facilitate
ventilation of habitable spaces. What equipment is
available to enhance this particular function?
QUESTION
Explain each
4:the following terms:
of
a) Gully trap
b) Rising Main
c) Timber seasoning
d) Vent pipe
e) Window sill
QUESTION 5:
Using a section of a basement space, show the provisions that are made to make such a space
available for human functions.
Page lof 1
ea
AS
EXAMINATIONS FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURAL

STUDIES /BACHELOR ARCHITECTURE
BAR 301: BUILDING TECHNOLOGY AND SERVICES V
DATE: DECEMBER 9, 2019 TIME: 2.00 P.M. — 4.00 P.M.
INSTRUCTIONS:
e Answer any FOUR questions

e All questions carry equal marks
and design
1. Using examples and illustrations, explain the various characteristics
choices for partition walls that allow us to achicve functional goals. -
roles in a
2. ‘The ceiling and the ceiling space of a building perform important
it enhances the
building. Using neat sketches, expound on this role and how.
function of the building
OR
With the use of relevant examples and illustrations, indicate the challenges a joint
be mitigatcd.
presents in the construction process and how these challenges can
3. Focussing on the water supply system in a domestic house,
a) Hlustrate the key features of this system

Explain howwater supply impacts on human health and how the design
of
b)
the system supports this
4. Using relevant illustrations, explain:
Page 1 of 2
a) The design considerations for an internal staircase
b) The critical characteristics of a staircase that supports comfortable
a
utilization of building.
5. Why is important to have air circulate through buildings? IMustrate the design
it
provision for air movement through plans and sections.
6. Hlustrate the various design provisions to deal with rain water on:
a) The reof
b) Walls and openings
c) In the external space
AXXXRXAXAKAKAARAKRAKNAAKAKKAXKARA RENAN AXARBANARARMNANAKN NAMM U WADA WARN ANNAN ANEYN ENN AN
Page 2 of 2
rr
el
ee
“UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS 2017/2018
BAR 301: BUILDING TECHNOLOGY AND SERVICES

5
DATE: FEBRUARY 12, 2018 TIME: 9.00 A.M - 11.00 A.M
IN TIONS:
e Answer any three (3) questions.
e All questions carry equal marks.
e Credit will be given to NEAT clear labeled illustrations
Qi. You have been appointed as the

architect of a multi-storey commercial building in
Nairobi. You are required to explain to your client using well annotated illustrations
the following terminologies:
(a) (i) Expansion joints

(it) Settlement joints
(b) Describe how expansion joints are used and constructed. State materials that
are used to make them work in
different circumstances.
(c) Giving reasons, state the best location for expansion and settlement joints in
a building.
(d) Explain with diagrams how you will handle aesthetics for expansion and
settlement joints.
Q2.
@ (ii)
Give several sources of fresh water supply for domestic
consumption.
What are the main materials that are sued for cold water supply pipe?
(b) Draw an axonometrics drawing showing the supply and distribution of hot
and cold water in a single dwelling house. Show pipes to the WC, WHB,
shower and kitchen sink,
Draw a detailed section through a cold water storage tank showing
(c)
parts.
all the
(qd) What do you understand by water hammer and air lock?
Q3. (a) What are the functional requirements of

a floor?
(b) With detailed illustrations, define the following:
@ DPM
(ii) =DPC ‘
(iit) Cement screed
(c) Draw a detailed cross-section of the following:
Gd) Suspended concrete floor slab

(ii) Strip foundation footing to ground floor slab
Q4. (a) What are the functional requirements of an effective staircase?
(b) Using well annotated illustrations show the following:
(i) Inclined slab stair

(ii) Baluster and balustrade
(ili) Newell post and stairwell
(c) Draw a detailed cross-section of a concrete stair case showing the finishing
and structural support.
FIRST SEMESTER EXAMINATIONS 2018/2019
SSS
BAR 301; BUILDING TECHNOLOGY AND SERVICES V
DATE: DECEMBER 10, 2018 TIME: 2.00 P.M. — 4.00 P.M.
INSTRUCTIONS:
1. Answer Question 1 and any other 3 questions.
2. Credit will be given to Neat sketches and correct
technical language.
Question 1
(a) Using neat sketches and detailed notes, explain the water distribution system for
a two. storey residential house, identifying all fixtures and other critical
installations.
(b) Using a domestic wash hand basin as an example, show the precautions taken in
design to ensure that clean water
not fouled by sewer gases.
is
not contaminated and that habitable space is
[40 marks]
Question 2
Show the details relating to both a flat roof and a pitched roof that ensure:
(a) Structural stability of the roof.

(b) Integrity against penetration by rainwater. [20 marks]
Page 1 of 2
Question 3
Select three types ofpartitioning systems and explain their characteristics, giving
examples of situations where each can be appropriately used. {20 marks]
Question 4
A basement wall is a special type of a retaining wall.

Using a section through such
a wall, show how the basement space is prepared for human functions
construction.
through its
{20 marks]
Question 5
Explain the ventilation of a habitable space and relate this to (a) human comfort
and (b) the equipment and other provisions needed to move
air
through the space.
[20 marks}
Question 6 i
Explain the following terms:
(a) Timber seasoning

(b) Guily trap
(c) Sealants
(d) Framing of timber structures
(e) Rising mains
{20 marks]
P: 3e20f2 :,
ARCHITECTURAL STUDIES /BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE
BAR 303 : THEORY AND DESIGN OF STRUCTURES III

DATE: FEBRUARY 14, 2018 TIME: 11.00 A.M. — 1.00 P.M.
INSTRUCTIONS
I. Attempt QUESTIONS
2. Take weight
1 2, kN/m?
of concrete, Vo = 24
and any other ONE question.
AND
3. Steel reinforcement tables are attached.
Ql. a) Illustration below shows a beam section and representation of strains, stresses and forces for
a loaded beam; 0.87f, is the stress in the reinforcing steel in the tension zone, while 0.447,
the stress in concrete in the compression zone. Show that Ay = M/0.87f,z, given that moment
is
(M)
is a product of distance and force acting at a distance about a
certain point (7mks).
Ly
be Fou
dL. 0.447fu
|
x“
Fee
0.45x
x ao
OL eh ee ere bie:
Ln
hid
emia el 2
ft 4 +
Ast Fa:
e Wf Q Sify.
}
Ph
c
Leen --- oe weeee beeen eee
SECTION STRAINS STRESSES FORCES DIMS
b) A reinforced concrete rectangular beam of section dimensions 450x200mm

to carry an ultimate bending moment of
to be designed
100 kNm. Determine the required steel reinforcements;
is
Take cover c = 25 mm, f£.,=25N/mm?, f=460 N/mm’. You can make any other reasonable
assumptions (8mks).
1[°4
Q2. a) Design the longitudinal reinforcement for a 300mm square column which supports an axial
load of 1,700KN at the ultimate limit state. The characteristic material strengths are
f,=460N/min? for the reinforcement, and f,,=30N/mm’ for the concrete, (6 mks).
pad
b} With the help of illustrations, describe at least three types of foundations, (6 mks). combined
strip
c) Foundations are designed to transfer
structural loads to the sub-grade (the carth pile
material
raft
below the structure). State at least three aspects during design you must consider, (3 mks).
overturning
settlement
sliding
collapse
Q3. a) Describe briefly any four causes of concrete deterioration (8mks). steel corrosion
exposure to acid rain
eroision
b) Show with a sketch how concrete gains strength from the time of casting (4mks).
fire damage
3 days - 50%
c) What is the importance of properly

concrete density
compacting concrete during casting (3mks).
7 days - 67%
28 days - 100%
bonding between steel and concrete

shutter finish
impermeability
Q4. a) State the three types of reinforcement steel, in respect to strength and usage, commonly used
(3mks). welded fabric mesh
bars
while giving an example for each (4mks).

cables
b) Concrete is widely used all over the world, name four
types of buildings it can be applied,
c) Domestic residential units consist of various Structural Systems, other than the roof system,
- describe any other four (8mks). floor
wall
foundation
QS. a) Explain briefly what the following terms mean (Smks).
- Continuous Beam
joint to allow movement without rupture

- Expansion Joint
~ One-Way Slab supported on two opposite edges
~-
Upturned /Upstand Beam projects above concrete slab
- Load Bearing wall structure capable of supporting imposed load
b)Ina residential apartment, a simply supported one-way spanning reinforced concrete solid
slab of thickness 150 mm and span 5.0 m is to be designed to carry characteristic live load of
1.5 kN/m? and 1.8 kN/m’ finishes. Establish the required steel reinforcement, (10 mks).
Assume Y 10 diameter bars are to be used. Take cover c = 20 mm, fo = 25 N/mm’, f, = 460
NAnm"
2 Pa Ze
BAR 303: 2017/2018: STEEL REINFORCEMENT TABLES
Table 1: Areas of groups of reinforcement bars (mm?)

Bar Size Number of bars
(mm) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
8 50 101 151 201 251 302 352 402 452 503
10 79 157 236 314 393 471 550 628 707 785
12 113 226 339 452 565 879 792 905 1017 1134
16 201 402 603 804 1005 1206 1407 1808 1809 2011
20 314 628 942 1257 1571 1885 2199 2513 2827 3142
25 491 982 1473 1963 2454 2945 3436 3927 4418 4909
32 804 1608 2412 3216 4021 4825 5629 6433 7237 8042
40 1256 2513] 3769 5026 6283 7539 8796 10050] 11310] 12570
Table 2: Reinforcement bar areas, per meter width, for various bar spacing (mm’/m)
Bar Size Bar spacing (mm}
(mm) 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
8 671 503 402 335 287 252 223 201 183 168
10 1047 785 628 523 449 393 349 314 286 262
12 1508 1131 905 754 646 566 503 452 411 377
16 2681 2011 1608 1340 1149 1005 894 804 731 670
20 4189 3142} 2513 2094 1795 1871 1396 1257 1142 1047
25 6545 4909; 3927 3272 2805 2454 2182 1963 1785 1636
32 -| 8042] 6434 5362 4596 4021 3574 3217 2925 2681
40 - -} 10050 8378 7181 6283 5585 5027 4570 4189
3
/ Page BAR 303 2017/2018 Exam © 2018

ARCHITECTURAL STUDIES — 2019/2020
BAR 303: THEORY & DESIGN OF STRUCTURES III
DATE: 11™ DECEMBER 2019 TIME: 2:00PM - 4:00PM ¢
-
INSTRUCTIONS:
1. Attempt any THREE questions.
2. Assume reinforcement characteristic strength fy: = 460MPa.
3. Relevant design charts and tables are attached.
4, Provide sketches showing provided reinforcement of all
designed elements.
5. You may make any reasonable assumptions.
QUESTION
1 (20 marks)
a) Waiter
is one of the main constituents of concrete. State three ways in which
water the water is used or lost as the concrete sets. [3 marks]
b) _List the two categories of mixers giving examples in each category. [4 marks]
c) Sketch the common section detail of a strip footing of a masonry wall in a
residential building showing reinforcement, fabric mesh, damp-proof
membrane and a ground bearing slab. Indicate dimensions where applicable. [5
marks]
d) State reasons why steel reinforcement is suitable when making reinforced
concrete. [4 marks}
e) Given the concrete grades below according to the BS designation. List the
corresponding characteristic strength and designation according to the
Eurocode: [4 marks]
i, Class 25
ui. Class 20
iii, Class 50
iv. Class 15
QUESTION 2 (20 marks)

a) Using the simplified rectangular stress block starting with F, = F, show
that:
0.4533bx fix = O87 FAs [4 marks]
b) Briefly discuss any four design actions that are taken into consideration in the
structural design of buildings [4 marks]
c) List 2 ways in which we can increase the moment capacity, Mpg, of a beam [2
marks]
4
qd) A reinforced concrete beam of section dimensions: 500mm deep by 200mm
wide of concrete grade C20/25 spans over 5m and carries a uniformly
distributed design load of SOkKN/m. The cover to reinforcement is 30mm. For
initial calculation, assume longitudinal reinforcement with a diameter of 25mm
and transverse reinforcement with a diameter of 8mm. Provide the main and
shear reinforcement. Do NOT check deflection. [10 marks]

a) State the structural elements that may be usedto facilitate elevation from one
level to another and provide sketches. [4 marks]
b) State briefly any two design considerations, architects and engineers should
make when designing their buildings. [2 marks] ;
¢) Distinguish between one-way spanning and two-way spanning for rectangular

slabs supported on all FOUR sides. [4 marks]
d) The University of Nairobi intends to build a fitness centre for its students. The
slab dimensions of the fitness centre will be 7m by 4m and will be simply
supported by restraining beams along its longer dimensions only. A screed of
50mm will be applied on the finished structural concrete. Assume T12 main
bars and a concrete cover of 25mm to the main reinforcement. The overall depth
of the slab is 150mm. The concrete grade is C25/30. Provide the reinforcement
and check the deflection. [10 marks]
QUESTION (20 marks)

a) A non-slender axially loaded reinforced concrete column supports shallow
beams at the top and a pad foundation at the bottom. The column dimensions
are 400mm by 400mm and has a clear height of 2765mm. The concrete grade
is C30/37.Itcarries and ultimate axial load of 1100KN and a maximum bending
moment of 163kNm. Assume a cover of 40mm, 25mm main rebar and 8mm
stirrups. Provide reinforcement for the column. [10 marks]
b) Design a pad footing that is required to resist a characteristic axial permanent
load of 1000KN and 350KN variable load from the square column in (a) above.
The pad footing is founded on gravel with an allowable bearing pressure of
400kN/m?. Assume the footing weight is 150KN, footing thickness is 600mm
and a concrete cover of 50mm. [10 marks]
Simplified Rectangular Stress Block:
b 0.567te,
Ly foun |
0.4%
hid
Ln _ NA, 2
As
0-0)Ep -_-
a
c
o>
SECTION STRAINS STRESSES FORCES DIMENSIONS
Weights of Building Materials Occupancy Loads

