INTRODUCTION TO

SUBSTATION
(Part-II)

AMIT K. SINGH
SHUNT REACTOR :

Shunt reactors are inductive loads that are used to

absorb reactive power to reduce the over voltages
generated by line capacitance. It can be directly
connected to the power line or tertiary winding of
three winding transformer.
Shunt Reactor is just like a Transformer but it has
only primary and no secondary.

Rated in:
- Reactive Power (usually MVAr/KVAr)
- Insulation (cooling type)
- Voltage rating
An inductive load consumes reactive power versus
a capacitive load generates reactive power.
Ferranti Effect in a transmission Line is reduced
using voltage compensation which in turn is
accomplished by Shunt Reactor.
A physical analogy for reactive power
Process of filling a water tower tank with
water - one bucket at a time.
The analogy is that voltage in an AC
electrical system is like the person
going up and down the ladder. The
movement of the water up the ladder
and then down into the tank is like
the current in an AC electrical system

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FERRANTI EFFECT :
During no load or light load condition, the reactive power generated at a point on the Transmission Line will be more than
the reactive power absorbed and therefore the voltage at that point will rise. A long transmission line can be considered to
be composed of a considerably high amount of capacitance and inductor distributed across the entire length of the line.
Ferranti Effect occurs when current drawn by the distributed
capacitance of the line is greater than the current associated
with the load at the receiving end of the line which occur U1
during light or no load.
The capacitive line charging current produces a voltage drop
across the line inductance that is in-phase with the sending- U2
end voltage, assuming negligible line resistance. Therefore,
both line inductance and capacitance are responsible for
this phenomenon.

1,0 pu 1,0 pu

U1 U2 U1 U2
Voltage profile at no or low load (P2),”Ferranti effect” Voltage profile at no or low load (P2), with connected
SR
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POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION (PLCC) :
Power Line Carrier Communication, often called PLCC, is used for speech data transmission as well as protection of
Transmission Lines. Carrier current used for Power Line carrier Communication has a frequency range of 80 to 500 kHz. PLCC
is mainly for telemetry and telecontrol in modern electrical Power System.
Power Line Carrier
Communication is used for the
Carrier Tripping and Direct
Tripping in case of Distance
Protection.
Whenever there is a fault in the
In case of fault, breaker A and B should open. Let us assume that, the fault is line, it is very much important to
being sensed by relay at station 1. This relay should issue trip command to isolate the fault. Merely tripping
breaker A and send trip signal to the remote end. This trip signal to remote end of breaker at one end of line
is called Direct Trip(DT) signal. On reception of DT signal, master trip relay at cannot isolate the fault. Breaker
Remote station 2 actuates which in turn actuates breaker B. This trip signal i.e. at the other end of line should
DT signal is sent via PLCC. Apart from DT signal, carrier signal is also sent via also open.
PLCC Panel. This signal is used for Auto Reclosure.
For communication between the two substations, each end of transmission The use of power line as a method of
line is provided with identical PLCC equipment : telephony was a long thought idea and
its first after its commercialization
started during 1930s. successful test took
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place in Japan in 1918.
PLCC COMPONENTS :
Main Components of PLCC are as under -
• Transmitters and Receivers
• Hybrids and Filters
• Line Matching Unit
• Wave Traps
• Power Amplifier
• Coupling Capacitor Or CVT.

The output of PLCC goes to Coupling Capacitor famously known as Capacitive Voltage Transformer and then to transmission
line and travels to another end where it is received through Capacitive Voltage Transformer and inputted to relay and
control panel at that end.
As the frequency of carrier signal is Wave Trap is provided in the line after the LMU is a composite unit consisting of Drain Coil,
high, the impedance offered by the CVT (If we see from Transmission line side Isolation transformer with Lightning Arrester on its
CVT = 1/wC will be low and the then CVT will come first and then WT will both the sides, a Tuning Device and an earth switch.
carrier signal travelling on come.). Wave Trap is nothing but a Choke Tuning Device is the combination of R-L-C circuits
Transmission Line will be bypassed by Coil which chokes out high frequency which act as filter circuit. LMU is also known as
the CVT, therefore the carrier signal is carrier signal, as the impedance offered by Coupling Device. Together with coupling capacitor,
received or sent through the CVT (HF inductor = wL will be high which will not LMU serves the purpose of connecting Audio/Radio
point is given on the CVT where PLCC allow the high frequency carrier signal to frequency signals to PLCC terminal and protection of
is connected through FO Cable.) enter into the substation. the PLCC unit from the over voltages

