FONST 5000 U Series Packet Enhanced OTN Equipment Product Description J

FONST 5000 U Series
Packet Enhanced OTN Equipment
Product Description
Version: J
Code: MN000002058
FiberHome Telecommunication Technologies Co., Ltd.
February 2021
Thank you for choosing our products.
We appreciate your business. Your satisfaction is our goal.

We will provide you with comprehensive technical support
and after-sales service. Please contact your local sales
representative, service representative or distributor for any
help needed at the contact information shown below.
Fiberhome Telecommunication Technologies Co., Ltd.
Address: No. 67, Guanggu Chuangye Jie, Wuhan, Hubei, China

Zip code: 430073
Tel: +6 03 7960 0860/0884 (for Malaysia)
+91 98 9985 5448 (for South Asia)
+593 4 501 4529 (for South America)
Fax: +86 27 8717 8521
Website: http://www.fiberhome.com
Legal Notice
are trademarks of FiberHome Telecommunication Technologies Co., Ltd.

(Hereinafter referred to as FiberHome)
All brand names and product names used in this document are used for
identification purposes only and are trademarks or registered trademarks
of their respective holders.
All rights reserved
No part of this document (including the electronic version) may be

reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior
written permission from FiberHome.
Information in this document is subject to change without notice.
Preface
Related Documentation
Document Description
FONST 5000 U Series Packet Introduces the product’s functions and features, protection
Enhanced OTN Equipment principles, network modes and applications, and technical
Product Description specifications.
Describes the equipment’s structures, functions, signal

FONST 5000 U Series Packet
flows, specifications, and technical parameters in terms of
Enhanced OTN Equipment
its hardware components (i.e. the cabinet, the subrack,
Hardware Description
cards, and cables).

Introduces the precautions, commissioning flow and
Enhanced OTN Equipment 100G
methods of the start-up and commissioning of the
System Commissioning
equipment.
Specification
Introduces the rules and methods for the configuration of

FONST 5000 U Series Packet various services and functions through service
Enhanced OTN Equipment Start- management, NE configuration and card configuration via
up and Configuration Guide the EMS; gives some typical configuration examples and
operation procedures.
FONST 5000 U Series Packet Introduces testing projects, testing methods, and
Enhanced OTN Equipment inspection and acceptance standards of the product in
Testing Specification details.
FONST 5000 U Series Packet Introduces notices of fault management, fault isolating
Enhanced OTN Equipment methods as well as procedures and methods of fault
Troubleshooting Guide management in details.
FONST 5000 U Series Packet Describes routine maintenance items and operation
Enhanced OTN Equipment procedures in terms of day, week, month, quarter and year
Routine Maintenance in details.
Describes classification and category of alarm and
performance indicators and their binding relationships, and
Enhanced OTN Equipment Alarm
lists definitions, causes and management of each alarm
and Performance Reference
and performance.
I
Document Description
FONST 5000 U Series Packet Introduces the preparations before installation, installation
Enhanced OTN Equipment flows, as well as the requirements for the installation
Installation Guide environment.
Briefs how to install the equipment, connect and lay out its
Enhanced OTN Equipment Quick
wires and cables by using figures.
Installation Guide
II
Version
Version Description
A Initial version.
B Adds the FONST 5000 U60 equipment.
C Adds the FONST 5000 U60 II equipment.
Adds cards capable of the MPLS-TP function, including

12TN2, 20TN2, 5TN3, 2LN4, 20TP2 and 2TN4.
Adds typical applications, including the BRAS uplink, end-
to-end Ethernet private line services, and port traffic
D convergence.
Adds the FONST 5000 U20C equipment.
Optimizes the manual structure.
Adds some application scenarios of the FONST 5000 U
series.
E Adds the FONST 5000 UE equipment.
F Deletes the FONST 5000 U20C equipment.
Adds the FONST 5000 N32 equipment.

G
Adds the COTP (3030220) subrack.
Adds the 2OC2EA, 2OC2E, 2OC6E, OC2F, VGA, VGAXS,

H
2OC3E, 2LNC2 and 1LNC4 cards.
I Adds functions related to C++ and C+L bands.
Adds ETH protection, 1+0 protection, G.HAO and IGMP
J
snooping functions.
Intended Readers
This manual is intended for the following readers:
u Planning and designing engineers
u Commissioning engineers
u Operation and maintenance engineers
To utilize this manual, these prerequisite skills are necessary:
u OTN technology
u PTN technology
III
u Data communication technology
u Optical fiber communication technology
u SDH communication principles
u Ethernet technology
IV
V
Conventions
Terminology Conventions
Terminology Convention
8TN1 8-Port 2.5G Normalization Service Card
4TN2 4-Port 10G Normalization Service Card
20TP2 20-Port 10GE Service Card
16TE2 16-Port 10G Any Service Encryption Card
16VS1 16-Port Multi-Service Card

20PP2 20-Port 10G Normalization Data Switch Card
2PP4 2-Port 100G Normalization Data Switch Card
12TN2G 12-Port 10G Line Interface Card
1TN4G 1-Port 100G Mixed Client Card
2TN4G 2-Port 100G Mixed Line Card
4LN2 4-Port 10G Normalization Line Card
1LU4 1-Port 100G Mixed Line Card
2LU4 2-Port 100G Mixed Line Card
12LU2 12-Port 10G Line Interface Card
1LUC2 1-Port 200G Unified Line Card (80G VC)
10IL2 10-Port 10G Integration Line Card
LUXU Low Order Cross-connect Card of 80G
VI
UXU2 Universal Switch Unit 2
UXU3 Universal Switch Unit 3
MST2 8-Port Any Service Transponder Card
10G Bidirectional Optical Transponder Card with Super

OTU2S
FEC
2OTU2S 2-Port 10G Optical Transponder Unit
4OTU2S 4-Port 10G Optical Transponder Unit
OTU4S 100Gb/s Enhanced FEC Unit (PM-QPSK)
100G Aggregation Optical Transponder Card with

OTU4E
Enhanced FEC (PM-QPSK, 10×10G)
OTU4F 100G Regenerator with EFEC
OTUC2E 2 × 100G Optical Muxponder Unit
OTUC4E 4×100G optical Muxponder Unit
O4EA 8-Port Any Service Transponder Card
2OC2E 4 × 100G Optical Muxponder Unit
40 × 10G Optical Aggregate Optical Transponder Card

2OC2EA
(40*10G, 2*200G, QPSK)
OC2F 200G Bidirectional Regenerating Card with Super FEC (C)
2OC3E 2-Port 300G Tranceiver Card

2OC6E 2-Port 600G Tranceiver Card
2LNC2 2-Port 200G Normalization Line Card
1LNC4 1-Port 400G Normalization Line Card
BMD2 2 Bands Multiplexer and Distribution Unit
2 Bands Multiplexer and Distribution Unit with Pre-

BMD2P
amplifiers
2 Bands Multiplexer and Distribution Unit with 2 Pre-

BMD2PP
amplifiers
OMU2 2 Ch Optical Coupler Card
ODU2 2 Ch Optical Splitter Card
OMU48_E 48 Ch Optical Multiplexer Card (C, E)
ODU48_E 48 Ch Optical Demultiplexer Card (C, E)
VII
48 Ch Optical Multiplexer Card with Variable Optical
VMU48_E
Attenuator (C, E)
OMU48_O 48 Ch Optical Multiplexer Card (C, O)
ODU48_O 48 Ch Optical Demultiplexer Card (C, O)

VMU48_O
Attenuator (C, O)

VMU80
Attenuator
ODU80 80 Ch Optical Demultiplexer Card
WDM2 2 Line WDM Card

ITL50 50GHz Grid Interleaved Multiplexer/Demultiplexer Card
OSCAD 1510 / 1550 Optical Multiplexer/Demultiplexer Card
Enhanced Optical Supervisory Channel

EOSCAD
Multiplexer/Demultiplexer Card
OSCADL C+L Band Multiplexer/Demultiplexer Card
Optical Wavelength Selective Switch Multiplexer Card (50

WSS4M
GHz, 1×5)
Optical Wavelength Selective Switch Demultiplexer Card

WSS4D
(50 GHz, 1×5)
Optical Wavelength Selective Switch Multiplexer Card (50

WSS8M
GHz, 1×9)

WSS8D
(50 GHz, 1×9)
Optical Wavelength Selective Switch Multiplexer Card

FWSS8M
(flex, 1×9)
Optical Wavelength Selective Switch Multiplexer Card

FWSS20M
(flex, 1×20)

FWSS8D
(flex, 1×9)

FWSS20D
(flex, 1×20)
WSS8T Twin 9-Port Wavelength-Selective Switch Unit
WSS20T Twin 20-Port Wavelength-Selective Switch Unit
Wavelength Selective Switch Demultiplexer and 1310

WSS8DT
Transmitter
Wavelength Selective Switch Multiplexer and 1310
WSS8MR
Receiver
VIII
ODU8T 8 Ch Optical Demultiplexer Unit and 1310 Transmitter
SOAD4 4 Ch Optical Add-drop Multiplexer Card
SOAD8 8 Ch Optical Add-drop Multiplexer Card
MCS8_16 Multicast Switch Card
OA Optical Amplifier Card
PA Pre-Amplifier Card
VGA Variable Gain Amplifier
VGAXS Variable Gain Amplifier (Extra)
MSA Two-Stage Amplifier with Mid-Stage Access
HOA High Power Optical Amplifier Card (above 26 dBm)
VHLA Variable Hybrid Line Amplifier Card
ROA Remote Optical Amplifier Card
XROA X-Stage Raman Optical Amplifier Card
EA8 EDFA Array 8
RAU_F / RAU_B Forward / Backward Raman Amplifier Unit Card
HRAU High Backward Raman Amplifier
RGU RPOA Gain Unit

DGE Dynamic Gain Equalizer
GFF Gain Flattening Filter Card
VOLP Optical Line Protection Card (1+1)
OLP Optical Line Protection Card (1:1)
OCP Optical Channel Protection Card
OMSP Optical Multiplex Section Protection Card
BOLP BIDI Optical Protect Card
OSC Optical Supervisory Channel Card
EOSC Enhanced Optical Supervisory Channel Card
FOSC Fast Optical Supervisor Channel Card
TOSC OTDR_Optical Supervisory Channel Card
OPM4 4 Ch Optical Performance Monitor Card
OPM8 8 Ch Optical Performance Monitor Card
EOPM4 4 Ch Enhanced Optical Performance Monitor Card
EOPM8 8 Ch Enhanced Optical Performance Monitor Card
OTDR8 8 Ch OTDR Card

M96_OE
Attenuator
IX
D96_OE 96 Ch Optical Demultiplexer Card

M80_OE
Attenuator
D80_OE 80 Ch Optical Demultiplexer Card
D60_E 60 Ch Demultiplexer Card (Even Wave)
D60_O 60 Ch Demultiplexer Card (Odd Wave)
M60_E 60 Ch Multiplexer Card (Even Wave)
M60_O 60 Ch Multiplexer Card (Odd Wave)
OMDU4 4 Ch Multiplexer/Demultiplexer Card
WSSX32T Twin 32-Port Wavelength-Selective Switch Unit (C++)
EOPMX8 8-Port Enhanced Optical Performance Monitor Card (C++)
OTDR12 12 Ch OTDR Card

FWSS9 Flex Wavelength Selective Card
OP Optical Protection Card
CCU Central Control Unit

EMU Embedded Management Unit / NE Management Card
EFCU Enhanced Frame Control Unit Card

ASCU Control Unit Card
SCU Signaling Control Unit Card
PWR Power Card

AIF / AIF1 / AIF2 Auxiliary Interface Card
EAIF Enhanced Auxiliary Interface Card
DCM Dispersion Compensation Module
X
Symbol Conventions
Symbol Convention Description
Note Important features or operation guide.
Possible injury to persons or systems, or

Caution
cause traffic interruption or loss.
Warning May cause severe bodily injuries.
➔ Jump Jumps to another step.
→ Cascading menu Connects multi-level menu options.
↔ Bidirectional service The service signal is bidirectional.
→ Unidirectional service The service signal is unidirectional.
XI
Contents
Preface...................................................................................................................I
Related Documentation ...................................................................................I
Version ..........................................................................................................III
Intended Readers ..........................................................................................III
Conventions ................................................................................................. VI
1 Overview ........................................................................................................1
1.1 System Architecture..........................................................................2
1.2 Product Highlights.............................................................................3
1.3 Product Specifications ......................................................................5
1.4 Product Positioning...........................................................................8
1.5 Typical application ............................................................................9
1.5.1 Mobile Service Bearer Solution ...........................................9

1.5.2 MAN Broadband Bearer Solution ......................................10
1.5.3 Leased Line Solution ........................................................13
1.5.4 Fixed Mobile Convergence Solution ..................................18
1.5.5 Broadcast Service Solution ...............................................19
1.5.6 Active-Active Data Center Deployment..............................20
2 Functions......................................................................................................22
2.1 Service Accessing ..........................................................................23
2.1.1 Service Type.....................................................................23

2.1.2 Access Capability .............................................................24
2.2 Wavelength Tunability.....................................................................26
2.3 Automatic Optical Power Management............................................26
2.3.1 Automatic / Inverse Automatic Optical Protection...............26

2.3.2 Automatic Equalization of Channel Optical Power .............31
2.3.3 Automatic Equalization of Line Power................................31
2.3.4 SOPA ...............................................................................36
2.3.5 APR function ....................................................................41
2.3.6 APR Functions of the Raman System................................42
2.4 Easy Maintenance ..........................................................................44
2.4.1 Integrated Operation and Maintenance System .................44

2.4.2 In-Service Monitoring ........................................................46
2.4.3 SDN .................................................................................53
2.4.4 WSS Fiber Cut Detection ..................................................55
2.4.5 Test Without Instruments...................................................56
2.4.6 Loopback..........................................................................58
2.4.7 NE Data Backup and Restoration......................................61
2.5 Intelligent Fan .................................................................................62
2.6 10 Gbit/s, 40 Gbit/s and 100 Gbit/s Transmission Solutions .............63
2.6.1 Beyond 100 Gbit/s Transmission Technology ....................63

2.6.2 100 Gbit/s Transmission Technology .................................65
2.6.3 40 Gbit/s Transmission Technology ...................................71
2.6.4 10 Gbit/s Transmission Technology ...................................72
2.6.5 Multi-Rate Hybrid Transmission.........................................73
2.7 Extended Band ...............................................................................74
2.8 Clock Features ...............................................................................76
2.8.1 Overview ..........................................................................76

2.8.2 Physical-Layer Clock ........................................................81
2.8.3 1588v2 Clock....................................................................83
2.9 Remote Upgrade ............................................................................84
2.10 G.HAO Function .............................................................................85
2.11 IGMP Snooping ..............................................................................86
3 Equipment Applications ................................................................................89
3.1 OTN Application .............................................................................90
3.1.1 OTN Cross-Connection.....................................................90

3.1.2 End-to-End Transmission of GE Services Based on ODU0 91
3.1.3 End-to-End Service Management Based on OTN
Overheads........................................................................92
3.1.4 Channel Supervision Crossing Different Operators'
Networks ..........................................................................93
3.1.5 Flexible Bandwidth Application Based on ODUflex ............94
3.1.6 Gray Light Network Application .........................................95
3.2 ROADM Application........................................................................98

3.2.1 Basic Concepts.................................................................98
3.2.2 Application Scenario .......................................................101
3.2.3 OTN + ROADM...............................................................109
3.2.4 ROADM Application with the Fiber Cut Detection............. 111
3.3 Packet Application ........................................................................ 111
3.3.1 Ethernet Services ........................................................... 111

3.3.2 Service Bearer Solutions and Technologies..................... 118
3.3.3 Saving Tunnel Resources at Aggregation Nodes Using MS-
PWs ...............................................................................121
3.3.4 Service Quality Based on QoS ........................................125
3.4 TDM Application ...........................................................................127
3.4.1 SDH Network Application................................................127

3.4.2 Application of VC Service Grooming................................128
3.5 Ultra-Long-Haul Transmission Application .....................................129
3.5.1 EDFA .............................................................................129

3.5.2 RAU ...............................................................................130
3.5.3 ROA ...............................................................................131
4 Site Configuration and Application...............................................................133
4.1 OTM .............................................................................................134
4.2 FOADM ........................................................................................135
4.3 ROADM........................................................................................136
4.4 OLA..............................................................................................136
4.5 Regeneration Station ....................................................................137
5 Protection Implementation ..........................................................................140
5.1 Equipment-level protection............................................................141
5.1.1 1+1 Protection for the Central Control Cards....................141