Material Weight Type of Building Live Load (kN/m?)
Reinforced Concrete 25 kN/m? Classroom 3.0
Concrete 24 kN/m? Disco/Gym 5.0
Steel 78 kN/m? Residential House 1.5
Bricks/Blocks 22 kN/m? Hostel/Hospital 2.0
Timber (softwood) 6 kN/m? Offices 25
Timber (hardwood) 12 kN/m? Garages 40
Sand 18 kN/m? Supermarkets 3.5
Aggregates 22 kN/m? Roof with access 1.5
Cement 18 kKN/m? Roof without access 0.25
Clay 20 kN/m?
Cereals 9 kN/m?
Water 10 kN/m?
Roof Clay Tiles 0.75 kN/m?
Timber Ceiling 0.25 kN/m?
Floor Tiles 1.50 KN/m?
GCI or {74
(per mm thick) 0.10 kN/m?
Brick/Block wall (per 25 mm thick) 0.55 KN/m?
Plaster/Screed (per 25 mm thick) 0.60 kN/m?
Effective Height for Columns
End condition at End condition at top

bottom 1 2 3
1 0.75 0.80 0.90
2 0.80 0.85 0.95
3 0.90 0.95 1.00
Condition 1 — Full fixity
Condition 2 — Partial fixity
Condition 3 — Nominal restraint

{
{|
SLAB COEFFICIENTS
Bending Moment Coefficients for

Simply Supported Two-way Spanning Slabs
LyL, 1.0 11 t2 1.3 1.4 15 1.75 2.0
Gsx 0.062 0.074 0.084 0.093 0.099 0.104 0.113 0.118
Gy 0.062 0.061 0.059 0.055 0.051 0.046 0.037 0.029
Bending Moment Coefficients for restrained two-way spanning siabs

Type Short span coefficients B,, Bsy
of B.M Values of Ly/L, for all

Panel 10 1.1 1.2 13 1.4
5 1.75 2.0 values
of L/L,
1 interior ~M_ 0.031 0.037 0.042 0.046 0.050 0.053 0.059 0.063 0.032
Panels +M 0.024 0.028 0.032 0.035 0.037 0.040 0.044 0.048 0.024
2 One short edge [|-M 0.039 0.044 0.048 0.052 0.055 0.058 0.063 0.067 0.037
discontinuous +M 0.029 0.033 0.036 0.039 0.041 0.043 0.047 0.050 0.028
3 One tong edge ~M_ 0.039 0.049 0.056 0.062 0.068 0.073 0.082 0.089 0.037
discontinuous +M 0.030 0.036 0.042 0.047 0.051 0.055 0.062 0.067 0.028
4 Two adj. edges -M [0.047 [0.056 0.063 0.069 0.074 0.078 0.087 0.093 0.045
discontinuous +M 0.036 0.042 0.047 0.051 0.055 0.059 6.065 0.070 0.034
5 Two short edges |-M 0.046 0.050 0.054 0.057 0.060 0.062 0.057 0.070 -
discontinuous +M 0.034 0.038 0.040 0.043 0.045 0.047 0.050 0.053 0.034
6 Twolongedges -M - - - - - - - - 0.045
discontinuous +M 0.034 0.046 0.056 0.065 0.072 0.078 0.091 0.100 0.034
7 Three edges -M 0.057 0.065 0.071 0.076 0.081 0.084 0.092 6,098 -
discontinuous +M 0.043 0.048 0.053 0.057 0.060 0.063 0.069 0.074 0.044
{one long edge

continuous)
8 Three edges -M /- : - - - - - - 0.058
discontinuous +M 0.042 0.054 0.063 0.071 0.078 0.084 0.096 0.105 0.044
(one short edge

continuous)
9 Four edges +M 0.055 0.065 0.074 0.081 0.087 0.092 0.103 0.111 0.056
discontinuous
Notes
1. Negative moment occurs along the continuous edge.
2. Positive moment occurs at mid-span.
3. B.M denotes bending moment.
{
{|
STEEL REINFORCEMENT TABLES
Table 1 Areas of Groups of Reinforcement Bars (mm’}

(mm) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
8 50 101 151 201 251 302 362 42 452 503
10 79} 157 236 314 393 471 550 628 707 785
12 113 226 339 452 565 679 792 905 1017 1131
16 201 402 603 804 1005 1206 1407 1808 1809 2011
20 314] 628 942] 1257 1871 1885 | 2199 2513 2827 3142
29465
25 494 982 1473] 1963 2454 3436 3927 4418 4909
32 804 1608) 2412] 3216 4021 4825 5629 6433 7237 8042
40 1256 2513) 3769} 5026 6283 7539 8796 10050 11310 12570
Table 2 Reinforcement Bar Areas, for various Bar Spacings (mm’/m)

Bar Size Bar spacing (mm)
(mm) 75} 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
8 671 503 402 335 287 252 223 201 183 168
10 1047} 785 628 523 449 393 349 314 286. 262
12 1508 1131 905 754 646 566 503 452 411 377
16 2681} 2011] 1608{ 1340 1149 1005 894 804 731 670
20 4189 3142 2513} 2004 1795 1571 1396 1257 1142 1047
25 6545 4909] 3927] 3272 2805 2454 2182 1963 1785 1636
32 8042} 6434] 5362 4596 4021 3574 3217 2925 2681
40 10050 8378 7181 6283 5585 5027 4570 4189
Tabte 3 Shear Reinforcement Ratio A,,/S, (mm*/mm) for various Link Sizes and Spacings
Link Size Link Spacing (mm)
(mm) 75] 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
|
8 1.313 1.006 0.805; 0.671 0.575 0.503 0.447] 0.402 0.366 0.335
10 2.053 1.570] 1.256] 1.047} 0.897} 0.785} 0.698; 0.628 0.571 0.523
12 2.955 2.260] 1.808] 1.507] 1.291 1.130 1.004{ 0.904 0.822 0.753
16 §.253 4.020 3.216] 2.680] 2.297} 2.010) 1.787] 1.608 1.462 1.340
V
Aide Memoire:
Flexure: Shear:
Fe
fi
n= 1359, + 1.5¢, Vaaas = 0.18bwd fer (1 - 326)
Mpg = 0.167bd? fx
z =a(0.54+V0.25 — 0.882K)
Mea
Vaaate = 0.124byd fox (1 ~ 250 fx)
Ao=
St V,
Ed
0.87 fycZ 9 =0.5sin4 ( )
Vea45
Asmin = 0.13%bd = 0.0013bd
M — Mra
Aso = Vea
787,yk (d — dy)
RA
iS
2.
(=)
S
—~
0.9d X 0.87 fywe X cot@
A
freq
he
si = 087 s2
J Ye
fx (=)
A
= 0.08, Fywk
S /min
Smax = 0.75d
Deflection: 3
4\2];
(# sane _= KF; [x + 1.5
lef ) Po
+ 3.2 For Po
_ 1) | if PS Powrvonenl)
i
fax (@
2
(2)= = KR [as + 1S fox fot

Pe 5
+ Vhix
fzfell| if p> Poon (D)
Where wit is the limiting effective span/effective depth
Po is the reference reinforcement po ratio = fex x 1073
p is the required tension reinforcement ratio at mid-span to resist the moment due
to the design loads (at support for cantilevers)
p’ isthe required compression reinforcement ratio at mid-span to resist the
moment due to the design loads (at support for cantilevers)
fx is the characteristic concrete strength in MPa
F, =
“tarelimit F, < 1.5
simply supported K=1.0 or K=0.4 when cantilevered.
Compression:
Eccentricity:
i.
gel=
>So
iii. NY Oo
Stirrup size:
*
. 1
I. main
Stirrup spacing:
i. 20 X dain
ii. least column dimension
iii. 400
Column design chart for rectangular columns d, /h = 0.10
0.2
i
d,fh=0.10
Nibbf
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45

Mbt fay
Column design chart for rectangular columns ¢, /f = 0.15
1.3
2 d/h = 0.15
1.1
Afal bf,
1.0
0.4
0.9
0.8
0.7
N/bhf.
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
O15 0.20 0.25 6.30 0.35 0.40

Mibh fy
1.3
1.2 d,fh = 0.20
14
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
N/DAf
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
9.2
0.4
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35

Mibh't
1.3
r
1.2 d/h = 0.25
1.1
1.0
a9
0.8
0.7
N/bbf,
0.6
6.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30

MID fo
-
SPECIAL/SUPPLEMENTARY EXAMINATION
-201872019.
eee
ARCHITECTURAL STUDIES
BAR 303: THEORY AND DESIGN OF STRUCTURES atte
DATE: SEPTEMBER 18, 2019 TIME A.M.
9.00 =11.00 A.M.
"INSTRUCTIONS;
1. Attempt any THREE questions.
2. Assume reinforcement characteristic strength fy. = 460MPa.
3. You make any reasonable assumptions.
QUESTION
a)
1 (20 marks)
State the functions of the basic constituents of concrete. {4 marks] :
b) -
Describe 4 types of reinforced concrete floor systems. Provide sketches where.” .
applicable. [4 marks}
c) List the common sizes of
reinforcement in Kenya. [4 marks]
d) Distinguish between two-way and one-way spanning slabs for a rectangular slab
supported on all four sides. [4 marks]
e) What is the characteristic strength of the following grades of concrete? [4
marks]
i. C20/25
ii, 16/20
iii, 32/40
iv. €30/37
QUESTION
a)
2 (20 marks)
Figure Q2(a) shows a beam section
:
representations of strains, stresses and