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Generally for Transmission system Carrier Signal is sent through these two channels to the remote end in case of
voltage > 110/132KV in india , Two actuation of Zone-1 protection and Direct Trip (DT) signal is sent in the event of
(2) different PLCC channels are three phase trip. Similarly, Carrier Signal or DT signal is received from the
used for the protection of a single remote end via dedicated PLCC Panels.
line. This is the reason, you will
notice that wave traps are normally In each Channel, three codes are used i.e. code A, B and C. Code A and B are
installed in any two (2) phase of meant for Carrier Signals while code C is dedicated for Direct Trip Signal.
transmission line. Code A of Channel-1 is generally looped with Code B of CH-2. Similarly Code A of
CH-2 is looped with Code A of CH-1. Therefore when carrier signal is received
The two (2) wave traps from protection relay of one end in any one of the Channel, then the signal to
corresponds to two different remote end will be sent through both the channels i.e. CH-1 and CH-2. Looping of
channels of PLCC. There are code C is normally not done for Direct Trip.
two PLCC Panels corresponding
to two channels i.e. Channel-1
(CH-1) and Channel-2 (CH-2) for
sending / receiving signals for
each line. Thus for any single
line there shall be three PLCC
Panels, Channel-1, Channel-2
and Speech channel.

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Applications of PLCC in Power Systems
• Protective Relaying For the purpose of carrier aided
protection, PLCC channels use modulation schemes namely
the Amplitude modulation(AM) for blocking schemes and
Frequency Shift keying(FSK) for unblocking, permissive and
direct-trip schemes.
• Telemetry It is used to monitor electrical quantities like
voltage, current, power etc. at remote locations. The analog
data is converted in binary which is used to shift the FSK
frequency HIGH and LOW and then transmitted over narrow
band SSB channel.
• Telephony Voice messages are sent over SSB narrow band
mode with bandwidth ~3khz.
Home Automation and Home Networking
It is classified as low voltage power line communication.
Using low voltage electrical network at home to control
appliances by sending or receiving data through power line.
It is used as narrow-band PLCC for home automation and
metering purposes, and broadband PLCC for internet.
Limitations of PLCC
• Power line communication is limited by the existing
electrical infrastructure where it is being employed and thus
affects powerline channel parameters such as power
attenuation, noise, impedance and bandwidth.
• It requires high SNR ratio.
• The power line network is usually not matched and varies
with time at different loadings. This leads to attenuation of
carrier power. This is the main disadvantage.
• The carrier frequency suffers reflection losses at various
points in its path from transmitter, coaxial cable, line tuner
unit, coupling capacitor, power line to transmitter.
• Power-line communication is not secure.
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LINE TRAP and LINE MATCHING UNIT :
It is a parallel L-C tank filter or band-stop filter connected in series with the
transmission line. It presents high impedance to carrier signal frequencies and very
low impedance to the power frequency. It consists of -
1.Main coil An inductor that is connected directly to the high voltage power line
carries power frequency. Main Coil Carries the rated current of the Transmission
Line.
2.Tuning device It may be a capacitor or a combination of capacitor, inductor and
resistor, connected across the main coil in order to tune the line trap to the desired
blocking frequency.
3.Protective device It is usually a gap type surge arrester used to protect the line
trap from damage due to transient over-voltages.

The line trap or wave trap prevents unwanted loss of

carrier signal power and also prevents carrier signal
transmission to adjacent power lines. Line traps or wave
traps are available for narrow-band and wide-band
carrier frequency blocking applications.

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MOUNTING OF WAVE TRAP :

MOUNTING On MOUNTING On CVT :

POST INSULATOR :

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SUSPENSION HORIZONTAL
MOUNTING : PEDASTAL :

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Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) :

SCADA is a solution available for data acquisition, In substation automation system, SCADA performs the
monitor and control systems covering large geographical operations like bus voltage control, bus load balancing,
areas. It refers to the combination of data acquisition circulating current control, overload control, transformer
and telemetry. fault protection, bus fault protection, etc.

In this system, measurements are made under field or

process level in a plant by number of remote terminal
units and then data are transferred to the SCADA central
host computer so that more complete process or
manufacturing information can be provided remotely.

SCADA system continuously monitors the status of

various equipment in substation and accordingly sends
control signals to the remote control equipment. Also, it
collects the historical data of the substation and
generates the alarms in the event of electrical accidents
or faults.

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Components of Typical SCADA System : The major components in SCADA system are →

1. Remote Terminal Units (RTUs)RTU is the main component in SCADA system that has
a direct connection with various sensors, meters and actuators associated with a
control environment. These RTUs are nothing but real-time programmable logic
controllers (PLCs) which are responsible for properly converting remote station
information to digital form for modem to transmit the data and also converts the
received signals from master unit in order to control the process equipment through
actuators and switchboxes.
2. Master Terminal Units (MTUs) A central host servers or server is called Master
Terminal Unit, sometimes it is also called as SCADA center. It communicates with
several RTUs by performing reading and writing operations during scheduled scanning.
In addition, it performs control, alarming, networking with other nodes, etc.
3. Communications System The communication network transfers data among central
host computer servers and the field data interface devices & control units. The medium
of transfer can be cable, radio, telephone, satellite, etc. or any combination of these.
4. Operator Workstations These are the computer terminals consisting of standard HMI
(Human Machine Interface) software and are networked with a central host computer.
These workstations are operator terminals that request and send the information to
host client computer in order to monitor and control the remote field parameters.

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To Be Continued …………………….

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