5.1.2 M+N Protection for the Cross-Connect Cards ..................143
5.1.3 1+1 Protection for the Power Cards.................................145
5.1.4 1+1 Protection for the Input Power Supply .......................153
5.2 Network-Level Protection (OTN)....................................................153
5.2.1 OCh 1+1 Protection ........................................................156

5.2.2 OCh m:n Protection ........................................................159
5.2.3 OCh Ring Protection .......................................................162
5.2.4 ODUk 1+1 Protection ......................................................166
5.2.5 ODUk m:n Protection ......................................................169
5.2.6 ODUk Ring Protection.....................................................173
5.2.7 1+1 Route Protection ......................................................176
5.2.8 1+1 Wavelength Protection .............................................179
5.2.9 Optical Line 1:1 / 1+1 Protection......................................181
5.3 Network-Level Protection (Packet) ................................................183
5.3.1 LAG Protection ...............................................................183

5.3.2 LSP 1:1 Protection..........................................................184
5.3.3 PW 1:1 ...........................................................................186
5.3.4 PW Redundancy Protection ............................................188
5.3.5 Linear APS Protection of Ethernet Services.....................190
5.3.6 ETH 1+1 / 1:1 Protection .................................................190
5.4 Network-Level Protection (TDM) ...................................................192
5.4.1 1+1 LMSP ......................................................................192

5.4.2 MSP-RING (Ring Multiplex Section Protection)................195
5.4.3 SNCP .............................................................................198
5.5 Network-Level 1+0 Protection .......................................................201
5.6 Network Management Information Protection ................................202
5.7 One-out-of-N Protection for Digital TV Services .............................205
6 ASON.........................................................................................................206
6.1 Background of the ASON ..............................................................207
6.2 Benefits of FiberHome ASON Solution ..........................................208
6.3 Introduction of the ASON ..............................................................208
7 Network Management.................................................................................210
7.1 Network Management System ...................................................... 211
7.2 Inter-NE Communication Management Based on DCN.................. 211
7.2.1 DCN Implementation Scheme .........................................212

7.2.2 DCN Network Application................................................213
7.3 Network Management Supervisory Channels ................................215
7.4 Single-Fiber Bidirectional Solution of the OSC ...............................215
7.5 Intra-NE Communication Management (Master Subrack / Extended

Subrack).......................................................................................217
7.6 Time Synchronization Between the EMS and an NE......................218
7.7 EMS Northbound Interface............................................................219
8 Equipment Standards and Environment Requirements ................................221
8.1 Optical Interface Performance Standards ......................................222
8.2 Power Supply Requirements.........................................................222
8.3 Electromagnetic Compatibility .......................................................222
8.4 Environment Requirements...........................................................223
8.4.1 Storage Environment ......................................................223

8.4.2 Transport Environment....................................................225
8.4.3 Operation Environment ...................................................227
9 Product Standard........................................................................................229
9.1 Relevant ITU-T Standards.............................................................230
9.2 Relevant IEEE Standards .............................................................234
9.3 Laser Safety Standards.................................................................234
9.4 Relevant Safety Standards............................................................234
9.5 Relevant EMC Standards..............................................................235
9.6 Relevant Environment Standards ..................................................236
9.7 Grounding Standards....................................................................237
9.8 Noise Standards ...........................................................................237
9.9 Fire Protection Standards..............................................................237
9.10 Relevant International Standards ..................................................238
Appendix A Abbreviations ..........................................................................239

1 Overview
The FONST 5000 U series are packet optical transport equipment launched by
FiberHome. They are a series based on a unified switching platform.
System Architecture
Product Highlights
Product Specifications
Product Positioning
Typical application
Version: J 1
FONST 5000 U Series Packet Enhanced OTN Equipment Product Description
1.1 System Architecture
The overall architecture of the FONST 5000 U series has the following features.
u The normalized line cards process electrical-layer signals. The packet, SDH
and OTN services enter the normalized line cards after unified electrical
switching and then pass the WDM optical-layer equipment for transmissions
over the line.
u Services of different types can be encapsulated into different ODUks and

carried by the OTN plane, then pass the WDM optical-layer equipment for
transmissions over the line.
u A three-layer, i.e. L0 + L1 + L2, architecture is used. To be specific, L2

implements Ethernet / MPLS-TP based switching, L1 implements ODUk / VC-
based switching and L0 implements λ-based switching.
Figure 1-1 System Architecture
2 Version: J
1 Overview
1.2 Product Highlights

Ultra-Large Switching Capacity and Flexible Service Grooming
u Provides electrical switching with ultra-large capacity. A single subrack

supports up to 32 Tbit/s switching capacity.
u Integrates the PTN and OTN functions, and supports the VC / packet / ODUk
switching in the unified switching unit.
u Supports ODU0/1/2/2e/3/4/flex full-grained OTN switching and provides flexible

fine-grained PTN services.
u Supports the CDCG (colorless & directionless & contentionless & flexible grid)
networking mode and flexible optical-layer grooming.
u Features high integration and provides 400G backplane bandwidth which can
be upgraded to 1T with low average power consumption and costs. A single
optical-layer subrack supports up to 80 channels in one direction, saving the
equipment room space.
High-Speed Line Broadband and Multi-Service Configuration
u Connects services at any rate from 100 Mbit/s to 100 Gbit/s using any protocol.
A single slot can access a capacity of up to 400G. Bandwidth is allocated
based on service requirements, which maximizes the transmission bandwidth
efficiency.
u Supports the packet and OTN hybrid service mode to achieve seamless
combination of rigid tunnels of the ODUk and flexible tunnels of the packet
equipment. This enhances the performance and transmission efficiency of the
equipment.
u Provides mature VPN services and supports L2VPN.
u Supports GE / 10GE / 40GE / 100GE Ethernet services.
u Supports mapping mode and overhead processing methods compliant with

G.709 and G.sup43 standards.
u Provides flexible network capabilities; supports hybrid networking of chain, star,

ring and MESH topologies.
Version: J 3
u Supports 100GE and OTU4 services, ODU0/1/2/3/4/flex, O/E hybrid grooming,

and WSON networks to enable encapsulation and mapping of 4 × STM-4
signals to ODU1. Therefore, services can be rapidly provisioned / groomed and
intelligently restored.
Transport over Ultra-Long Span and Transmission in Harsh Environment
u Transports over ultra-long span (80 dB), transmitting signals over thousands of
kilometers without electrical regeneration.
u Provides solutions for harsh environment where regeneration stations cannot

be set up, such as seabed, desert, swamp and snow mountain.
Packet Switching Supported and Abundant Service Features
u Supports full MPLS-TP features and static routing configurations, and can
upgrade dynamic routing.
u Bears a wide variety of services; supports MPLS-based E-Line, E-LAN and E-

Tree service models.
u Transfers IP services and OTN services efficiently.
u Provides a wide variety of L2 service features, such as VPWS and VPLS.
u Supports the ODUk / PKT / VC switching and MPLS-TP. It can be networked

with PTN and SMTP devices to reduce the network layers and equipment
quantity.
Efficient Protection Mechanisms and Reliable Data Transmission
u Provides sound network-level and equipment-level protection mechanisms,

ensuring service security to a great extent.
u Supports time synchronization and frequency clock synchronization for cards,

nodes, and networks.
u Supports quality monitoring for beyond 100G signals and optical fibers, and
supports network-level intelligent power adjustment.
OAM & QoS
u Supports OAM, improves network operation and maintenance capability,

isolates the fault quickly and reduces the maintenance cost.
4 Version: J
1 Overview
u Supports the flexible QoS policy and various profiles, simplifies the DiffServ
deployment, performs statistical multiplexing of packet networks and ensures
the carrier-class quality of important services.
User-Friendly, Environment-Friendly and Easy-to-Maintain
u Uses ultra-energy-efficient technologies, intelligent fans with B-T type air ducts,
excellent chips and optimal system designs to improve the power consumption
efficiency.
u Seamlessly connects to the FONST 1000 / 3000 / 4000 / 5000 / 5000 U60 II to
uniformly manage the network from end to end.
u Can be installed in a 19-inch or 21-inch cabinet, connects FC services and

supports broadcast service N:1 protection, meeting specific requirements of
customers in the data center and broadcast industry.
1.3 Product Specifications
Table 1-1 describes the specifications of the FONST 5000 U series.
Version: J 5
Table 1-1 Specifications of the FONST 5000 U Series
FONST
FONST FONST FONST FONST FONST FONST FONST FONST
Equipment 5000 U60
5000 U60 5000 U40 5000 U30 5000 U20 5000 U10 5000 U20E 5000 U10E 5000 N32
II
1803.3 ×
Dimensions 2200 × 600 1575 × 1166 × 1677 × 1152 × 566 535 × 566 1154 × 443 541 × 492.
492.3 ×
(H × W × D) (mm) × 680 563 × 570 566 × 570 566 × 295 × 295 × 295 × 286 3 × 295
330.1
Number of slots for service cards 64 64 52 40 26 12 22 11 32
25.6T 12.8T
5.2T (OTN)
(OTN) (OTN) 8T (OTN) 2.4T (OTN)
5.2T
12.8T 12.8T 8T 1.2T
(Packet)
(Packet) (Packet) (Packet) (Packet)
2.08T
5.12T 5.12T 3.2T (SDH 960G (SDH
10.4T (SDH
Switching capacity (SDH (SDH higher higher 8.8T (OTN) 4.4T (OTN) 32T (OTN)
(OTN) higher
higher higher order) order)
order)
order) order) 80G (SDH 80G (SDH
80G (SDH
80G (SDH 80G (SDH lower lower
lower
lower lower order) order)
order)
order) order)
Maximum transmission capacity of

400G 200G 200G 200G 200G 200G 400G 400G 1T
a single-slot card
Maximum number of supported u Fixed grid: 96 wavelengths @ 50 GHz grid, 48 wavelengths @ 100 GHz grid
channels u Flex-grid: The maximum number of wavelengths is related to the width of the flex channel.
u Fixed grid: 50 GHz / 100 GHz

Wavelength spacing
u Flex-grid: adjustable wavelength spacing
Wavelength range 1529.16 nm to 1567.14 nm

Service types supported SDH, SONET, Ethernet, SAN, OTN, and video services
Line rate 10 Gbit/s, 40 Gbit/s, 100 Gbit/s, 200 Gbit/sNote 1

Network topology Point-to-point, chain, star, ring, ring with chain, mesh, etc.
6 Version: J
1 Overview
Table 1-1 Specifications of the FONST 5000 U Series (Continued)
Equipment-level Central control card 1+1 protection, cross-connect card M+N protection, power supply card 1+1 protection, and input power
protection 1+1 protection
u Electrical-layer protection: OCh 1+1 protection, OCh m:n protection, OCh Ring protection, ODUk 1+1 protection,
Network-level ODUk Ring protection
Protection protection (OTN) u Optical-layer protection: optical channel 1+1 wavelength protection, optical channel 1+1 route protection, optical line
types 1:1 / 1+1 protection
supported Network-level
protection LAG protection, LSP 1:1 protection, PW 1:1, PW redundancy protection, Ethernet service linear APS protection
(packet)
Network-level
Linear optical multiplex section 1+1 protection, SNCP
protection (TDM)
Automatic channel optical power equalization, automatic line optical power equalization, SOPA intelligent optical power
Optical power management
management, APR function and APR function of the Raman system
u Synchronous Ethernet
u IEEE 1588v2
Clock features
u 2 Mbit/s or 2 MHz external clock source (with the SSM function), ITU-T G.703-compliant
u External time source (1PPS+TOD)
Standard working voltage –40 V DC / –57 V DC

u Long-term operating temperature: 5°C to 40°C; relative humidity: 5% to 85%
Operating environment
u Short-term operating temperature: -5°C to 45°C; relative humidity: 5% to 90%
Note 1: The line rate can be upgraded to 400 Gbit/s smoothly.
Version: J 7
1.4 Product Positioning
The FONST 5000 U series can internetwork together to form a packet optical
transport product hierarchy in the unified switching system. The equipment covers
applications at the backbone layer, core layer, distribution layer, and access layer. It
can also internetwork with the OTN, PTN, and SDH equipment to bear multiple
services in a flat network and provide complete transport network solutions, as
shown in Figure 1-2.
Figure 1-2 Network Positioning of the FONST 5000 U Series
8 Version: J
1 Overview
1.5 Typical application
The FONST 5000 U series can be used together with the OTN, PTN and SDH
equipment to bear multiple services such as broadband services and Ethernet
services. This meets service demands of networks at the access layer, convergence
layer, and core layer.
The typical applications include the mobile service bearing, metropolitan area
network (MAN) broadband bearing and leased line transmission.
1.5.1 Mobile Service Bearer Solution
As the mobile network evolves from 2G to 3G/LTE, the transport network faces
higher requirements. An E2E POTN mobile bearer solution can address issues
generated during mobile broadband (MBB) evolution and support fast service
deployment with low costs.
MBB has the following requirements for the transport network:
u High bandwidth: The bearer bandwidth requirement rapidly increases as data

services grow rapidly.
u Low latency: The latency is shortened to 50 ms while the latency of a 2G

network is 200 ms.
u Multi-layer structure: Three layers, i.e. macro, micro, and pico base stations,
are involved. Each layer has an explosive growth.
u Use of X2 interfaces: eNodeBs are connected (forming a mesh) and the

connections increase exponentially, making deployment complex.
The POTN mobile bearer solution can bear the 2G / 3G / LTE services at the same
time. 2G base transceiver stations (BTSs) are connected to the network through E1
links, while 3G NodeBs and LTE eNBs are connected through FE / GE links. As
shown in Figure 1-3, the POTN is carried by the MPLS-TP private line or a private
network. It is connected to a router via a UNI interface. The router terminates the L2
VLAN packets and forward IP or L3VPN packets.
Version: J 9
Figure 1-3 POTN Mobile Bearing Scheme
Table 1-2 Comparison of Mobile Service Bearer Solutions
Solution Application Scenario
Applied when transport devices and wireless devices are used together to
E2E MPLS-TP private line (VPWS) plan VLANs. Services at different base stations are distinguished by
different VLANs.
Applied when transport devices and wireless devices cannot be used
MPLS-TP private line + private network together to plan VLANs. VLANs at different base stations can be set to the
(VPWS+VPLS) same, and the core device forwards services to the correct destinations
according to the MAC addresses.
1.5.2 MAN Broadband Bearer Solution
Metro Area Network (MAN) broadband is applied where the fixed network bears
services. With the FONST 5000 U series, MAN broadband networks can address
the insufficiency of bandwidth and fiber resources and provide better service
transmission.
Background Information
MAN is developing on two trends, posing higher requirements on the MAN

broadband.
10 Version: J
1 Overview
u The rapidly growing bandwidth requires that the network should be flattened to
improve the resource utilization.
The compound annual growth rate of the MAN bandwidth in recent years has
exceeded 35%. The operators can address the bandwidth issue by adding
more devices only. However, the large quantity of devices may result in
insufficiency of fiber resources. Therefore, the POTN devices are used to
address the insufficiency of bandwidth and fiber resources, and further to build
a flat network. This becomes one of the main trends for MAN development.
u The new fast-growing applications and services require higher network quality.
Nowadays, new service types, such as video call and IPTV, are emerging,
which requires higher network quality. For example, video call requires large
bandwidths, low delay and stable bi-directional traffic; IPTV has great downlink
traffic and is strict in latency, packet loss and protection.
MAN Broadband Network Advantages
Under this trend, the small-sized OTN becomes the optimal application in the MAN
broadband network. It has the following significant benefits:
u Large capacity: The features such as large device capacity and bearer capacity
over a single optical fiber not only address the insufficiency of resources but
also meet future long-term network development requirements.
u Network flattening: The "all-in-one" small-sized OTN requires fewer devices,

saves energy and equipment room space, and even simplifies the network
layer.
u High availability: The small-sized OTN provides various protection schemes

against node, fiber, and service faults and therefore meet the carrier-class
protection switching time requirement (< 50 ms).
u Easy operation and maintenance: A visualized O&M system is used to provide

fault diagnosis during service provisioning, commissioning, and O&M,
improving network quality.
MAN Broadband Network Composition
The MAN broadband network can be divided into the following parts, as shown in
Figure 1-4.
Version: J 11
u Application layer: Provides users with various content services, including