2
and
forces for a loaded beam. = 0.87 Fox is the stress in the reinforcing steel in.
sk
the tension zone while 285fex = 0,567 fcx is the stress in the compression zone.
Starting with equilibrium F, = F,. Show that the ultimate moment that the
section can resist is given by: Mea = 0.167 f,,.bd? [10 marks] oe
b) A reinforced concrete rectangular beam of section dimension 600mm deep by
is It
:
200 wide to be designed to span over 6m. carries a design load of 40kN/m.
The concrete to be used is C25/30. For ‘initial calculations, assume T20 maiti.
bars, 8mm shear links and 30mm concrete cover to reinforcement.
i. Sketch the conceptual diagrai/free body diagram. [1 mark]
i. Sketch the Shear Force Diagram. [1 mark]
iii.Sketch the Bending Moment Diagram [1 mark]
iv. What is
the ultimate moment capacity, Mpa, of the section? [3 masks] _
4
v. Does the beam require to be singly-reinforced or double-reinforced? [1
mark]
vi. Provide the bottom reinforcement. [2 marks]
vii. Provide the top reinforcement. [1 mark]
QUESTION
a)
3 (20 marks)
A non-slender axially loaded reinforced concrete column of clear height 2.5m
and a section dimension of 300mm x 300mm
load of 2000KN. It
supports deep beams both at
the top
is
to be designed
and bottom.
to
carry an axial
The concrete
specified is C25/30. Provide the main reinforcement and the stirrups. For initial
calculations, assume T16 main bars, 8mm shear links and 40mm concrete cover
to reinforcement.
i. Find the effective height [1 mark]
li, Determine the additional moment due to eccentric loading [2 marks]
ii. Determine the chart to use [1 mark]
. N
Find
.
iv. [1 mark}
thfa
M
v. Find {1 mark]
Dahon
vi. Provide the main steel for the column [2 marks]
vii. Determine the size of stirrups to be used [i mark]
viii. Determine the spacing of the stirrups [1 mark}
b) The pad footing described in (a) above has
1400KN and
is
a
serviceability (unfactored) load of
to be founded on soft soil with an allowable bearing pressure of
150kN/m?. Determine the required base contact area and provide the
reinforcement assuming a 400mm thickness for the pad footing. For initial
calculations, assume T20 bars and reinforcement cover for the pad as 50mm.
The concrete to be used is C25/30.
i. Provide an adequate size of footing. [2 marks]
ii. Determine the moment on the foundation footing. [3 marks]
iii. Provide the reinforcement of the footing. [5 marks]
QUESTION (20 marks)

2) State the assumptions of reinforced concrete design. [4 marks]
b) Sketch the beams in Figure Q4(b) indicating where the reinforcement is
required. [6 marks}
c) A rectangular reinforced concrete slab for a classroom of plan dimensions 7m
by 3m and a thickness of 150mm is simply supported on all
four sides. Screed
of 50mm will be applied on the finished structural concrete. The concrete
specified for use is C20/25. A cover of 25mm is
to be provided. For initial
calculations, assume T12 main bars and 25mm concrete cover to
reinforcement.
Provide the steel reinforcement for the slab. [10 marks]
|"
{|
BAR 303: 2018/2019 EXAM HANDOUT
Size of bars
we
Bar
Number
.
(mm)
8
4
50/101
2
151
3
201
4
251
5
302
6
352
7
402
8 9
452
TO)
503
10 79| 157 236 314 393 474 550 628 707 786
12 113! 226] 339 452 565 679 792 905 1017
|
17434
16 201; 402] 603 1005|
|
804[~ 1206/ {407 ‘teos| 1809
20 314] 628, 1257 ‘1871 1685
94271 "2199 [2513 2827
25 494
|
982] 1473] 1963 2454) 3436
2945] 3927| 4478
32 804) 7o3a71
|
1608/ 2412; 3216] 4021] 4825/ 5620[ 64331
40 1256 2513/ 3769[” 5026; 6283, 7539{| 8796| 10050] 11310
Table 2: Reinforcement bar areas, per meter width, for various bar
spacing (mm*/m)
(mm) 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275
8 671 503 402 335 287 252 223 201 183
10 1047 785 628 523 449 393 349 314 256
12 1508} 1131 905 754 646 566 603 452 411
16 2681 2011 1608 1340 4149 1005 894 804 731
20 4189 3142 2513 2094 1795 1571 1396 1257 1142
|
25 6545 4909 3927 3272 2805 2454 2182 4963 1785
"32 -| 8042 6434 5362 4596 4021 3574 3217 2925
40 - - 10050 8378 7181 6283 5585 6027 4570
MOMENT COEFFICIENT TABLE

Bending Moment coefficients for simply supported two-way spanning slabs
LYLx 1.0 14 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.75

Osx 0.062 0.074 0.084 0.093 0.099 0.104 0.113
Osy 0.062 0.061 0.059 0.055 0.051 0.046 0.037
Ww
|
b 0.587 tay
Ls foun |__
0.4x
Fe
x
ma Oe peo
x ©
So
; WALLY ,
Ast
of
i FOP +H
¢c
.
Figure Q2(a)
Design Load Data

Material Weight Type of Building Live Load
(kNim?)
R.C. 24 kNim? Classroom 3.0
Steel 78 kKNAn® Disco/Gym 6.0 ~

Bricks/Blocks 22 kNim> Residential House 1.5
——
as " Timber (softwood) 6 KNim3 Hostel/Hospital 2.0
mS kNin Offices 26
Timber (hardwood) 12
Sand 18 kNim$ Garages 4.0 ~~

_
Aggregates 22 KNim? Supermarkets 3.5
Cement 18 kNim$ Roof with access 1.5
Clay 20 kNim3 Roof without access 0.25

Timber Ceiling 0.25 kNém?
Floor Tiles 1.50 kNim? ~

GCI or IT4 (per ram thick) 0.10 kN/m?
Brick/Block wall (per 28 mm thick) 0.55 kN/m?
Plaster/Screed (per 25 mm thick) 0.60 KNém?
Effective height factors for braced columns

End condition End condition at top
at bottom 4 2 3
1 0.75 0.80 0.9
2 0.80 0.85 0.95
3 0.90 0.95 4.00
Condition 1 — fully fixed

Condition 2 — partially fixed
Condition 3 — nominal restraint i4
Column design chart for rectangular calumns d, /h = 0.10
3
1.2
0.3 Ad yl bb,
11
-0 0.4
1.0
0.9
0.8
4 0.7
N/DIT
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
Qo
0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45
Mibh’f
1.3
1.2 d/h = 0.15
44
1.0
0.9
6.8
0.7
N/bhfy
0.6
a.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
at
0 0.05 0.10 9.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40

MIbN Ts
Column design chart for rectangular columns
d, /h = 0.20
1.3
1.2
d,/h = 0.20
14
0.3 Ada! Dif.
1.0
4
1.0
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.7
Nibhf,
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35

Mfbh't,
Colurnn design chart for rectangular columns d, /h = 0.25
4.3
1.2 d/h = 0.25
wt
7 AS, ohh
1.68
4.0
0.9 9
8
0.8
Z
0.7
N/bhf.,
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
f
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
Mibh’
¢ | mask)
St___|
Ci mayb}
4 marks}
Fig we Q 4(b)
UNIVERSITY OF NARIOBI

BAR 303: THEORY & DESIGN OF STRUCTURES III

DATE: JANUARY 19, 2022 TIME: 2.00 P.M. — 4.00 P.M.
INSTRUCTIONS
nn
Attempt any THREE questions.
Assume the reinforcement characteristic strength fy, = 500MPa.
Relevant design charts and tables are attached.
vee Provide sketches showing provided reinforcement of
all designed elements.
You may make any reasonable assumptions.
QUESTION
1 (20 marks)
a) A non-slender axially loaded reinforced concrete column supports shallow

beams at the top and bottom. The column dimensions are 300mm by 300mm and
has a clear height of 2400mm. The concrete grade is C20/25. It carries an
ultimate axial load: of 900kKN. Assume a cover of 40mm, 25mm main rebar and
8mm stirrups. Provide reinforcement for the column and include sketches.
[10 marks]
b) Design a pad footing that is required to resist a characteristic axial permanent
load of 375KN and a variable load of 262.5KN from the square column in (a)
above. The pad footing is founded on gravel with an allowable bearing pressure
of 150kPa. Assume the footing weightis 150kN, footing thickness is 400mm and
,
a concrete cover of 50mm. [10 marks]
QUESTION
2 (20 marks)
a) List any TWO factors that lead to the structural failure of buildings. [2 marks]
b) Briefly state any FOUR design actions that are taken into consideration in the
structural design of buildings. [4 marks]
c) Using the simplified rectangular stress block shown in Figure Q2(c), start with
F, = F, and show that 0.4533bx fy, = 0.87 fjiAs- [4 marks]
4
d) A rectangular concrete beam 250mm wide by 475mm
deep
is simply supported
over a 6m span.It carries a permanent action of 18kN/m and a variable action of
6kN/m. The beam is made of concrete class C40/50. For initial calculations, assume
and 10mm shear links. Using
a cover of 30mm to reinforcement, 20mm main rebar
reinforcement.
the data given, design the longitudinal reinforcement and transverse
Include sketches and do NOT check deflection. (10 marks]
QUESTION
3 (20 marks)
a) State any FOUR assumptions made in the design of reinforced concrete beams.
[4 marks]
State THREE ways in which the
b) Water is one of the main constituents of concrete.
water isused or lost as the concrete cures.
Class 40/20:
[3 marks]
c) Concrete for a construction project is specified as

of the concrete. {1 mark]
i. State the cube crushing strength fcxcube
ii. Calculate the cylinder crushing strength f.4, of the concrete. [i mark]
[1 mark]
iii, Write the concrete designation according to the Eurocodes.
iv. State the maximum aggregate size of the concrete. [i mark]
failure in the serviceability limit state.

d) State any THREE phenomena that constitute a
[3 marks]
(2 marks]
e) Differentiate between formwork and falsework.
for making reinforced
f) State any FOUR reasons why steel reinforcement is suitable
[4 marks]
concrete.
QUESTION. (20 marks)

in reinforced concrete elements.
a) State any TWO functions of the concrete cover
(2 marks]
b) State any THREE types of

buildings where reinforced concrete is used. [3 marks]
slabs. Use sketches for illustrations.

c) Differentiate between one-way and two-way
{3 marks]
slabs. Use sketches for illustration.

d) Differentiate between ribbed slabs and waffle
[2 marks]
intends to build a shopping mall.
e) University of Nairobi Enterprise Services (UNES)
The slab is simply
Design a 9m by 4m reinforced concrete slab of that building.
supported by RESTRAINING beams on all
FOUR edges. The thickness of the slab is
structural concrete.
150mm and a screed of 50mm will be applied on the finished
has the capacity to
Assume H12 main bars and a cover of 25mm. The contractor
and check the
manufacture C32/40 concrete. Provide the flexural reinforcement
deflection. Include sketches. [10 marks]
Aide-mémoire
FLEXURE
Moment capacity Mpq = 0.167bd? fx
Mea
Factor K= bd®fx K‘ = 0.167
(0.5 + ¥0.25 0.882K)d limit z < 0.95d

Lever arm z= —
Mea
Singly reinforced Aswea =
tension steel 0.87 fyxz
OR
Nominal reinforcement Agmin = 0.13%bd
M — Mpa
Doubly reinforced Ae
$2 = 0.87
compression Steel fyx(d — da)
Mra
fos
Doubly reinforced
Ast _
= + Asz
tension steel 037 fyxZ
enaR
SHEAR
Required shear reinforcement (Fe)

S
7 _0.9d x 0.87 fywk X coté
freq
000,128
Nominal shear reinforcement (S22)

=
= 0.08b,
fowk
Maximum spacing Smax = 0.75d

Vea
Strut angle inclination G= ossin-*(
Vedas
)
Upper limit Vedas = 0.18bwdfex (1 = 5)
Lower limit Vag aie = 0.124bwdfex (1 ~ fx)
|
DEFLECTION
3
(2) = KF, [is + 15) Fox! + 3.2 fox (2 - if DS Povevevve (a)
‘eft
(= samt = KF, fog
[1 + 15 fer Po5 + 5 V few fz oi if Pp > Pore (b)
Reference reinforcement ratio Po = VFcx x 1078
> ,
A
A <4
Compression reinforcement ratio 7s
.
p’ =
Tension reinforcement ratio p=
500
F,=——SC‘dimiit F,1 = 15
ree
1
F, Tou
K=1.0 Cantilevered K=0.4
Support conditions Simply supported
COMPRESSION
- 20mm
h lest iti, °
Eccentrici Y i—
"
30 400
ii. ——-
Nominal compression 0:1Nea

smn _
_
reinforcement 0.87 fyk

1
.
Omain
:
Stirrups size X
Z
i. 20X main ii. Least column dimension ii, 400mm
Stirrup vertical spacing
Material Weight Type of
Building
Classroom
Live Load (kN/m*)
3.0
Reinforced Concrete 25 kN/m?
24 kN/m? Disco/Gym 5.0
Concrete
Steel 78 kKN/m3 Residential House 1.5
22 kN/m? Hostel/Hospital 2.0

