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The Problem
• Given: Best-effort network in which
– Packets may be lost arbitrarily
– Packets may be reordered arbitrarily
– Packet delays are variable (queueing)
– Packets may even be duplicated
6.02 Fall 2012 Lecture 21, Slide #1 6.02 Fall 2012 Lecture 21, Slide #2
R TT = round-trip time
– Periodically check un-ACKed list for packets sent awhile ago
• Retransmit, update xmit time in case we have to do it again! 2
ACK Timeout Data
• “awhile ago”: xmit time < now timeout 1
Data Retransmit
3
Data
• Receiver 1
1
3 ACK
– Send ACK for each received packet, reference sequence number ACK
– Deliver packet payload to application
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6.02 Fall 2012 Lecture 21, Slide #5 6.02 Fall 2012 Lecture 21, Slide #6
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Receiver
Sender1 Sender s window size = 5
Sliding Window in Action 2 ACKs
3 1
window = 2-6
window = 3-7 4 2
5 3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
4
5
Sndr
6
a1 a2 a3 7
8 6
9 XPacket lost 7
TIMEOUT 10
1
Rcvr 9
p1 p2 p3 10
1
1
11
Window definition: If window is W, then max number of 1
12
unacknowledged packets is W
11
1
133 12
RXMIT
This is a fixed-size sliding window 8
144 13
6.02 Fall 2012 Lecture 21, Slide #11 6.02 Fall 2012
012
2 Lecture
Lectu
Lect
L 8
turre
tu e 21,
2 Slide #12
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RTT Measurements
Courtesy of the Cooperative Association for Internet Data Analysis. Used with permission. http://nms.csail.mit.edu/papers/index.php?detail=208
© Association for Computing Machinery. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our
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6.02 Fall 2012 Lecture 21, Slide #15 6.02 Fall 2012 Lecture 21, Slide #16
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17 Time (s)
6.02 Fall 2012 Lecture 21, Slide #17 6.02 Fall 2012 Lecture 21, Slide #18
CDF of RTT over Verizon Wireless 3G Network Estimating RTT from Data
Cumulative probability (CDF)
• Gather samples of RTT by comparing time when ACK arrives
with time corresponding packet was transmitted
– Sample of random variable with some unknown distribution (not
necessarily Gaussian!)
6.02 Fall 2012 Lecture 21, Slide #19 6.02 Fall 2012 Lecture 21, Slide #20
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α decreases
α = 0.1 α = 0.5
Responds too quickly?
6.02 Fall 2012 Lecture 21, Slide #23 6.02 Fall 2012 Lecture 21, Slide #24
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