Internet, IPTV and VoIP soft switching services.
u Backbone network of MAN: Supports port aggregation and rate conversion. For
example, services are received on 10GE ports at the access node. After being
aggregated and transported, they are connected to a core router through a
100GE port at the convergence node.
u Broadband network gateway (BNG): Supports user authentication, protocol and

address conversion.
u MAN convergence layer: Supports service allocation, service transmission, and

distance extension.
u Access network: Provides applications such as xDSL, so as to perform the

mutual conversion between user services and IP / Ethernet services.
u Home / enterprise network: It is a end user network which provides users with
TV, Internet and telephone interfaces.
12 Version: J
1 Overview
Figure 1-4 MAN Broadband Bearing Scheme
1.5.3 Leased Line Solution
The FONST 5000 U series bear private line services of different types and rates,
which feature high bandwidth, high reliability, high security, good flexibility and low
cost.
Version: J 13
Background
E1 services were the absolute mainstream in private line networks. With the
improved informationization of the government and enterprise, and the rapid
development of the new applications such as the video conferencing and cloud
computing, FE / GE services are gradually becoming the mainstream private line
services. Private line services of different types and different rates will coexist for a
long time.
In previous solutions, a large number of devices of different types, such as SDH

devices, switches and WDM devices, are used to bear those services, consuming a
lot of equipment room space and power, and making network operation and
maintenance difficult.
The FONST 5000 U series use both bandwidth-fixed and bandwidth-flexible

channels to flexibly allocate line bandwidth resources and effectively carry services
of any granularity. They help to reduce the number of devices for bearing various
private line services, and make operation and maintenance more efficient.
Overview
The private lines include three models: point-to-point (P2P), point-to-multipoint

(P2MP), and multipoint-to-multipoint (MP2MP). Layer 2 switching is required for
P2MP and MP2MP.
Table 1-3 Private Line Model
MP2MP (Multipoint-to-
Item P2P (Point-to-Point) P2MP (Point-to-Multipoint)
Multipoint)
Network
model
Create a P2P private line service

Applica- Create a tree-shape private line
to provide the communication Create a communication
tion communication channel for
channel between two branches of channel for any two users.
scenario multiple users.
one enterprise.
14 Version: J
1 Overview
Based on the cross connect, the FONST 5000 U series provide different private line
schemes to bear services on different planes including OTN, PKT, TDM, and POTN.
Via the FONST 5000 U series, the private lines based on different planes can be
encapsulated into different lower order ODUks respectively, and then mapped to the
same higher order ODUk. In this way, the unified transport can be implemented.
Table 1-4 Private Line Solution
Item OTN PKT TDM POTN Plane

Encapsulates the
Performs the L2 services on different
switching for the planes into different
Directly encapsulates the
accessed services, Directly encapsulates lower order ODUks
accessed services as the
encapsulates the the accessed services respectively via the
ODUk granularity to be
Descrip- services into the as the VC granularity， unified switching
transmitted over the
tion MPLS Tunnel in PWE3 and grooms services platform, and then
network, and grooms
mode, and then via the VC cross- maps them to the same
services via the ODUk
grooms services via connection. higher order ODUks. In
cross-connection.
the PKT cross- this way, the unified
connection. transport can be
implemented.
Applicable for flexible

Applicable for various
Applicable for high-end private lines
Applicable for the scenarios to implement
private lines with large (especially the E2E
traditional TDM private the unified
Feature granularities; the ODUk MPLS-TP private line)
line. The E1/STM-N transmission; uses the
hard tunnel is mainly in with flexible
tunnel is mainly in use. ODUk hard tunnel for
use. scheduling and
unified bearing.
adjustable bandwidth
Low cost and flexible Ultra-high bandwidth

Ultra-high bandwidth and
Applica- scenarios: Stable and safe and flexible scenarios:
long distance scenarios:
tion enterprise, university, scenarios: government,
government and cloud
scenario shopping mall, and bank, military, and etc. enterprise, bank, and
data center networks
etc. etc.
Private Line Based on OTN Plane
Figure 1-5 shows the private line scheme based on the OTN plane, taking the GE
service as an example.
Version: J 15
Figure 1-5 Private Line Based on OTN Plane
Private Line Based on PKT Plane
Figure 1-6, Figure 1-7 and Figure 1-8 show the private line schemes based on the
PKT plane, taking the Ethernet service as an example.
Figure 1-6 P2P Private Line Based on the PKT Plane
Figure 1-7 P2MP Private Line Based on the PKT Plane
16 Version: J
1 Overview
Figure 1-8 MP2MP Private Line Based on the PKT Plane
Private Line Based on TDM Plane
Figure 1-9 shows the private line scheme based on the TDM plane, taking the STM-
N service as an example.
Figure 1-9 STM-N Private Line Based on the TDM Plane
Private Line Based on POTN Plane
Figure 1-10 shows the MP2MP private line scheme based on the POTN plane,
taking the Ethernet service as an example.
Version: J 17
Figure 1-10 MP2MP Private Line Based on the POTN Plane
1.5.4 Fixed Mobile Convergence Solution
The FONST 5000 U series support fixed mobile convergence (FMC), bearing the
broadband, mobile, and private line services over one network.
The fixed mobile convergence (abbreviated as FMC) indicates the integrated

bearing of fixed broadband services, mobile services and private line services over
one network. It supports various types of services, including mobile services, private
line services and broadband services.
With rapid development of network operation services, many network carriers start
to run mobile services in addition to fixed network services, or vices versa. This
poses a huge demand for new services.
The FONST 5000 U series bear multi-services in the E2E MPLS-TP mode, as
shown in Figure 1-11.
18 Version: J
1 Overview
Figure 1-11 Fixed Mobile Convergence
1.5.5 Broadcast Service Solution
This scenario provides a solution for safety issues of the digital TV broadcast
service in radio and television industry.
In the application scenario, station A is the source input point of the program of ring
1, and station F is that of ring 2. Each input point of the program has two channels of
program source input.
Stations B, D, E and G receive broadcast services from two directions of the ring.
Station C receives four channels of broadcast services (two from ring 1 and two
from ring 2), and outputs broadcast services to the succeeding node or local
broadcasting platform according to the multiple-feeding and selective-receiving
mechanism.
Version: J 19
Figure 1-12 Application Scenario of the Broadcast Service
1.5.6 Active-Active Data Center Deployment
This scenario is mainly applied to networks between two data centers which are in
the same city and mutually backed up. For example, the storage array of data
center A can be synchronized with data center B in real time even when they are in
different places via the OTN. A fiber switch can be connected to the OTN devices or
storage arrays via the FC800 / 1200 / 1600 interfaces to transmit data at high speed
in different places. Besides, the OTN device can be installed into a uniform 19-inch
cabinet in the data center and use AC power supply.
20 Version: J
1 Overview
Figure 1-13 Application of Active-Active Data Center Deployment
Version: J 21
2 Functions
This chapter describes various functions and features of the FONST 5000 U series.
Service Accessing
Wavelength Tunability
Automatic Optical Power Management
Easy Maintenance
Intelligent Fan
10 Gbit/s, 40 Gbit/s and 100 Gbit/s Transmission Solutions
Extended Band
Clock Features
Remote Upgrade
G.HAO Function
IGMP Snooping
22 Version: J
2 Functions
2.1 Service Accessing
This section describes service types and access capabilities of the FONST 5000 U
series.
2.1.1 Service Type
The FONST 5000 U series can connect various types of services. Table 2-1 shows
the supported service types and rates.
Table 2-1 Service Types and Service Rates
Service Category Service Type Service Rate Reference Standard

STM-1 155.52 Mbit/s
STM-4 622.08 Mbit/s ITU-T G.707
SDH services STM-16 2.5 Gbit/s ITU-T G.691
STM-64 9.95 Gbit/s ITU-T G.957
STM-256 39.81 Gbit/s

OC-3 155.52 Mbit/s
OC-12 622.08 Mbit/s GR-253-CORE
SONET services OC-48 2.5 Gbit/s GR-1377-CORE
OC-192 9.95 Gbit/s ANSI T1.105
OC-768 39.81 Gbit/s

FE 125 Mbit/s
GE 1.25 Gbit/s
IEEE 802.3z
10GE WAN 9.95 Gbit/s
Ethernet services IEEE 802.3a
10GE LAN 10.31 Gbit/s
IEEE 802.3u
40 GE 41.25 Gbit/s
100 GE 103.12 Gbit/s
ESCON 200 Mbit/s
FICON 1.06 Gbit/s
FC100 1.06 Gbit/s
FC200 2.12 Gbit/s ANSI X3.296
SAN services
FC400 4.25 Gbit/s ANSI X3.303
FC800 8.5 Gbit/s
FC1200 10.51 Gbit/s
FC1600 14.025 Gbit/s
OTU1 2.67 Gbit/s ITU-T G.709
OTN services
OTU2 10.71 Gbit/s ITU-T G.959.1
Version: J 23
Table 2-1 Service Types and Service Rates (Continued)
Service Category Service Type Service Rate Reference Standard

OTU2e 11.10 Gbit/s
OTU3 43.02 Gbit/s
OTU4 111.8 Gbit/s
DVB 270 Mbit/s EN 50083-9
Video and other
SMPTE 292M
services HDTV 1.49 Gbit/s
SMPTE 259M
2.1.2 Access Capability
The FONST 5000 U series include the FONST 5000 U60 Ⅱ, FONST 5000 U60,
FONST 5000 U40, FONST 5000 U30, FONST 5000 U20, FONST 5000 U10,
FONST 5000 U10E, FONST 5000 U20E and FONST 5000 N32. Table 2-2
describes the access capability of each system.
24 Version: J
2 Functions
Table 2-2 Access Capabilities of the FONST 5000 U Series
Maximum Accessed Service Quantity (Maximum Port Quantity × Supported Maximum Service
Maximum
Card Quantity)
Quantity of
Service Category Card FONST U40 U20 U10 U20E U10E N32
Ports Supported U60 U30
5000 U60 II Sub- Sub- Sub- Sub- Sub- Sub-
by a Single Slot Subrack Subrack
subrack rack rack rack rack rack rack
1TN4, 2TN4,
100GE, OTU4 4TN4, 1TL4, 4 4 × 64 2 × 64 2 × 52 2 × 40 2 × 26 2 × 12 4 × 22 4 × 11 4 × 32
OTU4S
STM-256, OC768,
1TN3, 2TN3,
OTU3, OTU3e, 5 5 × 64 5 × 64 5 × 52 5 × 40 5 × 26 5 × 12 5 × 22 5 × 11 5 × 32
5TN3
40GE
4TN2, 8TN2,
10GE LAN, 10GE 10TN2, 12TN2,
WAN, STM-64, 20TN2, 20TP2,
OC192, OTU2, 4OTU2S, 20 20 × 64 20 × 64 20 × 52 20 × 40 20 × 26 20 × 12 20 × 22 20 × 11 20 × 32
OTU2e, FC800 / 2OTU2S,
FC1200 OTU2S, 16VS1,
16TN1, 16TE2
8TN1, 16TN1,
FC400 16 16 × 64 16 × 64 16 × 52 16 × 40 16 × 26 16 × 12 8 × 22 8 × 11 8 × 32
16TE2
8TN1, 16TN1,
STM-16, OTU1,
24TN1, 32TN1, 16 16 × 64 16 × 64 16 × 52 16 × 40 16 × 26 16 × 12 16 × 22 16 × 11 16 × 32
FC200
16TE2, 16VS1
8TN1, 16TN1,
GE, STM-1/4, 24TN1, 32TN1,
32 32 × 64 32 × 64 32 × 52 32 × 40 32 × 26 32 × 12 32 × 22 32 × 11 32 × 32
FC100 MST2, 16TE2,
16VS1
FC1600 20TN2 12 12 × 64 12 × 64 12 × 52 12 × 40 12 × 26 12 × 12 12 × 22 12 × 11 12 × 32
Version: J 25
2.2 Wavelength Tunability
Wavelengths of the line interface cards can be tuned in the range of the 96 channels
with 50 GHz spacing in the C band. The 400G card supports wavelength tunability
in the channels with 75 GHz spacing in the C band.
Introduction
Unlike the traditional line interface cards using the fixed wavelength conversion
mode, the wavelength-tunable cards can be used as not only normal cards to make
service provisioning and wavelength assignment easier, but also as spare cards to
replace the faulty cards with different wavelengths and reduce the quantity and cost
of spare parts.
Function Implementation
The wavelength tunable modules are integrated into the line interface cards for
wavelength tuning.
2.3 Automatic Optical Power Management
This section describes automatic optical power management of the FONST 5000 U
series, including automatic / inverse automatic optical protection, automatic
equalization of channel optical power, automatic equalization of line optical power,
SOPA intelligent optical power management and APR functions.
2.3.1 Automatic / Inverse Automatic Optical Protection
The automatic / inverse automatic optical protection indicates the automatic

shutdown of the client-side laser when the OTU cards (or tributary card + line card)
on the line side are faulty. In this section, we will also call tributary card + line card
"OTU cards" for short.
u Automatic optical protection: Shuts down the client-side optical interfaces when
the line side receives the SF / SD-related alarms.
u Inverse automatic optical protection: Shuts down the client-side optical

interfaces when the line side receives the BDI-related alarms.
26 Version: J
2 Functions
This configuration is recommended when the OCP card and OTU card are used
together to perform the optical channel 1+1 wavelength protection. The OCP card
performs a switchover if a LOS event occurs, from which we can know the link
status.
Scenario 1: Configured with the Automatic Optical Protection Alone
NE1 and NE 2 are configured with the optical channel 1+1 wavelength protection.
The automatic optical protection is configured on the client side of the active OTU
card of NE2. When the OTU card of NE2 receives the SD and SF alarms, the client-
side laser will be automatically shut down. The services which will be received by
the OCP card of NE2 will be switched over to the protection channel (indicated by
the blue dashed line).
Figure 2-1 Principles of the Forward Automatic Optical Path Protection
Scenario 2: Configured with the Inverse Automatic Optical Protection Alone
The alarm back insertion mechanism of the OTU card: When the line side of the
OTU card receives the SF and SD alarms, the card will automatically insert the BDI
alarm backwards to the line side.
Version: J 27
A BDI alarm exists on the working channel from NE2 to NE1. The inverse automatic
optical protection is configured on the client side of the active OTU card of NE1.
When the OTU card of NE1 receives the BDI alarm, the client-side laser will be
automatically shut down. The services which will be received by the OCP card of
NE1 will be switched over to the protection channel (indicated by the blue dashed
line).
Figure 2-2 Principles of the Reverse Automatic Optical Path Protection
Scenario 3: Working Channel Configured with Automatic and Inverse Automatic Optical
Protections in the Tx Direction
Scenario 1 and 2 introduce the triggering conditions and switching results of the
automatic and inverse automatic optical protections, respectively. When the two
protections are used independently, only the single-ended channel switching is
triggered. If dual-ended channel switching is required, you are advised to set both
the automatic and inverse automatic optical protections.
NE1 and NE 2 are configured with the optical channel 1+1 wavelength protection.
The automatic optical protection is configured on the client side of the active OTU
card of NE2. When the OTU card of NE2 receives the SD and SF alarms, the client-
side laser will be automatically shut down. The services which will be received by
the OCP card of NE2 will be switched over to the protection channel (indicated by
the blue dashed line from NE1→NE2). Meanwhile, the line side of the active OTU
card of NE2 inserts the BDI alarm backwards to NE1.
28 Version: J
2 Functions
The inverse automatic optical protection is configured on the client side of the active
OTU card of NE1. When the OTU card of NE1 receives the BDI alarm, the client-
side laser will be automatically shut down. The services which will be sent from the
OCP card of NE1 will be switched over to the protection channel (indicated by the
blue dashed line from NE2→NE1).
Figure 2-3 Working Channel Configured with Forward and Reverse Automatic Optical Path
Protections in the Tx Direction
Scenario 4: Working Channel Configured with Automatic and Inverse Automatic Optical
Protections in both Tx and Rx Directions
In Scenario 3, the switchover can be performed in both Tx and Rx directions, but

only the alarm signals in the Tx direction of the working channel can be detected. In
actual projects, the alarm signals in both Tx and Rx directions need to be monitored.
Therefore, the working OTU cards of both NE1 and NE2 need to be configured with
the automatic and inverse automatic optical protections.
Version: J 29
Figure 2-4 Working Channel Configured with Forward and Reverse Automatic Optical Path
Protections in both Tx and Rx Directions
Supported Cards
All the OTU cards and POTN tributary interface cards of the FONST 5000 U series
support this function.
Trigger Conditions
u SF alarm group
4 AIS: alarm indication signal
4 TIM: trace identifier mismatch
4 LCK: locked
4 OCI: open connection indication
4 LOS: loss of signal
4 LOF: loss of frame
4 LOM: loss of multiframe
u SD alarm group
4 DEG: signal degrade
4 EXC: excessive errors
30 Version: J
2 Functions
u BDI: backward defect indication
Recovery Condition
When the alarm is cleared, the laser is switched on again.
2.3.2 Automatic Equalization of Channel Optical Power
Automatic equalization of channel optical power is used to simplify the work of