Bricks/Blocks
6 kN/m? Offices 2.5
Timber (softwood)
12. kN/m? Garages 4.0
Timber (hardwood)
18 kN/m3 Supermarkets 3.5
Sand
22. kN/m? Roof with access 15
Aggregates
18 kN/m3 Roof without access 0.25
Cement
Clay 20 kN/m3
Cereals 9 kN/m?
Water 10 kN/m3
Roof Clay Tiles 0.75 KN/m?
Floor Tiles 1,50 kN/m?
GCI or(per mm thick)
1T4 0.10 KN/m?
Brick/Block wall (per 25 mm thick) 0.55 kN/m?2

bottom 1 2 3
1 0.75 0.80 0.90
2 0.80 0.85 0.95
3 0.90 0.95 1.00
Condition 3 ~ Nominal restraint
'
db ___
Foua
; O.567tc
— F.
0.4x
3
d
bas aes
ee _.NA, en ee emer me ee ne so ee mee ae ag cee cies es es es en z
eee wtLoe«2eee
F,
eeee eee
Ast
¢ 0---Ob - ——-——>-
wee Be cohen eens O87fye
As
Figure Q2(c)
y
}
SLAB COEFFICIENTS

LL, 1.0 11 1.2 1.3 1.4 15 1.75 2.0
G., 0.062 0.074 0.084 0.093 0.099 0.104 0.113 0.118

0.062 0.061 0.059 0.055 0.051 0.046 0.037 0.029
ay
Bending Moment Coefficients for restrained two-way spanning slabs

Type Short span coefficients 6, Bay
of BM Values of L/L, for

all
Panel 1.6 1 1.2 1.3 14 15 1.75 2.0 values
of L/L,
1 Interior ZM 0.031 0.037 0.042 0.046 0.050 0.053 0.059 0.063 0.032
Panels :
+M 0.024 0.028 0.032 0.035 0.037 0.040 0.044 0.048 0.024
2| One short edge |-M 0.039 0.044 0.048 0.052 0.055

| 0.058 0.063 0.067 0.037
0.028
discontinuous +M 0,029 0.033 0.036 0.039 0.041 0.043 0.047 0.050
0.039 0.049 0.056 0.062 [0.068 0.073 0.082 0.089 0.037

3 One long edge =M
discontinuous +M 0.030 0.036 0.042 0.047 0.051 0.055 0.062 0.067 0.028
4| Two adj.edges |-M 0.047 0.056 0.063 0.069 0.074

0.055
0.078
0.059
| 0.087
0.065
| 0.093
0.070
0.045
0.034
discontinuous +M 0.036 0.042 0.047 0.051
0.046 0.050 0.054 0.057 0.060 0.062 0.067 0.070 -

5 Two short edges |-M
discontinuous +M_ 0.034 0.038 0.040 0.043 0.045 0.047 0.050 0.053 0.034
: : - 0.045
6[Twolongedges |-M - - - - -
discontinuous +M 0.034 0.046 0.056 0.065 0.072 0.078 0.091 0.100 0.034
7 Three edges =M_ 0.057 0.065 0.071 0.076 0.081 0.084

0.063
0.092
0.069
0.098
0.074
| -
0.044
discontinuous +M 0.043 0.048 0.053 0.057 0.060
(one long edge

continuous)
8 Three edges -M |- - - - - - : . 0.058
discontinuous +M 0.042 0.054 0.063 0.071 0.078 0.084 0.096 0.105 0.044
(one short edge

continuous)
+M 0.055 0.065 0.074 0.081 0.087 0.092 0.103 0.111 0.056
9 Four edges
discontinuous
Notes
Cotumn design chart for rectangular columns d, /h = 0.05
13
1.2 d/h = 0.05
0.
1.4
AS! Difax
1.0 |og
1.0
0.9
0.8
0,7
Nibhfs,
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 v.40 O45

MIDI fay
Column design chart for rectangular colurnns d, /h = 0.10
aa. 0.10
t
1.2 uy/h =
0.3 Asa/bhf, |
uu 1
1.0 i
0.9 fac
0.8
0.7 |
N/bhfy I
wy
0.6 :i
0.5 |
0.4 1
0.2
0.4
8 0.05 0410 6.15 0.20 0,25 0.30 0.35 0.40 6.45

Column design chart for rectangular columns d, /A = 0.15
1.3
0.2 0.45
1.2 dyfh =
11
Ashe! Dbfe
4.0 0.4
0.9
0.8
0.7
N/bhfx
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.4
0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40

0.05 0.10 0.15
Mibh fey

1.3
1.2
VA
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
N/bhf.
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35

0 0.05 0.10:
M/bhf oy
1.3
1.2
;
d,fh= 0.25
a 4 ASy/ dbf
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
Nibhfy
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.4
0 0.20 0.25 0.30

0 0.05 0.10 0.15
Mibh’ fx
Table 1 Areas of Groups of Reinforcement Bars (mm?)

(mm) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
50 101 151 201 251 302 352 402 452 503

8
79| 157 236 314 393 471 550 628 707 785
10
113 226 339 452 565 679 792 905 1017 1131
12
402 603 804 1005 1206 1407 1808 1809 2011
16 201
628 942 1257 1571 1885 2199 2513 2827 3142
20 314
982 1473 1963 2454 2945 3436 3927 4418 4909
25 491
1608 2412| 3216 4021 4825 5629 6433 7237 8042
32 804
5026 6283 7539 8796 10050 41310 12570
40 4256 2513 3769]
Table 2 Reinforcement Bar Areas, for various Bar Spacings (mm?/m)

125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
{mm) 75}; 100
402 335 287 252 223 201 183 168
8 871 503
628 523 449 393 349 314 286 262
10 1047 785
905 754 646 566 503 452 411 377
12 1508 1131
1608 1340 1149 1005 894 804 731 670
16 2681 2011
2513 2094 1798 1571 1396 1257 1142 1047
20 4189 3142
3272 2805 2454 2182 1963 1785 1636
25 6545 4909 3927{
8042 6434 5362 4596 4021 3574 3217 2925 2681

32
“4a
10050 8378 7181 6283 5585 5027 4570 4189

40
Table 3 Shear Reinforcement Ratio A,/S, (mm?/mm) for various Link Sizes and Spacings
125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
(mm) 75 100
0.805 0.671 0.575 0.503 0.447 0.402 0.366 0.335
8 4.313 1.006
1.256| 1.047| 0.897) 0.785] 0.698) 0.628 0.571 0.523
10 2.053 14.5701
1.808] 1.507; 1.291 1.130} 1.004) 0.904 0.822 0.753

12 2.955 2.260}
3.216| 2680| 2297] 2.010| 1.787 1,608 1,462 1.340

16 5.253 4.020|
THIRD YEAR EXAMINATIONS FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR O
BAR 303: THEORY AND DESIGN OF STRUCTURES IIT
DATE: 3 MARCH 2021 TIME: 2.00 P.M. — 4.00 PM.
INSTRUCTIONS
1, Attempt any THREE questions.
2. Assume reinforcement characteristic strength f,, = 500MPa.
3. Relevant design charts and tables are attached.
4. Provide sketches showing provided reinforcement of all designed elements.

a) List any FOUR advantages of using concrete as a construction material. [4 marks]
b) State any FOUR assumptions made in
the design of reinforced concrete beams.
[4 marks]
c) List any FOUR properties of hardened concrete. [4 marks]
d) _List the diameters of any FOUR reinforcement bars commonly used in Kenya.
{4 marks]
e) Given the concrete grades below according to the BS designation. List the
corresponding characteristic strength and designation according to the
Eurocode: [4 marks]
i. Class 20
ii. Class 25
iii. Class 30
iv. Class 40
3
a) Describe any FOUR types of reinforced concrete floor systems. Provide sketches.
marks] {4
b) List any TWO ways in which we can increase the moment capacity Mp,, of a
beam: [2 marks]
c) Figure Q2(c) shows a beam section and representations strains,

of stresses and
forces for a loaded beam. Atfailure, x = 0.45d. Using the simplified rectangular
stress block, show that:
M = 0.16764
pq Sy [4 marks}
for its students. The

d) The University of Nairobi intends to build a fitness centre
slab dimensions of the fitness centre will be 7m by 4m and will be simply
by restraining beams along
supported its
LONGER dimensions only. A screed of
main bars
50mm will be applied on the finished structural concrete. Assume H12
and a concrete cover of 25mm to the main reinforcement. The overall depth
of the
and
slab is 150mm. The concrete grade is C25/30. Provide the reinforcement
{10 marks]
check the deflection. Include sketches.
QUESTION (20 marks)

a) Briefly state any FOUR design actions that are
taken into consideration in the
structural design of buildings. [4 marks]
b) List any FOUR factors that lead to the structural failure of buildings. [4 marks]
¢) List the TWO categories of reinforced concrete beams. (2 marks]
d) A reinforced concrete beam of section dimensions: 450mm deep by 200mm wide of

distributed design load
concrete grade C30/37 spans over 6m and carries a uniformly
of 35kN/m. The cover to reinforcement is 30mm. For initial calculation, assume
reinforcement
longitudinal reinforcement with a diameter of 25mm. and transverse
Include sketches
with a diameter of 8mm. Provide the main and shear reinforcement.
and do NOT check deflection. (10 marks}

a) A non-slender axially loaded reinforced concrete
column supports shallow beams at
the top and deep beams at
the bottom. The column dimensions are 500mm by 500mm
It carries and
and has a clear height of 3000 mm. The concrete grade is C25/30.
ultimate axial load of 2000KN and a maximum bending moment of 250kNm.
Assume
Provide reinforcement for the
a cover of 40mm, 25mm main rebar and 8mm stirrups.
column and include sketches. {10 marks]
b) Design a pad footing that is required to resist a characteristic axial permanent load of
828kN and a variable load of 207KN from the square column in (a) above. The pad
footing is founded on gravel with an allowable bearing pressure of 250kPa. Assume
the footing weight is 150KN, footing thickness is 400mm, H20 main reinforcement
and a concrete cover of 50mm. Include sketches. [10 marks]
~
Aide-mémoire
FLEXURE
—
Moment capacity Mpa = 0.167bd7f.
Mra
Factor - ba K’ ,
= 0.167
Lever arm z = (0.5 + V0.25 — 0.882K)d limit z < 0.95d

Singly reinforced Mea
A = 0.87
SPF
tension steel fyxZ
Nonuinal reinforcement Ag min = 0.13%bd
Doubly reinforced
M — Mra
Ao
S2 = 0.87
compression Steel fx (d — dz)
Doubly reinforced Mra
Aa
$3 = + A Ase
tension steel 0.87 fynZ
2
SHEAR
Required shear reinforcement os \>= 4

_
0.9d %
Vea
0.87 fywe X cote
Nominal shear reinforcement
Maximum spacing
(
_ s
Dw =
= 0.75d
0.085,
Vie
” ———
firwk
a.
Simax
Vea
= 0.5sin -1{
.
Strut angle inclination 6
7,Rd 45
Upper limit Vedas - fx)

= 0-18byd fix (1
Lower limit Veena = 0.124 bw for (1 - Fx)

