Fall 2020

MATS 322 Homework #5

Due November 2nd (Tue) at 8 pm (Submit PDF through Canvas-gradescope)

Name: ___________________________________

Student ID #: _____________________________________
Please use this file as a template for your HW assignment and write your answers
in the blank space after each question.

From Lecture & Lab

For tensile testing, nine 1018 steel tensile bars were homogenized at 760°C and then each was
subjected to one of the following heat treatments:
• water quenching (WQ)
• water quenching followed by a 1 hour anneal at 200°C (WQ + 200)
• water quenching followed by a 1 hour anneal at 300°C (WQ + 300)
• water quenching followed by a 1 hour anneal at 400°C (WQ + 400)
• water quenching followed by a 1 hour anneal at 500°C (WQ + 500)
• water quenching followed by a 1 hour anneal at 600°C (WQ + 600)
• Oil quenching, (OQ)
• Air cooling, (AC)
• Furnace cooling (FC)

1. Below (next page) is TTT diagram. This is useful for determining expected microstructures
when cooling from above the eutectoid. Neatly and clearly draw the process path for the steel for
each cooling process (WQ, OQ, AC, FC). You’ll need to estimate as best you can the time to
quench to room temperature based on the lab videos.

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2. What is the expected microstructure of the WQ, OQ, AC, and FC samples? Your description
of each should include the expected phases and an estimate of the phase fraction of each.

Solution
HT Microstructure Phase Fraction
WQ: 100% Martensite 100 % Martensite
OQ: 100 % Martensite 100 % Martensite
AC: 100% fine Pearlite 98% alpha 2%Fe3C
FC: 100% coarse Pearlite 98% alpha 2%Fe3C Commented [BPM1]: Range 96%-99% alpha
𝑤𝑤𝐵𝐵 − 𝑤𝑤𝐵𝐵𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹3𝐶𝐶 0.18% − 6.7%
𝑓𝑓𝛼𝛼 = 𝛼𝛼 = = 98.05%
𝑤𝑤𝐵𝐵 − 𝑤𝑤𝐵𝐵𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹3𝐶𝐶 0.05% − 6.7%

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3. What phases are expected in the WQ specimens annealed at 200, 300, 400, 500, and 600°C?

Solution
WQ + 200: 100% Tempered Martensite
WQ + 300: 100% Tempered Martensite
WQ + 400: 100% Tempered Martensite
WQ + 500: 100% Tempered Martensite
WQ + 600: 100% Tempered Martensite

4. How do you expect the microstructure the annealed 1018 steel bars to vary with anneal
temperature?

Solution
Sphere-like precipitates (cementite) for the tempered Martensite is going to be coarsened with
increasing the annealing temperature.

5. Martensite is on the TTT diagram, but isn’t on the phase diagram of steel. How do you explain
the formation of martensite in steel?

Solution
By the rapid cooling (quenching) of the austenite form of iron, carbon atoms do not have
time to diffuse out of the crystal structure in large enough quantities to form cementite
(Fe3C).

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For the following questions use the raw tensile test data posted on Canvas. The data is for a
sample that was furnace annealed. See the example excel file on Canvas for how to analyze the
data and the important notices at the beginning of the example excel file.

Here is some information about the dimensions of the sample, measured before and after testing:
Average initial diameter in the gauge length, do: 5.64 mm
Average final diameter near the fracture, df: 3.44 mm
Initial gauge length, Lo: 68.5 mm
Final gauge length, L: 82.7 mm

6. Plot the engineering stress-strain curve. For full credit be to include a descriptive caption and
label the plot axes, the 0.2% yield offset, the ultimate tensile strength (UTS), and final elongation.

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7. Plot the true stress-strain curve. For full credit be to include a descriptive caption and label
the plot axes, the 0.2% yield offset, the ultimate tensile strength (UTS), and final elongation.

8. What are the main differences between the engineering stress-strain plot and the true-stress
strain plot? Why do they occur?
Solution
• Engineering stress-strain curve does not give the true nature of the deformation of a metal
because it is based on the original dimensions of the specimen
• However, the true stress continues to rise because the cross-sectional area decreases and the
material work-hardens in the neck region. (= An assessment of the true stress-true strain
curve provides a realistic characteristic of the material)
• The true-stress-true-strain curves are obtained by converting the tensile stress and its
corresponding strain into true values and extending the curve.

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9. Plot the extensometer data (Strain 1 value in the file) include equation from linear trend line.
Solution

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For full credit on questions 11 – 16 be sure to give your answers using the indicated units!
10. Calculate the modulus of elasticity, E: _180 - 220___ GPa Commented [BPM2]: Student answers can have a range
of numbers
This comes from the slope of the extensometer data. Don’t forget to convert units to GPa!

11. Calculate the 0.2% Offset Yield Strength, σy: ____275 - 300_______ MPa
This is the intercept between engineering stress-strain plot and 0.2% yield offset plots.

12. Find the ultimate tensile strength, UTS: ____450______ MPa

This is the maximum stress on the engineering stress-strain plot.

13. Calculate the percent elongation: ____18 - 22_______ %EL

This is the last point on the corrected engineering stress-strain plot.

14. Calculate the percent % reduction of area: _____62.8____ %RA

Calculate Ao and Af from the diameter measurements and use those to find %RA.

15. Calculate the toughness (total fracture energy): 715.7 (not sure of range) MJ/m3
This is found from the area under the true stress/strain plot, make sure the final point of the
plot is calculated first! For simplicity, you may assume the plot from the UTS to final point
of true stress/strain plot is linear.

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