system commissioning and subsequent network maintenance.
Overview
Either the gain variation inherent in the amplification cards or the application of
cascaded amplification cards may result in large difference in channel power, OSNR
degradation and limited transmission distance of the DWDM system.
The OPM (spectrum analysis) units are introduced on the transmit end, receive end,
and OLA station to ensure qualified output power, OSNR and flatness of cascaded
amplification cards.
The OPM unit monitors the optical power of each wavelength output at the
amplification card. The VMU / WSS unit compares the optical power of each
wavelength with the reference value. If the optical power of a wavelength is greater
or smaller than the reference value, the VMU / WSS unit adjusts the EVOA
attenuation value of the single-wavelength signal where the deviation occurs,
implementing power equalization of various wavelengths.
2.3.3 Automatic Equalization of Line Power
The FONST 5000 U series perform the automatic line power detection. The gain
control of amplification cards and the built-in EVOA work in cooperation to perform
the automatic line power equalization, thereby reducing the maintenance difficulty
and complexity.
Version: J 31
The FONST 5000 U series provide two automatic line power equalization modes, i.e.
the fixed gain mode and the line attenuation mode. A combined configuration may
apply to the omni-directional power equalization of a single station, a single span,
and the line.
2.3.3.1 Fixed Gain Mode
The fixed gain mode is specific to a single amplification card, and is not applicable
to network-level system adjustment.
Introduction
Users only need to set the expected output power of an amplification card via the
network management system. The amplification card will adjust its built-in EVOA
attenuation automatically to ensure that the actual output power is equal to the
expected output power. The expected output power of an amplification card can be
worked out according to the module type and the amplified channel number of this
card.
Figure 2-5 shows the process of power equalization in fixed gain mode. Network
management operators can calculate the expected output value and set this value
on the network management system according to the module type of the
amplification cards and the quantity of the amplified channels. The amplification
cards ascertain whether the actual value deviates from the expected value, whether
the EVOA is locked, and whether the EVOA is adjusted to a value exceeding the
limit and then adjust the EVOA until the deviation is within the required range.
32 Version: J
2 Functions
Figure 2-5 Flowchart of Power Equalization in Fixed Gain Mode
Note:
To perform the power equalization in the fixed gain mode, you need to set
the EVOA mode of the amplification card to Trace. Otherwise, the EVOA
adjustment cannot be performed.
2.3.3.2 Line Attenuation Adjustment Mode
The system ascertains whether an abnormality of the line occurs and calculates the
abnormal attenuation value (not caused by channel increment or decrement).
Based on the attenuation value, the amplification card adjusts the EVOA attenuation
volume to guarantee the optical power stability of the entire line.
Version: J 33
Introduction
The following are two algorithms used by the system:
u Algorithm one: Compare the difference between the input optical power of the
local amplification card and the output optical power of the previous
amplification card with the reference attenuation of the line. If not equal,
abnormal attenuation of the line has occurred.
u Algorithm two: The local amplification card ascertains whether the actual output
power equals the value calculated based on the formula Ptotal (dBm) = Psingle
(dBm) + 10lgN as well as the channel quantity information sent from the
upstream. If not, abnormal attenuation of the line has occurred.
4 Ptotal: The total optical power of the system
4 Psingle: The incident optical power of a single wavelength of the system
4 N: The total number of wavelengths commissioned in the system
Note:
Either channel increment / decrement or line degradation can result in

line power changes. Power changes caused by channel increment /
decrement, however, do not influence the OSNR performance. Therefore,
line power equalization (optical power of the amplification card) is not
necessary.
The line optical power equalization procedures corresponding to the two algorithms
are the same, both of which include single span adjustment and line adjustment.
When the line power is abnormal, the system starts single span adjustment first. If
the single span adjustment has reached its limit, or optical power equalization is
required by multiple nodes, the line adjustment will be started.
The process for adjusting the single span is as follows:
1. Ascertain whether abnormal attenuation occurs. See previous introduction to

the calculation methods.
34 Version: J
2 Functions
2. Ascertain whether the abnormal attenuation value exceeds the threshold:

Compare the abnormal attenuation value obtained from the calculation in the
previous step with the set threshold value. If the value is smaller than the
threshold value, save the data for further adjustment; if the value is larger than
the threshold value, go to the next step.
3. Execute EVOA adjustment: The amplification card ascertains whether the

EVOA attenuation value can be achieved. If not, the amplification card will
implement the line adjustment; if yes, it will adjust the EVOA attenuation value
accordingly.
4. Save the current actual attenuation value of the line as the reference value for
the next adjustment.
Note:
The reference value refers to the actual attenuation value of a single

span after project startup or the previous single span adjustment.
The process of attenuation adjustment for a line is described as follows:
1. Ascertain whether the line equalization should be performed: In the single span
equalization, when an abnormal power occurs on a succeeding node, the
system will report to the head node. If multiple nodes report the abnormal
power or a node reports an EVOA threshold crossing alarm (equalization
disabled), the system will start the line equalization.
2. Adjust the head node: Perform the EVOA adjustment for the amplification card
at the head node following the procedure of the single span adjustment.
3. Adjust succeeding nodes: Upon completion of the head node adjustment, notify
the succeeding nodes to make adjustment in turn until the end node of the line.
4. Complete the adjustment: The end node delivers the adjustment completion
report.
Version: J 35
2.3.4 SOPA
The smart optical power administration (SOPA) system can adjust the network-level
optical layer power intelligently, providing a reliable and convenient operation and
maintenance scheme at the optical layer. It supports parameter configurations,
performance analysis, performance optimization and performance reports.
2.3.4.1 Overview of SOPA
Generation Background of SOPA
With the development of the high-speed and Mesh-based wavelength division

network, the network reliability becomes a key factor, so that a simple, convenient
and professional method of operation and maintenance is urgently needed. The
traditional network maintenance has the following two problems.
u Has no quick and accurate online OSNR detection method.
u Has no reliable and convenient optical layer operation and maintenance

scheme.
To solve the problems of the wavelength division debugging and operation/

maintenance (for example, the network degradation cannot be discovered in a
timely manner, the troubleshooting time is long, and the performance monitoring
configuration is complex), the SOPA system is developed, providing a simple and
professional operation/maintenance method.
Function Overview of SOPA
SOPA provides a unified management GUI with graphic display and the topology
view of the managed objects. It enables you to view the performance data and
status of the optical network. See Table 2-3 for the SOPA function.
36 Version: J
2 Functions
Table 2-3 Function Description of SOPA
Function Name Function Description
The configuration of all the parameters will be completed on

Configures the parameters for one tab and then be delivered.
Parameter
optical layer monitoring by one Select a desired subnetwork, set the monitoring parameters,
configuration
click click the delivering button, and deliver all the configuration to
the device.
Automatically prompts the The degraded objects (such as fiber connection and station)
Degradation
optical layer object whose will be marked with specific color on the network topology,
prompt
performance is degraded prompting that they need to be optimized.
The performance (output optical power and single wavelength

Performance Shows the path performance
power) will be shown directly by the signal flow diagram of OCh
analysis with signal flow diagrams
path.
Select the object and start the optimization and debugging by

one click. The functions are as follows.
Optimizes and debugs to
Performance u Path optimization and adjustment
recover the degraded path
optimization u Cable performance optimization
and subnet
u OCh link optimization of a subnet
u Cable optimization of a subnet
Report category: subnet level and OCh path level. The report
illustrates the performance value directly by the graphs and
texts.
Report format: .htm and .cvs.
Performance Exports the optical-layer
u Subnet level report: Gathers the statistics of all the OTS
report performance reports
and OMS performance and alarms under the subnet.
u OCh path level report: Displays the optical layer
performance value of the path at both ends according to
the path signal flow direction, and marks the alarms.
Implementation of SOPA
The SOPA function can be implemented in the EMS GUI. Figure 2-6 shows the
collaboration among different parts of the SOPA system.
Version: J 37
Figure 2-6 SOPA Service Flow
2.3.4.2 Application Scenarios of SOPA
The SOPA system performs unified management via the EMS. It features easy
configuration and displays the monitoring results by graphs, making you understand
more directly.
Table 2-4 describes the common application scenarios. And Figure 2-7 shows the
implementation flow of each scenario.
38 Version: J
2 Functions
Table 2-4 Application Scenarios of SOPA
Application Scenario Main Function

u You can view the performance parameter (such as output optical power and single
Path performance wavelength power) graphs of the ports on the paths collected by the EMS, and export
analysis the reports of analysis results.
u You can optimize the degraded paths.
u You can select one or multiple OCh service entries to be optimized.

u You can view the log information (such as adjustment time, object, operation details
Path optimization and
and result).
adjustment
u The configuration can be rolled back upon an abnormality: If any abnormality occurs
during the adjustment, the system will roll back to the previous status.
u You can select one or more fiber connections to be optimized.

Cable performance
and result).
optimization
during the adjustment, the system will be rolled back to the previous status.
If the OCh service path changes, the system automatically triggersNote 1 the OCh optical
power adjustment.
Automatic line
and result).
optimization
during the adjustment, the system will be rolled back to the previous step, and display
the abnormality icon on the relevant node in the topology GUI.
If the degradation degree of the fiber connection exceeds the threshold, the system
automatically triggersNote 1 the optical power adjustment of the fiber connection.
Automatic cable
and result).
optimization
during the adjustment, the system will be rolled back to the previous step, and display
the abnormality icon on the relevant node in the topology GUI.
OCH link optimization

In the initial service provisioning, you can optimize and adjust the performance of all the
in the entire network
existing OCh optical layer services in the entire network by one click, so that the optical
Cable optimization in
performance meets the service provisioning requirement.
the entire network
Note 1: You can perform the performance optimization manually by default. To perform the automatic optimization,
you should select the auto mode in the configuration.
Version: J 39
Note 1: The step in the dashed-line box is optional.
Figure 2-7 Flow of Each SOPA Application Scenario
40 Version: J
2 Functions
2.3.5 APR function
The APR function refers to the automatic optical power reduction function of the
amplification card.
Overview
When fiber cut occurs, strong power signals output from upstream amplification
cards will be exposed. To prevent strong light from burning maintainers' eyes, the
system will reduce optical power of amplification cards in the influenced optical
transmission sections immediately and resume their normal operation automatically
after fault elimination.
As shown in Figure 2-8, when fiber cut occurs on lines between amplification card 1
and card 2, and the amplification card 2 at Station B detects a LOS alarm, Station B
will reduce the output power of amplification card 3 to a value within a safety range
(below 0 dBm). Consequently, the reduced output power of the amplification card 3
will lead to a LOS alarm detected by amplification card 4 at Station A, and Station A
will reduce the output power of amplification card 1 to a value within a safety range
(below 0 dBm) as well.
After the fault is cleared, the optical amplification cards 1 and 3 can work properly.
Figure 2-8 APR Function
Version: J 41
2.3.6 APR Functions of the Raman System
The LINE optical port on the Raman card has high-power pump light output, which
may cause injury to the human body (especially to the eyes) when there is a fiber
cut. To prevent such a situation, the system provides the APR function for the
Raman system to promptly shut down the lasers on Raman amplifiers in the event
of line faults. This ensures that the line optical power remains at a safe level.
Fiber Cut Detection and Laser Shutdown
Figure 2-9 shows the APR function of the Raman system. The APR process is
implemented as follows:
1. The optical cable from Station A to Station B is interrupted.
2. Upon receiving the receiving-no-light alarm, the RAU_B card at Station B

automatically enables the soft shutdown function to shut down the output signal
light of the laser. The EOSC card at Station B generates a receiving-no-light
alarm.
3. The EOSC card at Station B informs the local RAU_F (T2) card that the APR
needs to be performed.
4. Since the RAU_F card at Station B shuts down the laser, the RAU_B card at
Station A will generate a receiving-no-light alarm. This RAU_B card
automatically enables the soft shutdown function to shut down the output signal
light of the laser. Meanwhile, the EOSC card at Station A also generates a
receiving-no-light alarm.
5. The EOSC card at Station A informs the local RAU_F (T1) card that the APR
needs to be performed.
Note:
In this case, you need to disable the outputs of lasers for the forward and
backward bidirectional Raman amplifiers, ensuring the security of the line.
42 Version: J
2 Functions
Figure 2-9 APR Scenarios of the Raman System
Trigger Conditions of APR
u The OSC channel of the EOSC card generates a LOS alarm.
u The Raman card generates a LOS alarm.
Laser Restart
The intelligent shutdown protection process can be stopped by the receive end of
the EOSC card. The Raman cards will be notified if the LOS alarm of the EOSC
card disappears. Then, the Raman card determines whether to exit the intelligent
soft shutdown process based on whether its own LOS alarm disappears. By
analogy, you can perform this process repeatedly to achieve the automatic recovery
of the Raman intelligent soft shutdown.
APR Restart mode has two options: automatic restart and manual restart.
u Automatic restart: In this mode, the amplification card executes the APR and
transmits test signals to test line status within the APR re-start time. The card
does not transmit the test signal in APR_Continuous_Time(s). Two time
periods alternate until the line recovers.
Version: J 43
u Manual restart: When the APR manual restart test is implemented, the
amplification card which implements the APR function will recover immediately
and send pulses to test the line status. If the line fault persists, the amplification
card will continue to execute the APR function after the pre-set
APR_Manually_Reset_Test_Time (s) time elapses.
2.4 Easy Maintenance
This section introduces the easy maintenance of the equipment, including:
u Integrated operation and maintenance system
u In-service monitoring
u SDN
u WSS fiber cut detection
u Test without instruments
u Loopback
u NE data backup and restoration
2.4.1 Integrated Operation and Maintenance System
This section introduces the background and definition of the IOMS2012.
Background Knowledge
Currently, the network and service present the following change trend:
u Along with the rapid development of the LTE, the bearer network evolves
towards the IP network, in which the customer experience becomes the key
factor.
u The network service types have rapidly increased.
u The network resources become more diversified.
u The operator's voice service slumps and the bandwidth service reaches
saturation. In this situation, it is an urgent requirement to add new services.
44 Version: J
2 Functions
Facing this change trend, the requirement for network operation and maintenance is
increasingly urgent. However, the traditional operation and maintenance mode
faces the following challenges.
u The increase of bandwidth with unimproved customer experience causes loss

of customers.
u The operation and maintenance personnel fails to evaluate the service support
capability of a network, and thus no guarantee is provided for service operation.
To address these challenges, FiberHome introduces the IOMS2012 Integrated

Operation and Maintenance System to focus on the network experience. The
system has the following functions:
u The network is visualized in multiple dimensions, which implements proactive

operation and maintenance.
u The system inspects the health of the network to achieve the proactive
supervisory of the network operation quality.
u The system can collect statistics of the network resources to achieve their
appropriate allocation.
Product Introduction
The IOMS2012 Integrated Operation and Maintenance System includes the

following modules:
Table 2-5 IOMS2012 Integrated Operation and Maintenance System
Product Name Functional Module

IOMS2012 Integrated Operation and Maintenance Automatic inspection
System Resource statistics
The IOMS2012 Integrated Operation and Maintenance System features visible data
analysis, various report formats, and better user experiences. All these features
help customers to learn about the health status of the network and resource usages.
By analyzing the network's health and resource usage, the system can eliminate the
silent failure efficiently and perform the network optimization or capacity expansion
of network resources. In this manner, the network congestion can be avoided,
ensuring the transmission quality of services of different types.
Version: J 45
Network and Applications
As shown in Figure 2-10, the OTN network is usually a hierarchical ring

convergence network comprising the core layer, convergence layer and the access
layer. The IOMS2012 can meet the requirement for performance and quality
monitoring in different OTN scenarios.
Figure 2-10 Network and Applications
2.4.2 In-Service Monitoring
This section introduces the in-service performance monitoring capability of the