DEFLECTION
3
tett
nt [x Fe
Po Po 1) | if PS Poe...)
4)\2|
+15) + 3.2 Fax (%

;
(e. = KF;
fey
(*nie = KF, [us 5
elyif D> Poreveee
Pog + 2 fixfe
+15 Fos (b)
Reference reinforcement ratio po = Vfcx x 107%
ma
A
Reinforcement ratio =
bd
F,*
Fy
1
500
= ———:sOlimit
Asreq
F, < 15
i= _
Sy Keprov
i
Support conditions Simply supported. K=1.0 Cantilevered K=0.4
COMPRESSION
h
ii.
jit.
ss lege
iii. 20 20mm
Eccentrici 8 ' 30
* 400
Nominal compression 0.1N ga
Agmin _= S357
reinforcement 0.87 fr
A
Stirrups size
5* Pmain
ii. Least column dimension iti, 400mm
Stirrup vertical spacing i. 20X drain
_|
4h
Material Weight Type of Building Live Load (kN/m?)
Reinforced Concrete 25 kN/m? Classroom 3.0
Concrete 24 kN/m? Disco/Gym 5.0
Steel 78 KN/m? Residential House 15
Bricks/Blocks 22 kN/m? Hostel/Hospital 2.0
Timber (softwood) 6 kN/m? Offices 25
Timber (hardwood) 12. kKN/m? Garages 40
Sand 18 kKN/m3 Supermarkets 3.5
Aggregates 22 kN/m? Roof with access 15
Cement 18 kN/m? Roof without access 0.25
Clay 20 kKN/m?
Cereals 9 kN/m3
Water 10 kN/m3
Roof Clay Tiles 0.75 kN/m?
Timber Ceiling 0.25 kN/rn2
Floor Tiles 1.50 kN/m?
GCI or IT4 (per mm thick) 0.10 kN/m2
Brick/Block wall (per 25 mm thick) 0.55 kN/m?
Plaster/Screed (per 25 mm thick) 0.60 KN/m?

bottom 1 2 3
1 0.75 0.80 0.90
2 0.80 0.85 0.95
3 0.90 0.95 1.00
Condition 3 — Nominal restraint
b Ecuz 0.567 fe.
0.4x
F.
& ———
Yo a
x
3
d —
Po NAL 2
aftemt nee
0.87
Ast Fs
~T @---@ ~~
To
-- fanneernnnreni
4 eb
c
Figure Q2(c}
}
SLAB COEFFICIENTS

LyLi 1.0 11 1.2 1.3 1.4 15 1.75 2.0
Gx 0.062 0.074 0.084 0.093 0.099 0.104 0.113 0.118

Gsy 0.062 0.061 0.059 0.055 0.051 0.046 0.037 0.029
Bending Moment Coefficients for restrained two-way spanning slabs

Type Short span coefficients B,, Bay
of B.M Values of L/L for all

Panel 1.0 11 1.2 13 1.4 15 1.75 2.0 values
of Ly/ty
1 Interior =M_ 0.031 0.037 0.042 0.046 0.050 0.053 0.058 0.063 0.032
Panels +M 0.024 0.028 0.032 0.035 0.037 0.040 0.044 0.048 0.024
2] One shortedge |-M 0.039 0.044 0.048 0.052 0.055 0.058 0.063 0.067 0.037
discontinuous +M 0.029 0.033 0.036 0.039 0.041 0.043 0.047 0.050 0.028
3 One long edge -M_ 0.039 0.049 0.056 0.062 0.068 0.073 0.082 0.089 0.037
discontinuous +M 0.030 0.036 0.042 0.047 0.051 0.055 0.062 0.067 0.028
4 edges
Two adj. -M 0.047 0.056 0.063 0.069 0.074 0.078 0.087 0.093 0.045
discontinuous +M 0.036 0.042 0.047 0.051 0.055 0.059 0.065 0.070 0.034
5 Two short edges |-M 0.046 0.050 0.054 0.057 0.060 0.062 0.067 0.070 -
discontinuous +M 0.034 6.038 0.040 0.043 0.045 0.047 0.050 0.053 0.034
6 Twolongedges |-M - - - - - - - - 0.045
7
discontinuous
Three edges
+
-M_
0.034
0.057
0.046
0.065
0.056
0.071
0.065
0.076
0.072
0.081
0.078
0.084
0.091
0.092
0.100
0.098
0.034
-
discontinuous +M 0.043 0.048 0.053 0.057 0.060 0.063 0.069 0.074 0.044
(one long edge
continuous)
& Three edges -M i- - - - - - - - 0.058
discontinuous +M 0.042 0.054 0.063 0.071 0.078 0.084 0.096 0.105 0.044
(one short edge
continuous)
9 Four edges +M 0.055 0.065 0.074 0.081 0.087 0.092 0.103 0.111 0.056
discontinuous
Notes
Column design chart for rectangular cotumns d, /h = 0.10
1.3
02
i
1.2 d,/h=0.10
1
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
N/bhf
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
99 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45

MIDNTg
1.3
1.2 oth = 0.15
14
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
N/bhf
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40

Mibh ft,
Table 1 Areas of Groups of Reinforcement Bars (mm?)

(mm) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
8 50 101 151 201 251 302 352 402 452 503
10 79 157 236 314 393 471 550 628 707 785
12 113 226 339 452 565 679 792 905 1017 1134
16 201 402 603 B04 1005 1206 1407 1808 1809 2011
20 314] 628 942 1257 1571 1885 2199 2613 2827 3148
25 491 982] 1473] 1963 2454 2945 3436 3927 4418 4909
32 804 1608 2412| 3216 4021 4825 5629 6433 7237 8042
40 1256 2513} 3769 5026 6283 7539 8796 10050 11310 12570
Table 2 Reinforcement Bar Areas, for various Bar Spacings (mm’/m)

(mm) 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
8 671 503 402 335 287 252 223 201 183 168
10 1047 785 628 523 449 393 349 314 286 262
12 1508 1131 905 754 646 566 §03 452 411 377
16 2681} 2011 1608 1340 1149 1005 894 804 731 670
20 4189 3142} 2513] 2094 1795 1571 1396 1267 1142 1047
25 6545 4909 3927| 3272 2805 2454 2182 1963 1785 1636
32 meee) 8042 6434] 5362 4596 4021 3574 3217 2925 2681
40 10050 8378 7181 6283 5585 §027 4570 4189
Table 3 Shear Reinforcement Ratio A,,/S, (mm?/mm) for various Link Sizes and Spacings
(mm) 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
8 1.313 1.006 0.805 0.671 0.575 0.503} 0.447] 0.402 0.366 0.335
10 2.053 1.570] 1.256] 1.047{ 0.897] 0.785 0.698 0.628 0.571 0.523
12 2.955 2.260} 1.808] 1.507; 1.291 1.130 1.004 0.904 0.822 0.753
16 5.253 4.020 3.216] 2.680! 2.297} 2.010 1.787 1.608 1.462 1.340
—_
THIRD YEAR EXAMINATIONS FOR THE DEGREE OF
BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE
BAR 303: THEORY AND DESIGN OF STRUCTURES

II
DATE: DECEMBER 13, 2018 TIME; 2.00 P.M. - 4.00 P.M.
INSTRUCTIONS: >
1. Attempt THREE questions only. |
2, Take characteristic reinforcement strength f, 460 MPa

=
3. Rectangular column design charts, steel reinforcement tables and moment coefficient tables
are attached.
Ql. (a) State the functions of the basic constituents of concrete. [8 marks]
(b) List the properties of fresh concrete. [4 marks]
(c) List the properties of hardened concrete. [4 marks]
(4) Briefly discuss any four design actions (anticipated loads) that are taken into
consideration in the structural design of buildings. [4 marks]
Q2. (a) Figure Q2(a) shows a beam section and representations of strains stresses and
forces for a loaded beam. laf 0.87,
/
5 = is the stress in reinforcing steel in
the tension zone while 0-85

fg
5 = 0.567, is the stress in the compression
zone. Starting with equilibrium #, = F, show that the ultimate moment that the
section can resist is given by: M,, = 0.167bd%,. [10 marks]
(b) A reinforced concrete rectangular beam of section dimensions 600 x 200 to be

designed to span over 5m. It carries an ultimate design load of 50 kN/m. The
is
concrete to be used is C20/25. Provide the main reinforcement for the beam.
Assume T20 bars and 30mm cover. {10 marks]
Q3. (a) Distinguish between one-way and two-way spanning slabs. [4 marks]
(b) Describe three types of reinforced concrete floor systems. [6 marks]
(c) A rectangular reinforced concrete solid slab for a classroom of plan dimensions
5m by 3m and a thickness of 150mm is simply supported on all four sides.
Screed of 50mm will be applied on the finished structural concrete. The concrete
specified for use is C20/25. A cover of 25mm is to be provided. Provide the
required steel reinforcement. [10 marks]
Q4. {a) A non-slender axially loaded reinforced concrete column of clear height 3.2m and
a section dimension of 500 x 500is to be designed to carry an ultimate axial load
of 4000 KN. It supports deep beams at the top and a pad foundation at the bottom.
The concrete specified for use is C25/30. Provide the main steel reinforcement
and the stirrups. Assume cover of 40 mm, 25 mm diameter main bars and 8mm
stirrups. [10 marks]
(b) The pad footing of the column described in (a) above has a serviceability
(unfactored) load of 2800 kN and
bearing pressure of 200 kN/m?,
is to be founded on soft soil with an allowable
Determine the required base contact area and then
provide the reinforcement assuming a 600 mm thickness for the pad footing.
Assume T20 bars and reinforcement cover for the pad as 50mm. The concrete to
be used is C25/30. {10 marks]
BAR 303: 2018/2019 EXAM HANDOUT
(mm) 1 2 3 . 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
8 50 101 151 201 251 302 362 402 452 503
10 79 157 236 314 393 471 550 628 707 785
12 113 226 339 452 565 679 792 905 1017 4131
16 201 402 603 804 1005 1206 1407 1808 1809 2011
20 314 628 942 1257 1571 1885 2199 2513 2827 3142
25 491 982} 1473 1963 2454 2945 3436 3927 4418 4909
32 804; 1608] 2412 3216 4021 4825 5629 6433 7237 8042
40 1256| 2513{| 3769 5026 6283 7539 8796 10050; 11310] 12570
Table 2: Reinforcement bar areas, per meter width, for various bar spacing (mm?/m)
(mm) 75 100 125 450 175 200 225 250 275 300
8 671 503 402 335 287 252 223 201 183 168
10 1047 785 628 §23 449 393 349 314 286 262
12 1508} 1131 905 754 646 566 503 452 411 377
16 2681) 2011 1608 4340 1149 1005 894 804 731 670
20 4189 3142} 2513 2094 1795 1571 1396 1257 1142 1047
25 6545; 4909] 3927 3272 2805 2454 2182 1963 1785 1636
32 -| 8042} 6434 5362 4596 4021 3574 3217 2925 2681
40 - - 10050 8378 7181 6283 5585 5027 4570 4189
MOMENT COEFFICIENT TABLE

Bending Moment coefficients for simply supported two-way spanning slabs
LyL 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1,75 2.0

Osx 0.062 0.074 0.084 0.093 0.099 0.104 0.113 0.118
sy 0.062 0.061 0.059 0.055 0.051 0.046 0.037 0.029
4 b foue 0.567,
YT
0.4x
F,
"——
|
x &
o
hj]
d
La. MAL
z
oH
Ast
=e
987i]
c
Figure Q2(a)
Design Load Data

Material Weight Type of Bullding Live Load
{kN/m?}
R.C. 24 kNim? Classroom 3.0
Steel 78 kNim® Disco/Gym 5.0
Bricks/Blacks 22 kNim> Residential House 1.5
Timber (softwood) 6 kN/m? Hostel/Hospital 2.0
Timber (hardwood) 412 kNém3 Offices 2.6
Sand 18 kNém? Garages 4.0
Aggregates 22 kN/im> Supermarkets 3.6
Cement 18 kNim? Roof with access 1.5
Clay 20 kKNim? Roof without access 0.25
Floor Tiles 1,50 kKN/m?
GC! or IT4 (per mm thick) 0.10 kN/m?

