2.

8
a.

We have the Koshchmeider equation that estimates the visual range in kilometers

Lv=1200/particle concentration. Where the particle concentration is in µg/m3.

Now we are asked to estimate the visual range when the particulate concentration is equal to the
annual average to the maximum 24 hr NAAQs for PM10.

Annual average concentration of PM10: This is 50 μg/m3 .

Lv= 1200/(50)= 24 kms.

Maximum 24-hour average concentration of PM10: 150 μg/m3.

Lv=1200/150= 8 kms.

The visual range is (8-24 kms)

b. Now the visual range is given as Lv=10 miles. Converting it into kms, w have Lv=16.09 kms (1
mile=1.609 kms)
Therefore particulate concentration = 1200/Lv= 1200/16.09 = 74.58 μg/m3.

c.
I. Given,
Initial visual range (Lv1)= 20 km.
Therefore the initial particle concentration (P1)= 1200/Lv1 = 1200/20 =60 μg/m3
Now the particle concentration is increased by 1 μg/m3, therefore final particle concentration,
P2=61 μg/m3.
Final visual range (Lv2)= 1200/P2=1200/61=19.6721 km.
Percentage decrease = (Lv1-Lv2)*100/(Lv1) = (20-19.672)*100/20 = 1.64 %

II.
Initial visual range (Lv1)= 200 km.
Therefore the initial particle concentration (P1)= 1200/Lv1 = 1200/200 =6 μg/m3
Now the particle concentration is increased by 1 μg/m3, therefore final particle concentration, P2=7
μg/m3.
Final visual range (Lv2)= 1200/P2=1200/7=171.43 km.
Percentage decrease = (Lv1-Lv2)*100/(Lv1) = (200-171.43)*100/200 = 14.285 %