FONST 5000 U series.
46 Version: J
2 Functions
2.4.2.1 Monitoring Points on Cards
This section describes the alarm and performance monitoring points on each card of
the FONST 5000 U series.
Service Cards (OTU, Tributary Cards and Line Cards)
Table 2-6 Meanings of Symbols for Alarm Monitoring Points
Symbol Description
Internal monitoring point: Monitors parameters such as the bias current and operating
temperature of the laser, and optical power.
Internal TCM / PM / SM and client signal monitoring point:
u Monitors BIP8 bytes to help locate line failures.
u Monitors OTN alarms and performance events.
Version: J 47
Table 2-7 Alarm and Performance Monitoring Points
Card Diagram
OTU card
OTN tributary card
OTN line card
Optical Multiplexer / Demultiplexer Cards
Symbol Description
Internal monitoring point: Detects the optical power and reports the alarms and
performance events of the card.
48 Version: J
2 Functions
Card Diagram
OMU
VMU
ODU
ROADM Cards
Symbol Description
Internal monitoring point: Provides the optical attenuation function.
External monitoring point: Provides an in-service monitoring interface.
Version: J 49
Card Diagram
WSS4M
(WSS8M)
WSS4D
WSS8D
WSS8T
WSS20T
Optical Amplification Cards
Symbol Description
Internal monitoring point:
u Detects and reports the optical power.
u Monitors the temperature of the pump laser.
u Detects the driving current, back-facet current, cooling current, and operating
temperature of the pump in the optical module in real time.
External monitoring point: Provides an in-service monitoring interface.
50 Version: J
2 Functions
Card Diagram
OA
PA
HOA
RAU_B
RAU_F
2.4.2.2 In-Service Performance Monitoring
The FONST 5000 U series provide three types of online performance monitoring
modes, namely, EMS reading mode, built-in spectrum analysis unit mode, and
external analyzer mode.
Overview
Table 2-14 and Table 2-15 list the performance monitoring items based on services
and systems in the aforesaid modes.
Version: J 51
Table 2-14 Monitoring Performance Items of Services
Service Category Monitoring Performance Item Service Type Remark

STM-1/4/16/64/256 and
SDH / SONET B1 error
OC3/12/48/192/768
SM-BIP8 error
OTU1, OTU2, OTU2e, OTU3 and
OTN TCMi-BIP8 error Can be viewed
OTU4
PM-BIP8 error via the EMS
Data FE, GE, 10GE, 40GE and 100GE directly
Storage area Statistics of various packets ESCON, FICON, FC100/200/400/

network (SAN) received and transmitted 800/1200
Video service DVB and HDTV
Table 2-15 Monitoring Performance Items of the System
Type Performance Item Remark

Transmitting optical power and receiving
Optical transport layer Can be viewed via the EMS directly
optical power
and optical multiplex
Optical power, OSNR, and wavelength value Obtained by using the built-in spectrum
section layer
of each wavelength analysis unit or the external meter
Performance monitoring
Input / output optical power, laser temperature,
of optical channel layer
bias current, and cooling current
signals
OTN electrical-layer SM-BIP8 error, TCMi- BIP8 error, PM-BIP8

signal detection error, and FEC count Obtained by checking the tributary
PTN electrical-layer Tx / Rx flow, count of Tx / Rx packets, and interface card and the line interface card
signal detection numbers of error and lost Tx / Rx packets on the EMS
Count of background errored blocks,

SDH electrical-layer unavailable seconds (UAS), errored second
signal detection (ES), severely errored second (SES), and
continuous severely errored second
u EMS reading mode: The optical power of each key reference point of the
FONST 5000 U system, system performance, and service performance can be
directly read over the EMS. The query and statistics results are displayed in
tables and diagrams.
52 Version: J
2 Functions
u Built-in spectrum analysis unit mode: The spectrum information of each key
reference point (for real-time monitoring) of the built-in spectrum analysis unit
can be obtained through the EMS. Specifically, the spectrum information
includes performance data such as the input / output optical power per
wavelength, optical signal-to-noise ratio, and central wavelength value. The
EMS also provides graphical spectrum analysis function to display the service
status of each wavelength in real time.
u External spectrum analyzer mode: The product provides the online monitoring
interface (MON) on the optical amplification card or the OSCAD card. Without
interrupting the services, the external spectrum analyzer obtains the spectral
information such as wavelength, optical signal-to-noise ratio, optical power, and
channel flatness of each optical channel via the MON interface.
2.4.3 SDN
In the SDN architecture, the control plane and the data plane are separated,
therefore achieving flexible network traffic control and providing an outstanding
platform for application innovations of the core network.
Background of the SDN
As it develops, the IP network evolves from a network providing the simple Internet
services to a converged network providing the multi-media services such as text,
voice and video services. The IP network has been widely applied in every aspect of
life in recent years and affects people's production mode and lifestyle.
With the development of Internet services, the IP network is facing increasing

challenges, which include:
u The device becomes more complex. The IP technology evolves by using

"patching". Currently, RFC standards which are released by IETF include more
than 7 000 standards. Therefore, more functions and services of the device
need to be supported, which increases the complexity of the device.
u The management and maintenance become more complex. If a global service

strategy needs to be deployed on an existing network, you need to configure
every single device. As the network expands and the new services emerge, the
management and maintenance become more and more complex.
Version: J 53
u The network innovation becomes more difficult. Since the control plane and
data plane in the IP network are closely coupled, the distributed network control
mechanism is heavily dependent on network devices when a new technology is
introduced. Besides, the devices involved also need to be updated. Therefore,
a long deployment cycle (usually, three to five years) of the new technology is
required, which severely hinders the network evolution.
u The IP network becomes a bottleneck of the development of new services. As

the cloud computing services grow and big data services arise, the traditional
network technologies and architectures fail to meet the new service's
requirements for dynamic configuration, on-demand calls, and automatic load
balancing.
To overcome the above network difficulties, the industry experts have been
exploring an efficient solution to improve the flexibility of the network. This solution
aims to break the closed architecture of the network and enhance the
programmability of the network. After years of efforts, the SDN is created to address
these issues.
The SDN adopts a different control architecture, which is different from that of the
traditional network. In the new architecture, the control plane and forwarding plane
are separated. The SDN adopts centralized control rather than the original
distributed control and achieves the "software-defined network" by using the open
and programmable interfaces.
Compared with the traditional network architecture, the SDN architecture has the
following feature: It performs virtualized network abstraction and centralized
resource management by separating hardware from software. In this manner, the
SDN helps reduce the device's complexity, simplify the network O&M, improve the
network utilization and accelerate the network innovation.
Product Architecture
The SDN controller is a centralized management software set up on the control

plane.
Based on southbound protocols, it can automatically discover and manage the

resources to control and manage the service channels.
54 Version: J
2 Functions
The SDN provides virtualized and various northbound application interfaces for
external connection. You can dynamically create or update services by using these
interfaces.
Figure 2-11 shows the network positioning of the SDN.
Figure 2-11 Network Positioning of the SDN
2.4.4 WSS Fiber Cut Detection
The ROADM NE containing the traditional WSS card cannot detect a fiber cut inside
the cabinet. Via using the WSS8MR + WSS8DT or the WSS8MR + ODU8T
combination, users can detect the WSS fiber cut inside the rack.
The ODU8T / WSS8DT card has a built-in 1310 nm optical Tx module, and the
WSS8MR card has a built-in 1310 nm optical Rx module. Via monitoring the optical
receiving status of the 1310 nm module built in the WSS8MR card, users can
perform the fiber cut detection inside the cabinet. See Figure 2-12.
Version: J 55
Figure 2-12 Principle of Detecting a WSS Fiber Cut
2.4.5 Test Without Instruments
If no commissioning instruments are available in the network maintenance phase or

on a new network where no services are deployed, you can perform basic
commissioning operations using the functions provided by cards. For example, you
can use the PRBS test to test OTN and SDH services, and the Ethernet test to test
Ethernet services.
PRBS Test
Engineers perform a self-transmit and self-receive test using the pseudo random bit
sequence (PRBS) function of a card to check whether links on each section are
normal by performing loopback operations section by section.
During a PRBS application, a local card with the PRBS test function sends PRBS
codes and analyzes the PRBS codes loopbacked from the peer end. By comparing
the loopbacked PRBS codes with the PRBS codes that should be received
according to the theoretical calculation, the local card determines whether
equipment and the transmission line are normal.
56 Version: J
2 Functions
: WDM-side optical port direction of the : Client-side backplane direction of the

PRBS signal PRBS signal
: Client-side optical port direction of the : WDM-side inloop

PRBS signal
: WDM-side outloop : Client-side inloop
Figure 2-13 Application of the PRBS Test
Caution:
u When a PRBS test is in progress, the involved cards cannot carry

any services and the original services on the cards will be
interrupted.
u The PRBS test function is targeted for use during deployment and
fault location. After deployment and fault location, users must set
PRBS test status to Disabled.
u When a tributary or line card is used, cross-connections need to be

configured to form a complete service path.
Version: J 57
Ethernet Test
Ethernet test is used to test the network connectivity of the client-side Ethernet
services.
If no instruments or meters are available on site, you can send the test frames
through the card accessing the Ethernet services. This can help engineers perform
service commissioning and fault location during the project start-up and
maintenance.
Figure 2-14 Application of the Ethernet Test
2.4.6 Loopback
Loopback is the most commonly-used and direct method for fault isolation. It verifies
a service on a segment-by-segment basis.
Hardware Loopback
A hardware loopback is performed on a physical port (optical port) pair using a fiber
and must be performed on site.
Caution:
u A loopback will interrupt services. Generally, a loopback is used

during deployment when services are not provisioned or during fault
location when services have been interrupted.
u When you perform a hardware loopback, add an optical attenuator

according to the range of the optical power received by different
cards.
58 Version: J
2 Functions
Table 2-16 Hardware Loopback
Type Diagram
Client-side loopback
WDM-side loopback
Software Loopback
A software loopback is configured using the network management system.
Caution:
A loopback will interrupt services. Thus, a loopback is usually used

during the start-up commissioning or during fault location when services
have already been interrupted.
u Inloop
Inloop loops back signals from the transmit port on a card to the receive port on
the card.
Version: J 59
Table 2-17 Inloop Type
Type Diagram
Client-side inloop
WDM-side inloop
u Outloop
Outloop loops back signals from the receive port on a card to the transmit port
on the card before the card processes the signals, without changing the signal
structure.
60 Version: J
2 Functions
Table 2-18 Inloop Type
Type Diagram
Client-side outloop
WDM-side outloop
Channel Loopback
Note:
The channel loopback only loops back an individual ODUj signal instead
of all signals on a card. A channel loopback does not impact other
services on the card.
2.4.7 NE Data Backup and Restoration
You need to back up important NE data during daily maintenance for system data
restoration when necessary. The backup and restoration methods vary with the
types of the data. You can select the method as required.
Version: J 61
DCG Configuration File
This is the main backup method for NE data. All the configuration data can be
manually or automatically (periodically) backed up.
Dtbackup Tool
This method is used to independently back up the EMS database, achieving the
smooth upgrade of configuration data for EMS version upgrade.
2.5 Intelligent Fan
The fan units provide air cooling for the equipment, ensuring that the equipment
works normally in a long term under a stable ambient temperature. The fan units
work in two modes: intelligent and manual modes.
Introduction
u Intelligent mode: The faster the fan rotates, the better the air cooling is, but with
higher power consumption and more noise. The slower the fan rotates, the
worse the air cooling is, but with lower power consumption and less noise.
When working in the intelligent mode, the fan automatically regulates its speed,
depending on the card temperature. In this way, the air cooling, power
consumption, and noise can be better balanced.
u Manual mode: The fan unit works according to the speed choice set via the
EMS. The available speed choices include full-speed, fast, slow and stop (all in
manual mode).
Note:
The manual mode can be used to monitor the equipment temperature in

real time. Because the fan is fixed at a certain rotating speed choice, the
speed is not adjusted according to the feedback. In the normal operations
of the equipment, make sure that the fan unit is in the intelligent mode.
62 Version: J
2 Functions
The fan unit adopts the soft start mode to reduce the influence caused by the start of
the fan on the equipment. When the fan works in the intelligent mode, the fan
rotates at a medium speed before the NE management card controls it.
u When starting to monitor the fan unit, the NE management card periodically
searches the temperature feedback information of each card, compares the
temperature feedback information with the preset fan speed control parameters
of each card, and determines the rotating speed of the fan.
u The fan unit controls the fan to operate at the required speed according to the
speed information sent by the network management card, to ensure the normal
heat dissipation of the equipment.
u When the fan is faulty, the fan unit sends the fault information to the NE
management card and reports the fan failure alarm to the EMS.
2.6 10 Gbit/s, 40 Gbit/s and 100 Gbit/s

Transmission Solutions
This section introduces transmission solutions for channels with different rates on
the line side.
2.6.1 Beyond 100 Gbit/s Transmission Technology
By using the cutting-edge coherent detection technology, the FONST 5000 U series
compensate for chromatic dispersion (CD) and polarization mode dispersion (PMD)
without requiring additional dispersion compensation modules (DCMs) in pure
beyond 100G coherent networks.
Figure 2-15 shows a typical application of the beyond 100 Gbit/s transmission
solution.
Version: J 63
Figure 2-15 Typical Application of the Beyond 100G Transmission Technology
The unique technical advantages of the FONST 5000 U series' beyond 100 Gbit/s
coherent transmission solution allow for high bandwidth utilization and long-haul
transmission.
High Bandwidth Utilization
The beyond 100 Gbit/s coherent transmission solution provides various service
types and data rates and supports the ODUflex technology to ensure high
bandwidth utilization and reduce the transmission cost per bit.
u Various service types and data rates are supported and carried over 200G
transmission channels.
u Optical-layer spectral width: The 200G and 400G signals are compatible with
traditional signals with 50 GHz spectral width. Compared with the 100G signals,
the 200G and 400G signals have improved the spectral efficiency by 100%. In
addition, the 200G and 400G signals support flexible grid wavelength
applications and have higher spectrum utilization than the systems using fixed
spectrum.
u Electrical-layer grooming: The ODUflex technology provides flexible bandwidth

adjustment and grooming.
64 Version: J
2 Functions
Long-Haul Transmission
Using the 16QAM technology, multi-carrier light source technology, and coherent
DSP / SDFEC algorithm, the beyond 100 Gbit/s transmission solution achieves
long-haul transmissions without regeneration.
u 16QAM
Together with the dual-carrier technology, the 16QAM technology reduces the
baud rate of optical signals without reducing the line rate, therefore reducing
the spectral width of optical signals and overcoming the bandwidth limitations of
transmission devices.
u Coherent reception technology
A better OSNR and receiver sensitivity are provided by using the coherent
reception technology.
u Error correction coding technology
The beyond 100 Gbit/s transmission solution supports SDFEC schemes. Using
advanced algorithms, this solution offers a higher net coding gain and thus
extends the transmission distance.
2.6.2 100 Gbit/s Transmission Technology
The FONST 5000 U series provide the 48/96 × 100 Gbit/s transmission solution. By
using the cutting-edge coherent detection technology, the products compensate for
chromatic dispersion (CD) and polarization mode dispersion (PMD) without
requiring additional dispersion compensation modules (DCMs) in pure 100G
coherent networks.
Figure 2-16 shows a typical application of the 100 Gbit/s transmission solution.
Version: J 65
Figure 2-16 Typical Application of the 100 Gbit/s Transport Solution
The 100 Gbit/s coherent transmission solution of the FONST 5000 U series
provides unique technical benefits in terms of ultra-long-haul transmission, network
simplification, high bandwidth utilization, low latency and smooth upgrade.
Ultra-Long-Haul Transmission
The ultra-long-haul transmission refers to the ultra-long distance transmission

(longer than 1000 km) without electrical regeneration and ultra-long single span
transmission (with the attenuation larger than 44 dB).
The major factors limiting the ultra-long distance and ultra-long span transmission
include noise, dispersion, non-linear effect, and PMD. The product uses the
coherent reception, FEC, hybrid OA and PM-QPSK technologies to achieve ultra-
long-haul and ultra-long span transmissions.
u PM-QPSK modulation
The PM-QPSK modulation technology reduces the baud rate of optical signals,
therefore reducing the spectral width of optical signals and overcoming the
bandwidth limitations of transmission devices.
At the Tx end, for the 100G coherent optical transmission system, the OTU4
signals are converted to four signals. The system performs the PM-QPSK
modulation on the laser signals in two polarization directions. After being
modulated, the polarized light is combined into one laser beam via the
polarization multiplexer. Then the laser beam is transmitted to the far end over
the optical fiber line.
66 Version: J
2 Functions
At the Rx end, the polarization splitter splits the received signal light into two
signals in x-pol and y-pol directions. The local oscillator laser also splits the
laser into polarized lights in x-pol and y-pol directions. The polarized lights then
undergo coherent transmission with the received signal light. After undergoing
O/E conversion and ADC module's processing, the signals enter the DSP
module.
The digital signal processor (DSP) module compensates for the signal
distortion (such as chromatic dispersion and PMD) occurring on the optical path
in the form of digitalization, and recovers the original signals.
u Coherent reception
A better OSNR and receiver sensitivity are provided by using the coherent
reception technology.
u FEC technology
The coherent transmission solution supports SDFEC, SDFEC2, HFEC and