Brick/Btock wall (per 25 mm thick) 0.55 kN/m?
Effective height factors for braced columns

End condition End condition at top
at bottom 1 2 3
1 0.75 0.80 0.9

2 0.80 0.85 0.95
3 0.90 0.95 1.00
Condition 1 — fully fixed
Condition 2 — partially fixed
Condition 3 ~ nominal restraint
Column design chart for rectangular columns ¢, /f = 0.10
a2
i
9.3 d,/h = 0.10
ayfbf,
0 0.4
Nibhf
G 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.35 0.40 0.45

MDH fey
Column design chart for rectangular columns d, /f = 0.15

13
0.2
1.2 dyfh = 0.15
14
Af hf
1.0
0.4
0.9
0.8
0.7
Nibhf
0.6
a5
0.4
0.3
0.2
O41
0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40

MIDH fg
Uy

BAR 305: LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE 1
DATE: FRIDAY, 5™ MARCH 2021 TIME: 2:00 P.M. ~ 4:00 P.M
INSTRUCTIONS:
i) All questions carry equal marks in each part; credit will be given for concise answers
backed up with sketches where necessary.
i ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS IN PART A AND CHOOSE ANY TWO FROM
PART B
PART A:
1. Briefly describe five basic spatial types that can be created through the use of planting
open space
design composition. semi-open space
canopied space
geology Briefly outline the main Natural factors that influence site planning. enclosed canopied space
topography vertical space
hydrography
soil . As discussed in class, briefly outline the pros and cons of setting up an edible garden.
vegetation
willdlife
climate Briefly explain how plants are used as Unifiers to provide / bring together unity in a diverse
environment. common thread, visually tying together all the different components of an environment
- massive street trees to unify separate architectural pieces
- align bottom of tree canopy with ground floor ceiling
PART B:
5. In relating Buildings to site, Discuss the various Graphic Techniques that are applied in
order to communicate and express the various aspects of Landform Elements and Site
contours percentage computer graphics
Engineering information on a Landscape Plan. hatchures spot elevations
ratio value and colour
Outline in detail how Buildings are used to create various types of spaces that are
influenced by the following: - Environmental Context, Sitting Objectives and desired
Spatial Qualities.
Discuss in detail and explain, the process of Land Dereliction and Reclamation as discussed
in class using Bamburi Quarry in Mombasa and explain how it was transformed to Haller
Park.
SPATIAL QUALITIES
Central open space
Focused open space
Channeled linear space Pagelofl
Organic linear space
SPECIAL/SUPPLEMENTARY EXAMINATIONS 2018/2019

/BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE
BAR 305: LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE
DATE: SEPTEMBER 18,2019 TIME: 2.00 P.M. - 4.00 P.M.

INSTRUCTIONS:
¢ Credit will be given for clear and concise
s Answers reinforced by neat drawings and illustrations
« All questions carry equal marks
closure microclimate
linkage shelter
1. Outline the architectural uses of plant materials screening space definition
privacy control focal point
2. Discuss land form including the various expressions of topography
3. The design process also termed as ~ A problem solving process, usually includes a
series of steps that follow a sequential order. In general all design disciplines use this
process. Discuss the design process and the typical steps included.
:
4. Discuss in detail the planting design process including the underlying principals.
5. Discuss in detail the objectives of landscape planning.
6. Discuss historic landscapes and their various manifestations.

Eee

ARCHITECTURE
BAR 305: LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE
DATE: DECEMBER 16, 2019 )
TIME: 2.00 P.M- 4.00 P.M.
INSTRUCTIONS:
» Answer only FOUR questions out of six
» All question carry equal marks
» Credit will be given to clear and concise answers reinforced by neat drawings and
illustrations where appropriate.
1. Outline the various aspects that influence planting design concepts and the underlying theory
of design
2. Discuss the needs and objectives of landscape planning and the relationship between site use
and site design.
3. Discuss the design guidelines for building clusters and how they are related to site.
4. Outline landscape design process including the various stages in sequence.
5. Site analysis is an integral part of landscape design; outline the primary purpose of site
analysis and inventory
6." Discuss landform and its significance
* dokok sk oksk
UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS - 2018/2019

BAR 305: LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE I
DATE: DECEMBER 17,2018 TIME: 2.00 P.M. — 4.00 P.M.
INSTRUCTIONS:
- Answer ALL questions in Part A and choose only TWO questions from Part B.
- Credit will be given for clear and concise answers reinforced by neat drawings and
illustrations where appropriate.
PART A
of Briefly outline what encompasses landform and the three dimensional relief of the earth’s
surface at the following scales:
(a) Macro Land Formsv”,

(b) Micro Land Forms
(c) Mini Land Forms
(15 marks)
Q2. As discussed in class briefly outline the criteria used to identify a historic landscape.
(15 marks)
Q3. Briefly outline the characteristics considered in the process of choosing plant material to
suit design requirements. (10 marks)
PART B:
Q4.. To be able to work effectively with landform in landscape architectural design it is

important to clearly understand the different technique for expressing it. Discuss the
various techniques available for expressing it. (30 marks)
Discuss in detail the planting design process and the underlying principals.
(30 marks)
Q6. Discuss grading design processes and the different graphic expressions used in the
process. (30 marks)
Q7. The design process also termed as “Problem Solving Process” includes a series of steps
that usually follow a sequential order. Discuss the process of design and the typical steps
included. (30 marks)
’
UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS - 2017/2018
THIRD YEAR EXAMINATIONS FOR THE DEGREES OF BACHELOR OF

ARCHITECTURE
BAR 305 : LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE 1
DATE: FEBRUARY 16, 2018 TIME: 11.00 A.M. — 1.00P.M.

INSTRUCTIONS:
- Answer question ONE and any other THREE questions.

- Credit will be given for use of clear sketches in support of answers.
Question 1
PART A : (25 marks)
Question 1
a) Define the following terms, giving examples in each case:

i) Micro landforms (2 marks)
ii) Macro landforms (2 marks)
iii) Mini landforms (2 marks)
b) Outline the significance of buildings as landscape elements. (5 marks)
c) i) Explain what you understand by the term planting design, (2 marks)

it) Outline the architectural was of plants in the landscape. (3 marks)
d) i) Define the term site planning. (2 marks)

ii) Explain the 3 objectives of site planning. (3 marks)
e) Outline any two (2) method of expressing landforms. (4 marks)
PART B : (45 marks)
Question 2
With the aid of sketches, describe any three (3) types of outdoor
spaces created by building
dusters. (15 marks)
Page | of 2
Question 3
Discuss the visual characteristics of plants, explain how these characteristics (qualities) are
applied when carrying out planting design exercises. (15 marks)
Question 4
Explain the process of site planning as outlined by J. Simonds, linking it with the entire process
at landscape design. (15 marks)
Question 5
Discuss various strategies Landscape Architecture use to link buildings with the landscape.
(15 marks)
Question 6
State and explain the principles you would apply when carrying out a site planning exercise for
the ADD landscape. (15 marks)
Page 2 of 2

BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURAL STUDIES / BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE
BAR 307: ELEMENTS OF LAW
DATE: MONDAY, 24™ JANUARY 2022 TIME: 2:00 P.M. - 4:00 P.M.
INSTRUCTIONS:
I. ANSWER THREE (3) QUESTIONS

2. Question ONE is
Compulsory
3. Answer ANY OTHER TWO Questions
4. Support your responses with decided cases.
QUESTION ONE (1) COMPULSORY (30 marks)

You have been invited to a seminar to give a summary of the sources of law in Kenya and the
hierarchy of these sources, taking note to explore the judicial and non-judicial means of applying
these lawsto resolve disputesin the agricultural sector. Proceed accordingly.
QUESTION TWO (2) (20 marks)

Laws regulating the classification, ownership, transfer and use of property — real or otherwise —
form the basis of the regulation and conduct of the architectural and related practice in Kenya.
Identify and briefly discuss some of the key statutes in the regulation of property and take note to
state the effect of each of them on the architectural profession.
QUESTION THREE (3) (20 marks)

What is administrative law, and what is the importance of administrative law to the architect?
Delve into the purpose of administrative law, judicial review and the possible remedies under the
same.
QUESTION FOUR (4) (20 marks)

A 9-storey building recently collapsed in Ruiru, destroying property belonging to the tenants and
damaging at least two other adjacent buildings. Luckily, no life was reportedly lost. The owner of
the building is yet to be arrested and arraigned.
John, a tenant in the collapsed building lost all his earthly possessions just like Jane who had
rented a bedsitter in the adjacent building which was destroyed. When John tried accessing the
Pagelof2
owner of the 9-storeybuilding to discuss his future, the office manager instructed the guards to
“get that petty thief out of here!”, and so they roughed him up and ejected him forcefully.
Together with Jane, they have now approached you for advice in bringing action against various
parties. Advise the duo on:
a) The possible parties they could target in his suit, and why; (5 marks)
b) How to successfully frame a suit under various torts; (5 marks)
c) The possible defences the parties are likely to want to use to defeat the suit;
(5 marks)
d) Possible remedies they could get if successful. (5 marks)
QUESTION FIVE (5) (20 marks)

Discuss in detail, with close illustration drawn from the sector, the various factors that may
vitiate an otherwise seemingly proper contract in the architectural profession. What are the
remedies for breach of contract?
END
Page 2 of 2
UNIVERSITY OF NATROBI

DATE: MONDAY, 8TH MARCH 2021 TIME: 2:00 P.M. - 4:00 P.M
INSTRUCTIONS:
Answer QUESTIONS ONE (1) and ANY OTHER TWO questions in this paper
Support your responses with decided cases

Give a comprehensive definition of the term “law”, justifying the key phrases used in your
definition. In addition, expound on the procedures and the place of statute law in relation to other
sources of law as provided forin the Judicature Act, 1967, taking note to briefly explain how these
may be applied in the Kenyan judicial system, and the importance of this to the architectural
professional.

What is administrative Law? Outline the purpose of administrative law, and illustrate the
grievances and remedies that may be available to the architect under administrative law in Kenya.

With a quick analysis of the basic requirements for tort, identify and explain the main areas of tort,
their importance to the architect, and discuss at least 5 general defences for such torts.

Clearly distinguishing the terms, write comprehensive notes on the following:
a) Civil procedure and Criminal procedure; (10 marks)
b} Superior Courts and Subordinate Courts. (10 marks)

a) Chapter 9 of the Constitution of Kenya 2010 outlines the Principles and structure of the
national executive in Kenya. Discuss these in great detail. (10 marks)
b) Identify and briefly explain the elements required for a valid contract in Kenya. (10 marks)
UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS 2019 / 2020

’
ARTS IN ARCHITECTURE
BAR 307 —- ELEMENTS OF LAW

DATE: 18" DECEMBER, 2019 TIME: 2:00 PM - 4.00 PM
INSTRUCTIONS:
¢ Answer QUESTIONS ONE (1) and ANY OTHER TWO questions in this paper;
o [llustrate your responses with sufficient case law.
Write expository notes on the following:
a) Legal Regulation of the architectural profession (10 marks)

b) Judicial Review Remedies (6 marks)
¢) Delegatus non potest delegare (4 marks)
d) Consensus ad idem (3 marks)
e) Supreme Court (5 marks)
‘QUESTION TWO (2) (20 marks)
Discuss the sources of Kenyan law besides the constitution, and write elaborate notes on the
importance and contents of the Constitution of Kenya 2010 and how it may be amended.
Pagelof2
Describe the hierarchy and function of the Kenyan Judiciary, taking note to explore the
available non-judiciary mechanisms for resolving disputes.
What are the legal requirements for a valid contract? Explain the factors that may vitiate an
otherwise proper contract.
Injuria sine damnum is actionable for torts, while damnun sine injuria is not. Basing your
response on this twin maxim, discuss the nature of torts and the available general defences
and remedies, taking note to explain the importance of torts to the Kenyan architect.
Page 2 of 2

THIRD YEAR EXAMINATION FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE
BAR 307 —~
ELEMENTS OF LAW
DATE: 19 DECEMBER, 2018 TIME: 2:00 PM ~ 4:00 PM.
INSTRUCTIONS:
eo
Answer QUESTIONS ONE (1) and ANY questions in this paper
OTHER TWO
+ Read each question carefully before attempting to answer it
« Support your responses with decided cases: comprehensiveness of analysis,
clarity of argument and logical structuring will earn you more marks.
The architect is just as subject to the law as any other individual in any jurisdiction,
but has extended duty under law as a professional. With a clear explanation of the
sources and functions of Kenyan law, discuss both these duties and the regulation
of the architectural profession in Kenya in the context of the recent demolitions of
prominent structures in Nairobi and other questionable transactions that may
involve individuals within the profession.
Write expository notes on ANY FOUR (4) of the following: (5 marks each}
i. Ultra Vires
i. Islamic Law
iii. Ubi jus ibiremedium
iv. Actof God
v. Consensus ad idem
vi. Exemption Clauses
Page 1of2
Distinguish Tort from Breach of Confract and explain in detail the underlying
principles and the remedies under each of these areas of civil law.