HFEC2 encoding technologies. Using advanced algorithms, this solution offers
a higher net coding gain and thus extends the transmission distance.
u Hybrid OA technology
The hybrid OA technology provides a smaller noise figure to allow for a longer
transmission distance. This reduces the number of electrical regenerators.
Version: J 67
Network Simplification
simplifies network architecture and design, and reduces network OPEX owing to its
DCM-free design and high PMD tolerance.
u The OTU uses the algorithms at the Rx end and performs centralized
compensation for the accumulative dispersion on the line, without requiring
additional dispersion compensation modules (DCMs). This method can simplify
the network structure and save the space of the equipment room.
u The PMD is an important factor limiting the 100 Gbit/s signal transmission
distance. Because the circular degree and internal stress of the optical fiber are
not even, the signal pulse spreading is distorted, resulting in the increase of
error code rate when the distortion exacerbates continuously during the
transmission.
68 Version: J
2 Functions
u With the DP-QPSK coherent reception technology combined with the DSP
technology, the dispersion tolerance capability is increased to ±55000 ps/nm
and the DGD tolerance exceeds 100 ps. In this way, the optical fiber dispersion
and PMD effect do not limit the high-speed transmission system.
High Bandwidth Utilization
The 100 Gbit/s coherent transmission solution provides various service types and
data rates and supports the ODUflex technology to ensure high bandwidth
utilization and reduce the transmission cost per bit.
u Multiple services of different rates can be carried over the 100 Gbit/s
transmission channels.
u The ODUflex technology supports flexible bandwidth adjustment and

scheduling.
Version: J 69
Low Latency
Due to low latency, the coherent transmission equipment is especially suitable for
transport networks providing dedicated transport pipes for various business
services, such as financial, data center application, and cloud computing that allow
for very low latency.
u The advanced FEC technology provides optimal net coding gain while
introducing extremely low latency.
u The coherent cards are equipped with DSP chips, which have superior
performance in CD and PMD compensation. Therefore, DCMs are no longer
required in new 100G / 200G / 400G networks, which not only reduces the
network construction cost but also eliminates the latency of the DCMs.
70 Version: J
2 Functions
Smooth Upgrade
supports smooth upgrade from the traditional network to the coherent network.
u The traditional network configured with DCM can be smoothly upgraded to the
100 Gbit/s coherent network without adjusting the DCM on the existing
network.
u The 100 Gbit/s coherent wavelength and the 10 Gbit/s or 40 Gbit/s wavelength
can be transmitted in a hybrid mode while satisfying the wavelength spacing
requirements.
The FONST 5000 U series provide a 48 / 96 × 40 Gbit/s transmission solution. With

different modulation and detection technologies, the equipment sets provide
coherent transmissions and non-coherent transmissions, to address carriers'
diverse requirements.
Figure 2-17 shows a typical application of the 40 Gbit/s non-coherent transmission

solution.
Figure 2-17 Typical Application of the 40 Gbit/s Non-Coherent Solution
Figure 2-18 shows a typical application of the 40 Gbit/s coherent transmission

solution.
Version: J 71
Figure 2-18 Typical Application of the 40 Gbit/s Coherent Solution
The 40 Gbit/s transmission technology used by the FONST 5000 U series has the
following features:
u Two dispersion compensation modes:
4 Centralized dispersion compensation (non-coherent): The negative

dispersion optical fiber simultaneously compensates multiple channels,
and a DCM is required.
4 Automatic dispersion compensation (coherent): The FEC count and line

error rate on the receive end are collected to control the TDCM of each
channel. The dispersion compensation amount is automatically adjusted
according to the actual conditions of the optical fibers without extra DCM,
thereby greatly increasing the dispersion compensation precision and
reducing the maintenance work load and complexity.
u Coherent receiving and DSP technology: The dispersion tolerance capability is

increased to ±55000 ps/nm and the DGD tolerance exceeds 100 ps. In this way,
the optical fiber dispersion and PMD effect do not limit the high-speed, long-
haul transmission system.
The FONST 5000 U series support the 48 / 96 × 10 Gbit/s transmission solution.

Figure 2-19 shows a typical application of the 10 Gbit/s transmission solution.
72 Version: J
2 Functions
Figure 2-19 Typical Application of the 10 Gbit/s Transport Solution
The 10 Gbit/s transmission technology adopted by the FONST 5000 U series uses
the centralized dispersion compensation. The negative dispersion optical fiber
simultaneously compensates multiple channels, and the DCM is required.
2.6.5 Multi-Rate Hybrid Transmission
With increasing service requirements, the current 10 Gbit/s DWDM transport system
will be gradually upgraded to the 40 Gbit/s and the 100 Gbit/s transport system. The
40 Gbit/ s and 10 Gbit/s compatible hybrid transmission, coherent and non-coherent
hybrid transmission are highly necessary. The FONST 5000 U series support the 40
Gbit/s and 10 Gbit/s compatible hybrid transmission, coherent and non-coherent
hybrid transmission, ensuring smooth system upgrade.
Non-Coherent Hybrid Transmission
The new and upgraded 40 Gbit/s wavelength can be accessed to the multiplexing
unit together with the 10 Gbit/s wavelength on the existing network and transmitted
over the same optical fiber, without affecting the existing and new services.
Figure 2-20 shows a typical application of the 40 Gbit/s and 100 Gbit/s compatible
hybrid transmission.
Version: J 73
Figure 2-20 Hybrid Transmission of 40 Gbit/s and 10 Gbit/s Signals in the Non-Coherent
System
Coherent Hybrid Transmission
The coherent wavelength can be accessed to the multiplexing unit together with the
non-coherent wavelength on the existing network and transmitted over the same
optical fiber, without affecting the existing and new services.
Figure 2-21 shows an application of the hybrid transmission of coherent and non-
coherent wavelengths.
Figure 2-21 Hybrid Transmission of 100 Gbit/s, 40 Gbit/s, and 10 Gbit/s Signals in the
Coherent System
2.7 Extended Band

Technical Principles
Optical signals in the wavelength range of 1260 nm to 1625 nm are hardly distorted
due to dispersion with lowest loss. They are the best choice for fiber line
transmissions.
74 Version: J
2 Functions
For single-mode fibers, the ITU-T divides frequency bands of wavelength being
more than 1260 nm into six bands: O, E, S, C, L, and U. Each band serves as an
independent channel to transmit optical signals of a preset wavelength. The C and L
bands have the lowest transmission attenuation / loss, so they are usually selected
for optical signal transmission in the DWDM system.
Compared with the traditional C band which transmits 80 wavelengths, the C+ band
supports up to 96 wavelengths. This improves the bandwidth utilization by 20% for
each pair of fibers.
The next stage for the optical transmission evolution is to use the C++ and L bands.
The C++ band can transmit 120 wavelengths and the C+L bands can transmit even
192 wavelengths.
All the transmission lasers, amplifiers and switching elements in the ROADM need
to be upgraded to support extended bands.
Figure 2-22 Extended Band
Table 2-19 Channel Quantity of Extended Bands
Band Channel Spacing Channel Quantity
50 GHz 96
C+
75 GHz 64
50 GHz 120
C++
75 GHz 80
50 GHz 192
C+L
75 GHz 128
Version: J 75
Application
Figure 2-23 Application of the C+L Bands
Figure 2-24 Application of the C++ Band
2.8 Clock Features
The FONST 5000 U series support the physical-layer clock synchronization

mechanism, support the IEEE 1588v2 time synchronization protocol, and support
inputting / outputting the clock frequency and time signals via dedicated interfaces.
2.8.1 Overview
Introduction to the Clock Synchronization Network
A complete clock synchronization network consists of frequency / phase sources,

bearer network, and base stations. The POTN devices are located in the bearer
network.
76 Version: J
2 Functions
BITS devices are generally used to provide frequency / phase sources. Generally,
the access point is located at the backbone layer. For a large-scale network, the
access point can be located at the convergence layer. Generally, master and slave
frequency / phase source devices are configured on a clock synchronization
network. The frequency / phase sources are configured with different clock qualities
and priorities to implement backup of the clock sources.
The bearer network is generally divided into the backbone layer, convergence layer,
and access layer. The network layers vary according to network scale. Common
topologies of the bearer network are ring, tree, chain, and star. Ring topologies are
recommended because a synchronous network requires network protection. At the
edge of the network, chain topologies can be used.
In principle, a POTN network does not require clock synchronization. However, to

interconnect with an SDH or PTN network, it needs to obtain clock signals from
master and slave BITS devices and provide them for the SDH and PTN networks,
thereby achieving network-wide clock synchronization.
Figure 2-25 Clock Synchronization Network
Version: J 77
Clock Clock Transfer Mode

The subrack connects to a BITS or PTN device in the following ways to receive a
frequency or phase signal:
Frequency / phase source u (Recommended) The subrack connects to the BITS through the E1 or 1PPS
input +TOD interface of the EOSC card.
u The subrack connects to the PTN device through the Ethernet interface (such as
GE / 10GE).
Frequency / phase source In the POTN network, the frequency / phase synchronization is implemented through
transfer the E1 or 1PPS+TOD interfaces of the EOSC card.
The subrack connects to the client-side equipment in the following ways to output a
frequency or phase signal:
Frequency / phase source u (Recommended) The subrack connects to the BITS through the E1 or 1PPS
output +TOD interface of the EOSC card.
u The subrack is connected to other equipment through the Ethernet interface
(such as GE / 10GE).
Clock Synchronization
Clock synchronization includes frequency synchronization and phase

synchronization.
In general, a clock contains frequency and phase information. In other documents,

however, clock sometimes specifically refers to frequency and time specifically
refers to phase.
Frequency Synchronization
Frequency synchronization means that signals maintain a specific relationship in

frequency or phase. Significant instants of a clock signal occur at the same rate to
ensure that equipment in the entire communication network runs at the same rate.
In other words, signals maintain a constant phase offset.
The relationship between two clocks that synchronize their frequencies to each
other is as follows:
u The two clocks have the same clock frequency.
u The clock pulses of the two clocks may have different phases.
78 Version: J
2 Functions
Figure 2-26 Frequency Synchronization Example
Phase Synchronization
Phase synchronization means that signals have the same frequency and phase.
That is, there is no phase offset between signals.
The relationship between two clocks with phase synchronization is as follows:
u The two clocks have the same clock frequency.
u Clock pulses of the two clocks have the same phase.
Version: J 79
Figure 2-27 Phase Synchronization Example
Difference Between Frequency Synchronization and Phase Synchronization
Clock A and clock B
u If the time of clock A and clock B is different but the time difference maintains a
fixed value (for example, three minutes), they are in frequency synchronization.
u If the time of clock A and clock B is the same at every moment, they are in
phase synchronization.
80 Version: J
2 Functions
Figure 2-28 Frequency Synchronization and Phase Synchronization
2.8.2 Physical-Layer Clock
Definition
Physical-layer clock synchronization is a method of recovering clock frequencies

from physical signals.
Purpose
Physical-layer clock synchronization is used to implement frequency

synchronization among uplink and downlink devices to ensure that services are
transmitted correctly.
When the POTN network is used to transport clock synchronization signals, the
SDH and PTN networks can obtain the clock signals from the POTN network
without separate BITS sources to implement clock synchronization.
Availability
The following describes the equipment types that support the physical-layer clocks.
Version: J 81
Table 2-20 Cards Supporting the Physical-Layer Clock
Clock Synchronization Implementation Mode Card Type
By acquiring E1 clock signals EOSC, FOSC, TOSC

8TN1, 16TN1, 24TN1, 32TN1
4TN2, 8TN2, 10TN2, 12TN2, 20TN2
External frequency source input By acquiring clock signals over
10TP2, 20TP2
services
1TN3, 2TN3, 5TN3
1TN4, 2TN4
By using OSC channels EOSC, FOSC, TOSC
4LN2, 12LN2, 20LN2

Internal frequency source transfer
By using ESC channels 1LN4, 2LN4
1LNC4
The physical-layer clock includes synchronous Ethernet processing. The following

introduces the cards that support processing of synchronous Ethernet packets.
Table 2-21 Tributary Cards Supporting Synchronous Ethernet
Processing of Synchronous
Card Service Type Supported
Ethernet Packets
8TN1, 16TN1, 24TN1, 32TN1 GE Supported
4TN2, 8TN2, 10TN2, 12TN2, 20TN2 10GE LAN Supported
10TP2, 20TP2 10GE LAN Supported
1TN3, 2TN3, 5TN3 40GE Supported
1TN4, 2TN4 100GE Supported
The following introduces the cross-connect granularities of line cards working in the
physical-layer clock mode.
Table 2-22 Cross-Connect Granularities of Line Cards in Physical-Layer Clock Mode
Maximum Cross-Connect Cross-Connect Granularity Supported in

Card
Granularity of Line Cards Physical-Layer Clock Mode
4LN2, 12LN2, 20LN2 ODU2 ODU0, ODU1, ODUflex

1LN4, 2LN4
1LNC4 ODU0, ODU1, ODU2, ODU2e, ODU3,
ODU4
2LNC2 ODUflex
4LN4
82 Version: J
2 Functions
2.8.3 1588v2 Clock
Definition
IEEE 1588v2 is a standard defining the precision clock synchronization protocol for
measurement and control systems. This standard defines the Precision Time
Protocol (PTP), which enables accurate clock synchronization between distributed
and standalone devices in measurement and control systems. The standard permits
phase synchronization accuracy better than 1 nanosecond.
Clock devices provide synchronization including frequency synchronization and

phase synchronization. The IEEE 1588v2 protocol is mainly used to implement
phase synchronization. It can also be used to implement frequency synchronization.
Purpose
u To provide network-wide phase synchronization accuracy better than 1

nanosecond.
u To reduce costs on deployment of clock devices. When the IEEE 1588v2

protocol is used, only master/slave clocks need to be used to provide network-
wide phase synchronization. Operators do not need to use a global positioning
system (GPS) at each site.
u The IEEE 1588v2 protocol is highly reliable and supports different clock
sources such as GPS and Compass Navigation Satellite System (CNSS).
Availability
The following describes the equipment types that support the IEEE 1588v2 clock.
Table 2-23 Cards Supporting the IEEE 1588v2 Clock
By acquiring 1PPS+TOD time

EOSC, FOSC, TOSC
signals
16TN1
12TN2, 20TN2
External phase source access
By acquiring time signals over 20TP2
services 5TN3
2TN4
4TN4
Version: J 83
Table 2-23 Cards Supporting the IEEE 1588v2 Clock (Continued)
By using OSC channels EOSC, FOSC, TOSC

Internal phase transmission
By using ESC channels 2LN4
The following introduces the working modes of the IEEE 1588v2 port.
Table 2-24 Working Modes of the IEEE 1588v2 Port
Service Type Clock Mode PTP Packet Encapsulation

Card
Supported BC OC Format
PTP ETH encapsulation
16TN1 GE Supported Supported
supported
12TN2, 20TN2 PTP ETH encapsulation

10GE LAN Supported Supported
20TP2 supported

5TN3 40GE Supported Supported
supported

supported

supported
2.9 Remote Upgrade
Remote login is one of the original services provided by the Internet to help users to
operate a computer remotely. The remote login has been widely applied to the
transport networks such as SDH, MSTP, OTN, PTN and POTN, especially, in terms
of large-scaled project start-up, product upgrade, and network monitoring and
maintenance.
The product supports upgrade for hardware FPGA of each card and BMU software
over a remote computer, which facilitates the project start-up and maintenance, and
meets the future system upgrade requirements. The upgrade includes:
u You can upgrade the product using the software upgrade package during the
product's optimization or upgrade, thereby improving the upgrade efficiency
and facilitating the management of the software package versions.
84 Version: J
2 Functions
u The remote upgrade function continuously improves the bandwidth rate of the
OSC channels and shortens the transmission time of the software package.
u The U10E and U20E support the remote upgrade function of the fan units.
2.10 G.HAO Function
With hitless adjustment of ODUflex (G.HAO) function, the equipment can adjust
service bandwidths flexibly without service interruption.
G.HAO supports flexible timeslot adjustment based on ODUflex, requiring no

service reconstruction. With G.HAO, services are not interrupted during adjustment.
This makes O&M easier.
Figure 2-29 Hitless Adjustment of OTN Service Bandwidths
u Initial configuration: Allocate six ODU0 timeslots for 10GE services with a
bandwidth of 7.5 Gbit/s.
u During the operation, when you configure services with insufficient line
bandwidths, an ODU0 timeslot can be released, which decreases the
bandwidth to 6.25 Gbit/s.
u When the service bandwidth is insufficient but there are idle timeslots on the
line, an ODU0 timeslot can be added during service configurations, which
increases the bandwidth to 8.75 Gbit/s.
Version: J 85
2.11 IGMP Snooping

Introduction
In an MAN deployed with the multicast services (such as IPTV), the Internet Group
Management Protocol (IGMP) Snooping protocol is usually used on the Layer 2
network to enhance the management of multicast services and therefore avoids a
bandwidth waste caused by multicast video streams at the Layer 2 network.
The IGMP Snooping protocol works on Layer 2 switches and allows the Layer 2
switches to listen in on IGMP packets exchanged between a user host and a
multicast router that are connected to each other. Based on the obtained information,
the IGMP Snooping protocol creates and maintains a multicast table. The Layer 2
switches forwards multicast video streams to downstream nodes based on the
multicast table.
The POTN devices support the IGMP Snooping function. Figure 2-30 shows the
working principles.
86 Version: J
2 Functions
Figure 2-30 Network Diagram of IGMP Snooping Application
u The IGMP Snooping is enabled on NE1.
4 NE1 establishes and maintains local multicast tables by listening in on

IGMP packets that are exchanged between user hosts and the multicast
router.
4 The video streams are only distributed to the ports where the multicast
users exist based on the multicast table information, instead of being
broadcast to all the downstream nodes.
u The IGMP Snooping is not enabled on NE2.
The multicast video stream will be broadcast to all the downstream nodes as
the user locations cannot be determined.
Version: J 87
Benefits
Three benefits of the IGMP Snooping application on OTN devices include:
u Less network bandwidth is required.
u Packets are forwarded within the range of each VLAN. Hence, the information
security is enhanced.
u Network topology changes can be sensed, reducing the interruption duration of

multicast services and improving the reliability.
Specifications
Table 2-25.describes the specifications of the packet IGMP Snooping.
Table 2-25 IGMP Snooping Specifications
Parameter Description
IGMP V1
IGMP protocol versions supported by the
IGMP V2
device
IGMP V3 (without SSM)
Maximum number of multicast groups

1K
supported
Number of multicast members 32K

Maximum number of multicast members
500 per second
leaving a multicast group
Maximum number of multicast members

500 per second
joining a multicast group
88 Version: J
3 Equipment Applications
The FONST 5000 U series can be widely used in OTN, ROADM, packet and TDM
applications, as well as ultra-long-haul transmissions.
OTN Application
ROADM Application
Packet Application
TDM Application
Ultra-Long-Haul Transmission Application
Version: J 89
3.1 OTN Application
The application of OTN technology guarantees the flexibility of service E2E

grooming and enables different services to share bandwidth. The network
maintenance and fault isolation can be performed easily by virtue of abundant OTN
overheads and simple operation on the EMS.
3.1.1 OTN Cross-Connection
The OTN cross-connection aggregates services at any granularity into the ODUk
pipe, and different types of services from multiple sites can be mixed in one ODUk
pipe. This enables flexible service grooming and improves bandwidth utilization.
Figure 3-1 shows the application of the OTN cross-connection. The client-side
services at any rate are flexibly cross-connected and share bandwidth through the
OTN network and then reach the IP/MPLS backbone layer.
u Site A receives service 1, service 2, and service 3. The services are

encapsulated separately while they share bandwidth.
4 At site A, Service 1 and Service 2 are encapsulated into an ODU2 pipe but
do not fully occupy the ODU2 bandwidth. Service 3 is encapsulated into an
ODU4 pipe.
4 The ODU2 and ODU4 are converted into OTU optical wavelength signals,
which are then transmitted to site B.
u After the OTU signals reach site B, they are flexibly added or dropped, and then
encapsulated into the ODUk pipe for further transmission to their destinations.
4 At site B, Service 3 is dropped. Service 5 can use the ODU4 pipe which is
originally occupied by Service 3.
4 Service 4 is placed in the same ODU2 pipe as service 1 and service 2,

which uses the idle bandwidth.
4 The ODU2 and ODU4 pipes carry the reassembled services. The signals
are then converted into OTU optical wavelength signals, and are further
transmitted to site C.
90 Version: J
Figure 3-1 OTN Cross-Connect Applications
3.1.2 End-to-End Transmission of GE Services Based on

ODU0
The end-to-end (E2E) service cross-connections require cross-connections only on

the line sides of intermediate sites. Physical fiber connections are not required
between back-to-back equipment. Therefore, the E2E transmission of GE services
enables quick service provisioning and reduces fault potentials and maintenance
workloads.
Figure 3-2 shows the E2E transmission of GE services based on ODU0. In a line-
tributary-separate system, after GE signals are encapsulated into ODU0, users only
need to configure cross-connections on the EMS, instead of connecting the fibers
on site.
u Site A maps the received two client services into two ODU0 signals and
multiplexes the two ODU0 signals into one ODU2 signal, which is carried over
one wavelength to site B.
Version: J 91
u After the wavelength reaches site B, the signals are cross-connected at the
ODU0 level between different line cards, such as 12LN2 and 1LN4, and are
encapsulated with other ODUk signals from site B for further cross-connections.
Then they are transmitted separately to site C and site D.
Figure 3-2 End-to-End Transmission of GE Services Based on ODU0
3.1.3 End-to-End Service Management Based on OTN

Overheads
The end-to-end service monitoring and management can be implemented by virtue

of abundant ITU-T G.709-compliant OTN overheads and simple operations on the
EMS.
By virtue of OTN overheads, the OTN network can transparently transmit client
services and provide the forward error correction (FEC) function. During network
operations, with the help of the EMS, you can easily monitor and manage services
in an end-to-end manner and quickly isolate the fault. Figure 3-3 shows the end-to-
end service management based on OTN overheads.
92 Version: J
Figure 3-3 End-to-End Service Management Based on OTN Overheads
3.1.4 Channel Supervision Crossing Different Operators'

Networks
When different operators' networks are interconnected, the tandem connection

monitoring (TCM) in the OTN overheads can be used to monitor the quality of the
channels that cross different operators' networks. Once a failure occurs, the TCM
overheads can facilitate the fault location.
Figure 3-4 shows how to use TCM overheads to monitor the quality of the channels
that cross different operators' networks. As defined in ITU-T G.709, six levels of
TCM overheads can be supported at most. In this example, three levels of TCM
overheads are used to supervise different networks.
u The client uses TCM1 to monitor the QoS of the optical-layer UNI-UNI.
u The operator uses the TCM2 to monitor the QoS of the operator's network.
u Operator A and operator B use the TCM3 to supervise the intra-domain and
inter-domain network connections.
Version: J 93
Once a failure occurs, you can locate the fault through the TCM1, TCM2, and TCM3
status.
Figure 3-4 Channel Supervision Crossing Different Operators' Networks
3.1.5 Flexible Bandwidth Application Based on ODUflex
The FONST 5000 U series support the optical data unit flexible (ODUflex)
technology. This technology enables the equipment to adapt to various services,
such as video, storage, and data services, as well as future IP services.
ODUflex can be used to transmit constant bit rate (CBR) services on an optical
transport network (OTN). The CBR services are mapped to an ODUflex (CBR)
container in bit synchronization mode. Functions such as end-to-end performance
monitoring and protection switching are feasible on the ODUflex (CBR) container.
The overheads and monitoring management modes of ODUflex services and
traditional ODUk are the same.
The following describes the differences on how the ODUflex and traditional ODU2
are used to transport signals, taking the FC400 service for example.
u ODUflex: The rate of the FC400 service is 4.25 Gbit/s; each TS timeslot
provides 1.25 Gbit/s bandwidth; the FC400 service occupies four TS timeslots
and is mapped to an ODUflex container. Two FC400 services share the same
OTU2 wavelength for transmission.
94 Version: J
Figure 3-5 Service Transport Scenario (ODUflex)
u ODU2: The rate of the FC400 service is 4.25 Gbit/s; the FC400 service is
mapped to an ODU2 container. Two FC400 services are mapped to different
ODU2 containers. Therefore they occupy different OTU2 wavelengths for
transmission.
Figure 3-6 Service Transport Scenario (ODU2)
3.1.6 Gray Light Network Application
As the bandwidth demands of new services increase explosively, the traditional

WDM network fails to meet the requirements regarding access capacities and
bandwidth utilization for new services.
The gray light network can re-construct the traditional WDM network quickly and
efficiently, which achieves the electrical-layer cross-connect grooming in large
granularity with great capacity. It also supports interconnections between devices
from different vendors, which can effectively shield the complicated physical-layer
environment, achieving the networking at the OTN layer.
Version: J 95
Gray Light Scenario
Figure 3-7 Gray Light Scenario
u Network features
4 The core layer works in a point-to-point mode of the colored light in the
traditional WDM system.
4 The convergence layer works in a convergence ring mode of the gray light.
4 The access layer comprises the traditional SDH / MSTP devices.
u Network evolution
Since the SDH / MSTP devices are gradually no longer in use, the original
WDM + SDH / MSTP solution is evolved into the WDM + OTN + SDH / MSTP
solution.
u Service accessing
The gray light network provides hybrid access to multiple services such as VC,
packet and ODUk.
96 Version: J
Signal Flow of Gray Light Services
Figure 3-8 Signal Flow of Gray Light Services
u Site A
1) The FiberHome POTN device receives the white light service signal, and
outputs the gray light signal from the line side.
2) The gray light signal enters the third-party WDM device as the client-side
signal and is multiplexed with other white light service signals.
3) After being multiplexed, the signal is transmitted to Site B as a line-side

colored signal of the traditional WDM system.
u Site B
1) The colored signal from Site A enters the third-party WDM device and then
is demultiplexed into gray optical signals.
2) Some of the gray light signals of services are locally dropped through
FiberHome's POTN devices. Other gray light signals are transparently
transmitted in FiberHome's POTN devices.
3) The pass-through gray light signals and the gray light signals added by the
FiberHome's POTN devices enter the third-party WDM device, are
multiplexed into colored signals and then sent to site C.
Version: J 97
u Site C
1) The colored signal from Site B enters the third-party WDM device and then
is demultiplexed to two types of signals.
2) One is the white light service signal, and the other is the gray light signal.
3) FiberHome's POTN device receives the gray light signal and converts it
into the white light service signal, which is then output from the device.
3.2 ROADM Application
The equipment supports the reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexer (ROADM)

technology. The ROADM grooms the wavelengths by blocking or cross-connecting
the wavelengths. This feature changes the static allocation of the wavelength
resource to flexible and dynamic allocation. The ROADM technology and EMS
enable the remote and dynamic service status adjustment (add, drop, or pass-
through), and support the flexible optical-layer grooming in one to twenty
dimensions.
The equipment supports flexible-grid ROADM features in addition to traditional

fixed-grid ROADM features.
3.2.1 Basic Concepts
This section describes the concepts related to the direction group, local group,
wavelength, direction, contention and grid.
98 Version: J
Table 3-1 Basic Concepts Related to the ROADM
Concept Diagram Description
An ROADM unit which is used to transmit

Direction group
optical-layer signals to other stations.
An ROADM unit which is used to add / drop

Local group optical-layer signals to / from the local
station.
Version: J 99
Table 3-1 Basic Concepts Related to the ROADM (Continued)
Multiplexing / An ROADM unit which is used to connect

demultiplexing group the local group and the service card.
The direction group uses the WSS series

cards which are capable of wavelength
grooming to transmit wavelengths.
The local group uses the WSS series cards
which are capable of wavelength grooming.
The multiplexing/demultiplexing group uses
the WSS series cards which are capable of
Colorless +
wavelength grooming.
Contentioned
When optical signals of the same
wavelength need to be sent to different
directions (direction 1 and direction 2) but
the local WSS card cannot output the
optical signals of the same wavelength, the
contention is generated. This fails to meet
users' grooming requirements.
100 Version: J
Table 3-1 Basic Concepts Related to the ROADM (Continued)
In the contentionless scenario, unlike the

contentioned scenario, two WSS local
groups are configured, so that optical
Colorless + signals with the same wavelength can be
Contentionless output.
To output more optical signal groups with
the same wavelength, the system should
be configured with more WSS local groups.
3.2.2 Application Scenario
This section introduces common scenarios of ROADM applications.
3.2.2.1 Colored & Directionless
Functions
The functions provided by the colored & directionless ROADM technology include:
u Services can be flexibly groomed in each direction via the optical cross-
connection configuration on the EMS.
u On an ASON network, the rerouting function automatically finds a path and

automatically creates an optical cross-connection to ensure proper service
transmissions. In the colored scenario, only the same wavelength can be used
for service rerouting.
Application
The features of the colored & directionless ROADM application are as follows:
u A local group and a direction group are both required for each ROADM node.
Version: J 101
u The local group uses the OMU, VMU and ODU cards which do not provide
wavelength grooming function for wavelength adding or dropping. If a 80-
wavelength or 96-wavelength system needs to be configured, you can add an
ITL50 card.
u The direction group uses the WSS series cards which are capable of
wavelength grooming to transmit wavelengths.
Figure 3-9 shows the 20-dimensional colored & directionless ROADM application.
The direction group uses the WSS20T interconnection solution, and the local group
uses the VMU + ODU + ITL50 solution.
Note 1: To simplify the diagram, the fiber connections between the WSSs in each direction group of the ROADM station
are not illustrated. The diagram only shows the fiber connections between the direction group and local group.
Figure 3-9 20-Dimensional ROADM Application (Colored & Directionless)
3.2.2.2 Colorless & Directionless
Functions
The functions provided by the colorless & directionless ROADM include:
u Services can be flexibly groomed in each direction via the optical cross-
connection configuration on the EMS.
102 Version: J

automatically creates an optical cross-connection to ensure the normal service
transmission. If a wavelength-tunable OTU or line card is configured in the
colorless scenario, service wavelengths can be flexibly converted via the EMS
during rerouting to avoid a wavelength blocking. In this manner, engineers do
not need to install the jumpers on site frequently.
Application
The features of the colorless & directionless ROADM application are as follows:
u The local group uses the WSS cards which are capable of wavelength
grooming to add and drop wavelengths.
4 If more services need to be added or dropped, you can add more ODU4 +
OMU4s as required.
4 In the coherent scenario, the local group supports the WSS + ODU
solution to reduce the cost.
u The direction group uses the grooming-capable WSS cards to perform

wavelength grooming.
u If the flexible grid function is required, the supported cards such as WSS8T,
WSS20T, FWSS20M + FWSS20D and FWSS8M + FWSS8D need to be
configured in the local group and direction group.
The figures below show the different application scenarios of the colorless &
directionless technology. You can plan the networks by referring to different
solutions according to users' requirements.
Figure 3-10 shows the basic scenario of the 20-dimensional colorless &
directionless ROADM application. On a 20-dimensional ROADM network, signals of
8 wavelengths (WSS8M + WSS8D) to 20 wavelengths (WSS20T) can be added or
dropped in 20 directions.
Version: J 103
Figure 3-10 20-Dimensional ROADM Application (Colorless & Directionless)
Figure 3-11 shows the scenario of the 20-dimensional colorless & directionless
ROADM application where more wavelengths are added or dropped. In this
scenario, signals of 32 wavelengths (WSS8M + WSS8D) to 80 wavelengths
(WSS20T) are added or dropped by configuring the ODU4 + OMU4 combination in
the local group. However, the insertion loss of the signal in this scenario is relatively
high.
104 Version: J
Figure 3-11 20-Dimensional ROADM Application (Colorless & Directionless, Adding Add/Drop
Wavelengths)
Figure 3-12 shows the scenario of the 20-dimensional colorless & directionless
ROADM application (coherent transmission system). In this scenario, the local
group uses the WSS8M + ODU8 solution to substitute for the WSS8M+WSS8D
solution to reduce the cost, but the OTU dropping card should be a coherent card.
Version: J 105
Figure 3-12 20-Dimensional ROADM Application (Colorless & Directionless, Coherent

System)
Figure 3-13 shows the scenario of the 20-dimensional colorless & directionless &
flexible grid ROADM application. In this scenario, both the local group and direction
group use the WSS cards supporting the flexible grid function, and the grid and
bandwidth resources can be dynamically allocated based on the service
requirements.
106 Version: J
Figure 3-13 20-Dimensional ROADM Application (Colorless & Directionless & Flexible Grid)
3.2.2.3 Colorless & Directionless & Contentionless
Functions
The functions provided by the colorless & directionless & contentionless ROADM
include:
u Services can be flexibly groomed in any direction via the EMS configuration.
The Contentionless can achieve the pass-through of the service of the same
wavelength, without blocking the wavelengths.