The Kenyan Judiciary consists of two main levels. Identify and explain the
composition, function and jurisdiction of each of these, as well as the individual
courts therein, and explore the alternative methods of resolving disputes that
are
recognized under Kenyan law.

EITHER:
What administrative law? Discuss the function of administrative law and the
is
remedies that could be available under judicial review.

OR:
Clearty distinguish civil law from criminal law and describe the procedure for each.
Page 2 0f2

20, 2018 TIME: 11.00 A.M. — 1.00 P.M.

DATE: FEBRUARY
INSTRUCTIONS:
e Answer QUESTIONS ONE (1) and ANY OTHER TWO questions in this
paper:
+ [llustrate your responses with sufficient case law.
a) According to Salmond, law consists of a body of principles

recognised and applied by the state in the administration of justice.
Explain the above definition of law and justify each phrase used,
stating the function and relevance to the architectural profession.
(6 marks)
b) Write expository notes on the following: (4 marks each)

i. Common Law and Doctrines of equity
ii. Ultra vires
iii. Necessity
iv. Consensus ad idem
v. Original jurisdiction
vi. Locus standi

What is administrative law? Discuss the function of administrative law and
the remedies that could be available under judicial review.
?
QUESTION THREE (3) {20 marks)

function and structure of the Kenyan judiciary and
Discuss in detail the
explore the altemative methods of resolving disputes that are recognized
under Kenyan law.

Explain in detail the principles underlying contracts and torts, and the
remedies that are available for grievances.

Clearly distinguish civil law from criminal law and describe the procedure
for each.
BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURAL STUDIES / BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE
BAR 309: ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION 1
DATE: WEDNESDAY, 26TH JANUARY 2022 TIME: 2:00 P.M. — 4:00 P.M.
INSTRUCTIONS:
Answer ALL Questions in PART 1 and any other TWO questions from PART 2
PART 1 — COMPULSORY
Question 1
a) Define the following terms (2 marks each)

I. Conservation all actions taken to preserve a culture's identity and sustain its values from a point in history to the future
)
II. Gazzettement publication in an official gazette e.g. Kenya Gazette
II. Values positive characteristics that people attribute to heritage places
IV.Stakeholders individuals or groups that affect or are affected by conservation

V. Solid-void ratio the amount of facade that is devoted to wall surface, as compared to that developed as openings,
exceptional cultural/natural significance that transcends national boundaries to be of common
VI. Outstanding Universal value importance for present and future generations of all humanity.
VII. World Heritage Convention an international treaty
VIII. A way of determining the ‘genuineness’, ‘originality’, ‘truthfulness’, ‘credibility’ of a signed on 23 November
Authenticity
particular monument. 1972, which created the
IX. Integrity a measure of the wholeness and intactness of the monument and its attributes. World Heritage Sites, with
X. Identity the primary goals of nature
conservation and the
A Statement of b) I) Define what is
the ‘Statement of Cultural Significance’ (3 marks) preservation of cultural
Significance sets out properties.
why a monument/building ii) Explain what you understand by Area Conservation. (3marks)
area of land that is protected and cannot be built on or used for certain purposes.
is important. It may
e.g. Mombasa Old Town
explain the values the iii) List at least four key determinants for an area to be gazette as a Conservation
place holds for the is of ancient origin
area. is of historical importance (4marks)
community and groups
within the community. It constitutes rare or endangered aspects of Kenya's natural/cultural heritage
may also describe iv) Name at least two Conservation areas is important in exhibiting (4 marks)
particular aesthetic characteristics valued nationally
features of place Mombasa Old Town is strong or special in association with the life or work of a person, group or
which have intrinsic Lamu organization of importance in the history of Kenya
values but which have no
known human affinity or
value. Page 10of2
Question 2
Lamu is the oldest and best preserved Swahili settlement in East Africa. It has maintained its social and
cultural integrity, as well as retaining its authentic building fabric until present day. While built using
traditional Swahili techniques, the unique character of the town is reflected in the architectural forms
and spatial articulation. Once the most important trade center in East Africa, Lamu has continued to
exercise important influence in cultural as well as technical aspects. It has retained an important
religious function and is a significant center for education in Islamic and Swahili culture.
a. The above being a Statement of Significance for Lamu Old Town, identify the values
highlighted in the statement (10 marks)
b. Discuss some of the measures that can be undertaken to enhance these values in the
course of the conservation and management of the town. (10marks)
PART 2 - ANSWER TWO QUESTIONS FROM THIS PART

built fabric groundscape
form and structure
historical references lighting
Question 3 use and pattern of activity
archaeological remains detail and materials
traffic and transport
a) i) Give four ways and examples of how values are manifested in an urban set up (8 marks)
link with community life
ii) How do you assess the authenticity and integrity of a built heritage asset
includes all necessary elements no adverse effects of development or neglect
effect of time of adequate size (6 marks)
who is caretaker and why?
how it compares with similar
iii) Describe using appropriate examples at least five key ways that you will use to ensure
places harmony while designing in urban context (6 marks)
associated emotions,
memories, feeling?Question 4
safeguard heritage
community continuity
(a) i) Give two reasons as
to why we undertake the conservation of monuments (Smarks)
ii) Give at least two pre-requisite steps one needs to take before undertaking any conservation
research
intervention condition
(5 marks)
(b) i) Give at least two examples where two values in a heritage asset may be in conflict (5 marks)
ii) Describe how you will mitigate such conflicts while undertaking the conservation of the given
monument (5 Marks)
must preserve the heritage place
Question 5 must enhance values of property
(a) i) State and explain at two principles of conservation of monuments (4 marks)

ii) Give at
least four reasons why we need regular inspections of monuments (4 marks)
(b) 1) Define what we mean by Preventive Conservation? Anymeasuremeasurethatthatpreventspreventsdamagedamageororr
(2 marks)
educesreduces thepotentialpotentialforforitit
prolong lifespan
some of the advantages of Preventive Conservation
ii) Describe (4 Marks)
avoid expensive remedial measures
iti) Describe some of the similarities between African Traditional Conservation Practices and
Preventive Conservation (6 Marks)
constitute measures that prevent damage or aimed at reducing the potential of it
create favourable conditions
minimize decay
avoid unnecessary and expensive remedial treatments
prolong lifespan
Page 2 of 2
EXAMINATIONS FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURAL

STUDIES / BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE
DA’ [E: THURSDAY,

2157 OCTOBER 2021 TIME: 2:00 P.M. — 4:00 P.M.
INSTRUCTIONS: Answer ALL questions.
Question 1
1) The Venice charter sets some mandatory thresholds one being the need for adequate
documentation;
(i) List and discuss the importance of the 3 key thresholds of documentation set by the
-
establish historical and archaeological aspects
Venice Charter on Conservation. maintain evidence of past records (6 marks)
any addition to be justified from a historical point of view
(ii) Highlight 2 reasons why condition assessment of built heritage for an effective
conservation process. know state of conservation (2 marks) :
as management and monitoring tool
(iil) Highlight principles of documentation of cultural heritage and

5 their importance
standardized format migrate digital
tothe management of the built heritage. safe, accessible place hard copy (5 marks)
backed up unique identifier
(h). Burra charter improved on the application of the Venice charter by bringing in the notion. . :
i
importance
of ‘Cultural significance’ values
i. Define what is
a statement of Cultural Significance features
’
2 marks)
ii. Highlight the importance of the Statement of Cultural Significance. (5 marks) + is
Question 2
(a) Define the following statements
Co- 6 marks)
-
[6] Gazettment of a building, monument or site:

Listing of a property addition to UNESCO world heritage list (3 marks)
:
(il) :
.
(iii) World Heritage Convention (4 marks)
{b) (1) Name the body in charge of gazetting monuments in Kenya and explain from where it
derives the powers to do so. Minister in charge in consultation with National Museums of Kenya,@National Museums and Heritage Act
Fort Jesus
(ii) 2006
Name two gazetted buildings in Kenya (2 marks)
racks)
Koja Mosque
Old Mutual Building
Lamu Fort
(iv)
v)
List at least four elements of the World Heritage Convention marks)
Name two listed properties in Kenya (2 marks)
“
defines cultural and natural heritage
:
creates the World Heritage committee

Fort Jesus
Establishes world heritage list
Mount Kenya
Establish world heritage list in danger
Lake Turkana parks
Establishes world heritage fund
{c) The Mac Millan Castle in Kilimambogo built by Lord Mac Millan around the 1900s is
"an important Monument due to it being part of the colonial history of Kenya. The
building was the headquarters of a large sisal plantation measuring about 33,000 acres
with a variety of support facilities such as workers’ quarters (both sisal plantation workers
and Castle workers), a factory complete with its own workshops and power generation
area. In addition, after his death both Mac Millan and his wife were buried on
Kilimambogo hill which is nearby. Further the building played host to a number of world
dignitaries such Gerald Roosevelt and Winston Churchill among many others. However,
at the moment only the Castle itself has been gazetted, in your opinion would you
consider
it
necessary to gazette the whole complex including the other facilities plus the
graves? Explain your reasons for your action. (10 marks)
Question3-
’
;
(a) (i) List at least five values that may be attributable to a building, monument or site.
}
(5 marks)
(ii) Highlight at least five ways in which values may be expressed in a building or
Monument. (5 marks)
(b) (i) Highlight at least five ways in which one can assess the values on a particular building
or site. (5 marks)
link with place and physical setting
(if) What is an Outstanding Universal Value past and present techniques (5 Marks)
unique/special aspects
what has been lost
major development phases
Question 4
(a
a) Define the following g terms
i) Authenticity (3marks)
(ii) Integrity (3marks)
(iii) a
How is the integrity of Site of building assessed? (3 marks}
(iv). How do you assess the authenticity of a Site or building? (5 marks)
(b) Le Morne Cultural Landscape, a rugged mountain that juts into the Indian Ocean in the
southwest of Mauritius was used as a shelter by runaway slaves, maroons, through the
“18th and early years of the 19th centuries. Protected by the mountain’s isolated, wooded
and almost inaccessible cliffs, the escaped slaves formed small settlements in the caves
and on the summit of Le Morne. The oral traditions associated with the maroons, have
made Le Morne a symbol of the slaves’ fight for freedom, their suffering, and their
sacrifice, all of which have relevance to the countries from which the slaves came - the
African mainland, Madagascar, India, and South-east Asia. Indeed, Mauritius, an
important stopover in the eastern slave trade, also came to be known as the “Maroon
republic” because of the large number of escaped slaves who lived on Le Mome
Mountain. List the values highlighted in this Statement of Cultural Significance.
(6 marks)
Question 5
(5 marks)
(i)Explain what you understand by Area Conservation
Conservation Area
(i) List at least four key determinants for an area to gazetted a
be as
(4 marks)
Name at least two Conservation Areas in Kenya (4 marks)
(ii)
(v) Discuss the possible challenges in management of such Conservation Areas if
situated with Urban areas in Kenya. (4 marks)
(v) Discuss some of the potential solutions to the challenges identified in (iv)(3 above.
Marks)

DATE: 10™ MARCH 2021 TIME: 2:00 P.M. —- 4:00 P.M
INSTRUCTIONS: Answer all Questions in Part 1 and Two Questions in Part 2
PART 1:
QUESTION ONE:(30 MARKS)
a) Define the following terms

i. Conservation
ii. Preventive conservation
iii. Monument architectural works of cultural significance and their urban or rural setting
iv. Restoration
v. Conservation charter a legislative document with policies on the conservation of heritage places
vi. Values
vii. Conservation ethics standards that must be observed in conservation works
viii. Stakeholders
ix. Buffer Zone
x. Conservation By-law statute, lw, policy or regulation
b) i) Give two reasons as to why we undertake the conservation of monuments
ii) Give at least two pre-requisite steps one needs to take before undertaking any
conservation intervention
iil) Name any two gazetted monuments in Kenya
QUESTION TWO: (20 MARKS)
(a) (i) List at list five values that may be attributable to a building, monument or site (Smarks)
(ii) Highlight at least five ways in which these values may be expressed in a building,
form and design traditions
monument or site material and substance techniques & management systems (Smarks)
use and function location and setting
(iii) Highlight how one can assess the values on a building or monument (Smarks)
(iv) What is an Outstanding Universal Value (5 marks)
Page 1o0f2
PART 2
QUESTION THREE: (20 MARKS)
(a) (i) State two principles of conservation (2marks)

(ii) Define whatis a ‘statement of cultural significance’ (3marks)
(iti) Highlight the importance of the ‘Statement of cultural significance (3marks)
(iv) Give two reasons as to why we undertake the conservation of buildings (2marks)
(b) (i) Explain what you understand by area conservation (Smarks)

(ii) Name at least two conservation areas (2marks)
(iii) List at least three key determinants for an area to be gazetted as a conservation area
(3marks)
QUESTION FOUR: (20 MARKS)
Lamu is the oldest and best-preserved Swahili settlement in East Africa. It has maintained its
social
and cultural integrity, as well as retaining its
authentic building fabric until present day. While
built using traditional Swahili techniques, the unique character of the town is reflected in the
architectural forms and spatial articulation. Once the most important trade centre in East Africa,
Lamu has continued to exercise important influence in cultural as well as technical aspects. It has
retained an important religious function and is a significant center for education in Islamic and
Swahili culture.
a) The above being a Statement of Significance for Lamu Old Town, identify the values
highlighted in the statement (5 marks)
b) Discuss some of the measures that can be undertaken to enhance these values in the course of
the conservation and management of
the town. (15marks)
QUESTION 5: (20 MARKS)
(a) (i) What do you understand by the term gazettment as applied in Kenya (2marks)
(ii) Give at least three gazetted monuments in Kenya (3marks)
(iii)What do you understand by the term World Heritage Listing (2 marks)
(iv) Give at least three World Heritage Sites in Kenya (3marks)
(b) (i) Using any of the sites in (a) (iv) above discuss the possible challenges in the management
of those sites (5marks)
(ii) Discuss some of the potential solutions to the challenges identified in (b) (i) above (Smarks)
Page 2 of 2

ARCHITECTURAL STUDIES/ BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE
DATE: DECEMBER 19, 2019 :
TIME: 2:00 — 4:00 P.M.
INSTRUCTIONS:
All Questions Carry Equal Marks.

Question 1 & 2 in part 1 are compulsory.
Auswer any TWO Questions in Part 2
Marks will be given for appropriately used sketches
PART 1
UESTION ONE
Giving the definition of the: following terms .
“(2 marks)
a) i) Conservation
ii) Preventive conservation
iit) Values
iv) Outstanding Universal Value -
v) Gazettement
vi) Sotid-void ratio
vii) Spirit of place character and context
viii) Cultural significance

ix) World Heritage Listing
x) Building set-back distance by which a building is setback from the property line
b) Describe the five ethics of conservation principles and their application in the
Conservation process. conditions must be recorded before intervention
. (10 marks)
historic evidence must not be destroyed, falsified or removed
Minimal intervention
Respect for aesthetic, historical and physical integrity of cultural property
Fully document all methods
Page 1 of 2 and materials
QUESTION TWO
“Visible evidence of the past can contribute pedagogically and educationally to the
cultural identity and memory of a particular people or place, locating a contemporary
society in relation to a previous tradition and giving meaning to the present by
interpreting the past” Using Mombasa Old Town as an example, describe the implication
of this statement on the current society. (20 marks)
PART 2
QUESTION THREE,
a) Describe the clements that make up the architectural value in an Urban Context.
(10 marks)
b) Describe how values arc manifested in an urban context using appropriate
examples. (10 marks)
QUESTION FOUR
a) i) Live the significance of the World Heritage Convention (2 marks)
it) Give three World Heritage sites in Kenya (3 marks)
b) “The dimensional form of an urban arca is subject to, and needs to be understood
3
within, the additional dimension of time. The character perceived will be

influenced by the nature and cycle of activities engaged in bythe occupants of the
area, and both pedestrian and vehicular traffic, on-a daily, weekly or sometimes
seasonal basis’ given the above statement, describe the measures and studies you
will undertake to ensure that you design a new building for harmony in a given
urban context (15 marks)
QUESTION FIVE
a) Define the following terms (2 marks cach)
i) Authenticity
it) Integrity
b) i) How do you assess the authenticity of an urban area ? (10 marks)
ii) How do you assess the integrity of any given monument (4 marks)
Page 2 of 2
ee

BAR 309: ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION I
DATE: DECEMBER 20, 2018 TIME: 2.00 PM - 4.00 PM
INSTRUCTIONS:
Answer ALL Questions in Part 1 and TWO in Part 2
PART 1
Question 1
a) Define the following: (2 marks each)

i) Conservation tre
ii) Heritage
iit) Condition survey
iv) Deterioration declination in condition
v) Documentation
vi) World heritage list
vii) Preservation woe
viii) Cultural significance

ix) Values .
me
x) Outstanding universal value
b) Discuss the major differences between the Venice Charter and the UNESCO
World Heritage Convention. (10 marks)
Question 2
a) Discuss the importance of documentation and condition assessment the in

conservation process. (10 marks)
b) Discuss how the condition assessment of a building may differ from that of an
urban area. (10 marks)
Page 1 of 2
PART 2
Question 3
a) i) List at least 5 values found in a building. (5 marks)

if) Highlight how the values identified in (a) (i) above may be expressed.
b) Highlight how the values identified in (a) (i) above may be assessed.
(10 marks)
Question 4
a) Discuss the elements and functions of the UNESCO World Heritage Convention.
(10 marks)
b) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of listing on the UNESCO World

Heritage list. (10 marks)
Question 5
a) Discuss the difference between authenticity and integrity as used to the heritage
property. (10 marks)
b) Discuss how the assessment of authenticity differs from that of integrity in a

heritage property. (10 marks)
Page 2 of 2
~~

BAR 309: ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION I
DATE: FEBRUARY 22, 2018 TIME: 11.00 A.M. - 1.00 P.M.

INSTRUCTIONS:
Answer ALL questions in Part 1 and TWO question in Part 2
Question One;
(a) Define the following terms:- (2 marks each)
(i) Condition survey

(if) Heritage values
(iif) Conservation
(iv) Deterioration
w) Rehabilitation
(vi) Restoration
(vii) Preservation
(viii) Outstanding universal value
(ix) Cultural significance
x) Statement of cultural significance
® (i)
Give
What is
at least two objectives in the documentation of a building
the
the importance of
or
statement of cultural significance?

site.
(2 marks).
(2 marks)
(iii) What is the role played by condition assessment in the conservation process?
(2 marks)
(iv) Give reasons why it is important to involve all stake holders in the condition
assessment process of a building? understand values
consensus on initiatives (2 marks)
w) What are the major differences between the Venice charter and the Burra charter?
place v monument
cultural significance
(2 marks)
Question Two:
(a) @ What is the difference between gazettement and listing of a property?

(6 marks)
~~
(ily Give two examples of each to highlight the differences above in (a) (i)
(4 marks)
by @ Highlight three different instances in which a building / site may be gazetted

underthe current Legislation in Kenya. (6 marks)
(if) Highlight how the conditions assessment of an individual building may differ
from that of a conservation area. (4 marks)
PART 2
Question Three:
(a) i) Define what constitutes authenticity in the African context. (5 marks)
(ify Using an appropriate example highlight what integrity means in

a gazetted
monument. (5 marks)
® @ Using your answer in (a) (i) above describe how you can assess authenticity.
(5 marks)
(ii) Using your answer in (a) (ii) describe how you can assess integrity.
:
(5 marks)
Question Four:
(a) @ List at least five (5) values found in a building, monument or site.
(5 marks)
(ii) Highlight how the values identified (a) (i)
in above may be expressed in a
building, monument or site. (5 marks)
(b) Highlight how the above identified values may be assessed in a heritage property.
(10 marks)-
Question Five:
(a) Discuss the possible advantages and disadvantages of gazettement

per our current National Legislation. .
of
a building site as
or
(10 marks)
(b) Discuss the advantages that accrue to a property listed on the World Heritage list.
(10 marks)
A
~~
PECIAL/SUPPLEMENTARY EXAMINATIONS FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF

BAR 309: ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION
DATE: SEPTEMBER 25, 2017 TIME: 9.00 AM- 11.00 AM
IN TIONS:
Answer ALL questions.
——————
1. a) Define the following terms (2 marks each)
i) Conservation
ii) Preservation
iif) Restoration
iv) Documentation
v) Condition Assessment
vi) Heritage values
vii) Cultural significance
viii) Statement of cultural significance
ix) World Heritage convention
X) Gazettement
b) Other than the Venice chamber, discuss why the Buroca Charter had
profound impact on conservation as it is practiced today? (10 marks)
2. a) Discuss images appropriate examples and references documentation is

important in the conservation. (20 marks)
b) Arising from your response in (a) above, discuss how documentation slap a
a
role in the management of built heritage of a country. (10 marks)
Page 10f2
a) Differentiate between Gazettement and World Heritage Listing while giving
Examples. (10 marks)
b) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the world heritage listing of a

site or monument. (10 marks)
Architectural Heritage has both a social and economic value to society, and its
conservation therefore fulfills not only a social need but also for economic reasons.
Discuss this statement with reference to a gazette monument that you are familiar
with (20 marks)
Page 2o0f2

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UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI

UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS 2021/2022

THIRD YEAR EXAMINATIONS FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF

1. ANSWER THREE (3) QUESTIONS

QUESTION ONE - COMPULSORY

patterns can be created. (9 marks)

a) Define what a retaining wall is. (3 marks)

a) Define what a work breakdown structure (WBS) is.

THIRD YEAR EXAMINATIONS FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF

Answer Question ONE and any other THREE Questions

(a) Explain through clear diagrams how precautions

(b) Show how the

4, (a) What are the purposes of ventilation?

5. Explain the meaning of these terms:

UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS 2020/2021

THIRD YEAR EXAMINATIONS FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF

SPECIAL/ SUPPLEMENTARY EXAMINATIONS 2019/2020

THIRD YEAR EXAMINATIONS FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF

BAR 301: BUILDING TECHNOLOGY AND SERVICES 5

INSTRUCTIONS: Answer QUESTION

Consider typical office environment. Take two functions that

UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS 2019/2020

EXAMINATIONS FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURAL

BAR 301: BUILDING TECHNOLOGY AND SERVICES V

DATE: DECEMBER 9, 2019 TIME: 2.00 P.M. — 4.00 P.M.

e Answer any FOUR questions

3. Focussing on the water supply system in a domestic house,

a) Hlustrate the key features of this system

4. Using relevant illustrations, explain:

AXXXRXAXAKAKAARAKRAKNAAKAKKAXKARA RENAN AXARBANARARMNANAKN NAMM U WADA WARN ANNAN ANEYN ENN AN

BAR 301: BUILDING TECHNOLOGY AND SERVICES

Qi. You have been appointed as the

(a) (i) Expansion joints

Q3. (a) What are the functional requirements of

(iit) Cement screed

(c) Draw a detailed cross-section of the following:

Gd) Suspended concrete floor slab

Q4. (a) What are the functional requirements of an effective staircase?

(b) Using well annotated illustrations show the following:

(i) Inclined slab stair

BAR 301; BUILDING TECHNOLOGY AND SERVICES V

DATE: DECEMBER 10, 2018 TIME: 2.00 P.M. — 4.00 P.M.

(a) Structural stability of the roof.

A basement wall is a special type of a retaining wall.

Explain the following terms:

(a) Timber seasoning

BAR 303 : THEORY AND DESIGN OF STRUCTURES III

3. Steel reinforcement tables are attached.

SECTION STRAINS STRESSES FORCES DIMS

b) A reinforced concrete rectangular beam of section dimensions 450x200mm

c) What is the importance of properly

bonding between steel and concrete

while giving an example for each (4mks).

QS. a) Explain briefly what the following terms mean (Smks).

joint to allow movement without rupture

~ One-Way Slab supported on two opposite edges

- Load Bearing wall structure capable of supporting imposed load

Table 1: Areas of groups of reinforcement bars (mm?)

THIRD YEAR EXAMINATIONS FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF

QUESTION 2 (20 marks)

QUESTION 3 (20 marks)

¢) Distinguish between one-way spanning and two-way spanning for rectangular

QUESTION (20 marks)

SECTION STRAINS STRESSES FORCES DIMENSIONS