automatically creates an optical cross-connection to ensure the normal service
transmission. If a wavelength-tunable OTU or line card is configured in the
colorless scenario, service wavelengths can be flexibly converted via the EMS
during rerouting to avoid a wavelength blocking. In this manner, engineers do
not need to install the jumpers on site frequently.
Version: J 107
Application
The features of the colorless & directionless & contentionless ROADM application
are as follows:
u The cards with the CDC function (such as MCS8_16) must be installed both in
the local group and direction group.
u Due to its great insertion loss, the MCS8_16 card needs to be used together
with the EA8 card to compensate for the insertion loss of MCS devices. In this
manner, the amplified optical signals have enough optical power to support
long-haul transmission.
u Each MCS8_16 card supports up to eight optical signals. If more adding /

dropping wavelengths are required, you can use multiple sets of MCS8_16 + 2
× EA8 connected in parallel in one direction.
Figure 3-14 and Figure 3-15 show the applications of the 8-dimensional colorless &
directionless & contentionless ROADM technology. You can plan networks by
referring to different solutions according to the quantity of adding / dropping
wavelengths.
Figure 3-14 8-Dimensional ROADM Application (Colorless & Directionless & Contentionless)
108 Version: J
Figure 3-15 8-Dimensional ROADM Application (Colorless & Directionless & Contentionless,
Adding Add/Drop Wavelengths)
3.2.3 OTN + ROADM
The ROADM architecture based on the all-optical network has some disadvantages
during the related technology development.
1. The ROADM technology can only process the service on a per wavelength
basis. It cannot switch or aggregate the sub-wavelength services (such as the
GE and 2.5G services in the 10G-wavelength system). This may affect the
flexibility and bandwidth utilization of the network.
2. Due to some physical transmission factors, the all-optical transmission distance

is limited. Thus, the service traffic or direction cannot be changed randomly in
the backbone network application. The all-optical network needs to be planned
accurately and is complicated.
Version: J 109
Given these shortcomings, the industry experts advise adding the electrical cross-
connect grooming function. Therefore, the equipment with the OTN + ROADM
technology is introduced. By using the OTN + ROADM technology, the client-side
service can be cross-connected and groomed to any direction, which improves the
bandwidth utilization.
As shown in Figure 3-16, the OTN + ROADM technology can help efficiently
transmit client-side services.
u A tributary card receives client-side services at any bit rate. After OTN
encapsulation and ODUk cross-connection are complete, the client-side
signals are flexibly cross-connected at the electrical layer and share bandwidth.
A line card then outputs the signals over different wavelengths.
u Along the optical cross-connections on the ROADM card, the signals over
different wavelengths can be transmitted in any optical direction.
u If the signals in an optical direction do not need to be locally added or dropped,

they can be directly transmitted to another optical direction through the optical
cross-connections on the ROADM card.
Figure 3-16 Application of OTN + ROADM
110 Version: J
3.2.4 ROADM Application with the Fiber Cut Detection
The ROADM NE containing the traditional WSS card cannot detect a fiber cut inside
the cabinet. Via using the WSS8MR + WSS8DT or the WSS8MR + ODU8T
combination, users can detect the WSS fiber cut inside the rack.
The ODU8T / WSS8DT card has a built-in 1310 nm optical Tx module, and the
WSS8MR card has a built-in 1310 nm optical Rx module. Via monitoring the optical
receiving status of the 1310 nm module built in the WSS8MR card, users can
perform the fiber cut detection inside the rack.
Figure 3-17 Principle of Detecting a WSS Fiber Cut
3.3 Packet Application
The equipment supports various Ethernet services and provides multiple solutions
to carry them.
3.3.1 Ethernet Services
This section introduces Ethernet service models at Layer 2 defined in the MEF and
Ethernet service models used in POTN devices.
3.3.1.1 E-Line / E-LAN
MEF defines two types of Layer 2 Ethernet services: E-Line service using point-to-
point Ethernet virtual connection (EVC) and E-LAN service using multipoint-to-
multipoint EVC.
Table 3-2 lists the E-Line and E-LAN services supported by the equipment.
Version: J 111
Table 3-2 E-Line / E-LAN Service
Service Category Supported Type
ETH PWE3 services E-Line services carried by PWs
Point-to-point transparently transmitted

E-Line services E-Line services
Native ETH services
VLAN-based E-Line services
E-Line services carried by QinQ links
ETH PWE3 services E-LAN services carried by PWs
E-LAN services E-LAN services carried by ports

Native ETH services
E-LAN services carried by QinQ links
E-Line Service
Any Ethernet service that is based on a point-to-point EVC shall be designated as

an Ethernet Line (E-Line) service, as shown in Figure 3-18.
Figure 3-18 The E-Line Service
Table 3-3 lists different E-Line services and related bearer technologies.
112 Version: J
Table 3-3 E-Line Services
Bearer
E-Line Service Technolo- Diagram
gy
E-Line services
MPLS
carried by PWs
Point-to-point
Port bearer
transparently
(physical
transmitted E-
isolation)
Line services
VLAN-based E-
VLAN
Line services
E-Line services
carried by QinQ VLAN
links
Version: J 113
E-LAN Service
Any Ethernet service that is based on a multipoint-to-multipoint EVC shall be

designated as an Ethernet-LAN (E-LAN) service, as shown in Figure 3-19.
Figure 3-19 The E-LAN Service
The E-LAN services that the equipment supports are:
u E-LAN services carried by PWs
u E-LAN services carried by QinQ links
u E-LAN services carried by ports
Table 3-4 lists different E-LAN services and related bearer technologies.
114 Version: J
Table 3-4 E-LAN Services
Bearer
E-LAN Service Diagram
Technology
E-LAN services
MPLS
carried by PWs
E-LAN services
carried by QinQ VLAN
links
Version: J 115
Table 3-4 E-LAN Services (Continued)
Bearer
E-LAN Service Diagram
Technology
Port bearer
E-LAN services
(physical
carried by ports
isolation)
3.3.1.2 POTN Ethernet Service Model
The Ethernet service models of the POTN devices mainly include virtual private wire
service (VPWS), label switching router (LSR), and multi-segment pseudo wire
(MSPW). These models are different from each other concerning ODUk, Tunnel and
PW layer planning.
VPWS Service
The entire Tunnel and PW are created for VPWS services. No label switching is
required at intermediate nodes. The services do not share an ODUk or Tunnel.
116 Version: J
Figure 3-20 The VPWS Service
LSR
The segmented Tunnel and the entire segment PW are created for LSR services.
The label switching of Tunnels is performed at intermediate nodes. The services
share the ODUk but do not share the Tunnel.
Figure 3-21 The LSR Service
MSPW
The segmented Tunnel and PW are created for MSPW services. The label switching
of Tunnels and PWs is performed at intermediate nodes. The services share the
ODUk and Tunnel.
Version: J 117
Figure 3-22 The MSPW Service
3.3.2 Service Bearer Solutions and Technologies
The equipment provide multiple solutions and technologies for bearing Ethernet
services.
Service Bearer Solution
In addition to transparently transmitting traditional Ethernet services, the equipment

supports Layer 2 switching of Ethernet data packets, provides protection for
Ethernet services, and performs QoS and OAM functions for Ethernet services. It
provides a series of flexible data service transmission solutions.
Table 3-5 describes the Ethernet service bearer solutions.
118 Version: J
Table 3-5 Ethernet Services Bearer Solution
Ethernet Services Bearer Supported Ethernet

Main Feature Supported Card
Solution Service
u Supports end-to-end MPLS-TP
packet transmissions.
u Supports end-to-end flexible
LSPs (soft tunnels), providing a
12TN2, 20TN2, 5TN3,
bandwidth at any rate. E-Line / E-LAN,
Packet transmission 20TP2, 2TN4, 2LN4,
u Uses the centralized packet VPWS / VPLS
12LU2, 1LU4, 2LU4
service grooming scheme to
achieve directionless grooming
between cards and ports,
without direction quantity limit.
Service Bearer Technologies
The equipment supports various service bearer technologies such as port bearer
(physical isolation), VLAN bearer, and multi-protocol label switching (MPLS) bearer.
The VLAN bearer technology includes the QinQ technology. This section describes
the MPLS and QinQ technologies, which are more complex.
u MPLS
MPLS is a type of transmission technology and is used to transparently

transmit data packets between users. The MPLS technology includes pseudo
wire edge to edge emulation (PWE3) and MPLS tunnel.
4 PWE3
PWE3 is a type of L2VPN protocols. In a packet switched network (PSN),

PWE3 provides tunnels and emulates various services, for example,
Ethernet services. PWE3 carries services that are received over different
mediums on one MPLS network, eliminating the need for constructing
multiple networks and therefore reducing the OPEX.
PWE3 creates point-to-point tunnels, which are separated from each other.
The Layer 2 packets from users are transparently transmitted in PWs. PWs
must be carried on the MPLS Tunnel, as shown in Figure 3-23.
Version: J 119
Figure 3-23 PW3
4 MPLS tunnel
The MPLS tunnel is defined by the MPLS protocol. Independent from

services, the MPLS tunnel implements the end-to-end transmission and
carries PWs that bear services. The MPLS tunnel is used to transmit
services, as shown in Figure 3-24.
Figure 3-24 MPLS Tunnel
u QinQ
120 Version: J
For QinQ bearer technology, multiple VLANs of the user network are
encapsulated in QinQ mode into one VLAN in the transport network. In this way,
the VLAN resources in the transport network are saved.
The QinQ technology is a VLAN stacking and nesting technology. Using the
QinQ technology, data packets carry two layers of VLAN tags for the
identification purpose. This removes the limit of the original solution in which
only one layer of VLAN tag is used, extending the VLAN IDs. Figure 3-25
shows the application of the QinQ technology.
Figure 3-25 The QinQ Technology
3.3.3 Saving Tunnel Resources at Aggregation Nodes Using

MS-PWs
A PW that is segmented and carried in multiple (two or more) tunnels is called a

multi-segment PW (MS-PW).
By establishing static PW segments, an MS-PW performs the end-to-end virtual

connection.
Basic Concepts
u Single-segment PW (SS-PW)
Compared to the MS-PW, the SS-PW is an independent end-to-end pseudo

wire.
Version: J 121
Figure 3-26 SS-PW
The SS-PW is applied to the scenario where PEs on both ends of the PW are in
the same routing domain and the signaling mechanism of the two PEs are the
same.
u MS-PW
As shown in Figure 3-27, SS-PW1 and SS-PW2 are connected via a provider
edge device (PE1), forming an MS-PW. SS-PW3 and SS-PW4 are connected
via another provider edge device (PE2), forming another MS-PW.
Figure 3-27 MS-PW
Saving Tunnel Resources at Aggregation Nodes Using MS-PWs
As shown in Figure 3-28, if you use the SS-PW to connect PEs, each PE requires at
least three SS-PWs (i.e. three Tunnels).
122 Version: J
Figure 3-28 Connection Establishment Using SS-PWs
As shown in Figure 3-29, if you use the switching node PE to establish MS-PWs,
multiple PWs can share a Tunnel, thereby reducing the number of tunnels and
saving the tunnel resources at the aggregation point.
Figure 3-29 Connection Establishment Using MS-PWs
Version: J 123
MS-PW Protection Principles
As shown in Figure 3-30, when the MS-PW which is comprised of SS-PW1 and SS-
PW2 is faulty, services will be switched over to the MS-PW which is comprised of
SS-PW3 and SS-PW4. In this manner, the MS-PW protection is achieved.
Figure 3-30 MS-PW Protection
In summary, the MS-PW is superior to the SS-PW. Since it can release the
resources of the PE, the MS-PW is an optimal solution for applications with multiple
SS-PWs. Meanwhile, the MS-PW can provide a better protection mechanism for
important or sensitive services according to the type of services carried by the MS-
PW.
Implementation Principle of the MS-PW
As shown in Figure 3-31, the bearing relationship of each service layer is as follows:
OCH→ODUk→Tunnel→PW.
Figure 3-31 Bearing Relations Between Different Service Layers
As shown in Figure 3-32, E-Line services are created based on MS-PWs between
NE1 and NE3. Two tunnels are used to carry PWs segment by segment, and the
two PWs constitute an MS-PW.
124 Version: J
Figure 3-32 MS-PW Applications on the FONST 5000 U Series
The local PE devices (NE1 and NE3) in MS-PW application forward packets in the
same way as PEs in the SS-PW application. In MS-PW application, however, NE2
not only needs to swap tunnel labels but also needs to swap PW labels when the
packets are forwarded on NE2.
NE2 forwards packets as follows:
u Strips the tunnel label of Tunnel1 and adds a tunnel label for Tunnel2.
u Swaps the PW labels for PW1 and PW2, and establishes a connection
between PW1 and PW2.
u Provides the end-to-end connection between NE1 and NE3 for Ethernet private
line services.
3.3.4 Service Quality Based on QoS
QoS is a mechanism that provides better service capabilities in a specified

communication network by using various techniques. As a type of security
mechanism, it can solve the problems such as network delay and blocking.
Version: J 125
Figure 3-33　shows the processing sequence of the QoS technology on the

equipment. Traffic classification (which is the prerequisite for providing DiffServ for
different services) is applied on the equipment first, and then other QoS
technologies such as traffic policing, congestion avoidance, congestion
management and traffic shaping are applied based on packet types, providing
committed QoS for various services that have different network requirements.
Figure 3-33 Processing Sequence of the QoS Technology on the Equipment
u The differentiated services (DiffServ) model is widely used for end-to-end

quality control to guarantee the quality of end-to-end services on networks.
u Traffic classification indicates classifying packets according to the matching

rules defined based on some specific information contained in the packets, and
implementing different QoS policies for the packets matching different rules.
The traffic classification is the basis of QoS application.
u Traffic policing indicates controlling the incoming traffic to ensure that the
network resources are properly allocated. In the traffic policing mechanism, the
committed access rate (CAR) is used to control traffic.
u Congestion avoidance is a traffic control mechanism which automatically

discards packets based on packet discarding policies when network congestion
occurs.
u Congestion management indicates making policies to decide the processing

sequence and discarding rules for packet forwarding when network congestion
occurs. The queue scheduling technology is generally used for congestion
management. Packets sent from one interface are placed into multiple queues
with different priorities. The packets are then sent based on the priorities. Each
queue scheduling algorithm resolves specific issues and has specific impact on
network performance.
u Traffic shaping ensures that network traffic is transmitted evenly, preventing

high traffic bursts and packet loss.
126 Version: J
3.4 TDM Application
This section introduces the networking and service grooming of the VC function.
3.4.1 SDH Network Application
The FONST 5000 U series support networking of STM-64 / STM-16 / STM-4 / STM-
1 services, and hybrid networking of the traditional SDH / MSTP devices and
FONST 1000 U series to cater for requirements of different network applications
such as base stations and private lines.
Besides, the FONST 5000 U series boast features such as large capacity and
flexible network modes. They can be configured in chain, ring, and ring with chain
networks. With VC layer + ODUk layer protections, a stable network operation
environment is guaranteed.
Figure 3-34 SDH Network Application
Version: J 127
3.4.2 Application of VC Service Grooming
The FONST 5000 U series support flexible VC and ODUk combined grooming
applications to implement various network applications such as base station
backhauling services, convergence of private line services of key accounts and
point-to-point transport transmissions. For example, the access layer is
interconnected with the traditional SDH / MSTP devices using the VC grooming; the
convergence layer and backbone layer encapsulate the VC services into the ODUk
for transparent transmissions.
Figure 3-35 Application of VC Service Grooming
128 Version: J
3.5 Ultra-Long-Haul Transmission Application
This section introduces the application scenarios of the EDFA, RAU and ROA.
3.5.1 EDFA
The DWDM system uses the advanced Erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA)
technology to achieve the long haul transmission without electrical regeneration. An
EDFA adopts gain locking technology and transient control technology to ensure the
gain of each channel independent of the channel counts. Adding or reducing
channels does not cause burst bit errors in the existing channels.
The EDFA amplification cards mainly amplify the line signal’s optical power, so as to
compensate for the attenuation caused by devices or the line, prolong the optical
signal’s transmission distance or improve the receiver’s sensitivity.
The main differences between the OA card and PA card are the type of the EDFA
module used and the application scenario, as shown in Table 3-6. The cards with
different gains or saturated outputs can be provided according to the project
requirements.
Table 3-6 Application Scenario of OA / PA Cards
Card Application Scenario Saturated Output (dB) Typical Gain (dB)
Generally used at the Tx end of 21 18, 23, 25, 27

OA
a line. 24 18, 23, 25, 27
Generally used at the Rx end of
PA 14 14, 25
a line.
You can adjust the input optical power of the EDFA module using the built-in EVOA
module of the OA or PA card, so that the EDFA module works in the gain locked
area and the output optical power matches the expected value pre-configured on
the EMS. Figure 3-36 shows the application of the EDFA amplification cards in the
system.
Version: J 129
Figure 3-36 Application of the EDFA Cards in the System
3.5.2 RAU
The RAU card generates the pump light with multiple wavelengths and high power,
so as to amplify the in-service optical signals for long-haul transmission with wide
bandwidth and low noise in a distributed manner.
The RAU card is mainly used in long-haul transmission systems. Compared with the
common OA cards, the RAU card has a smaller noise figure to allow for a longer
transmission distance, which substantially reduces the number of electrical
regenerators.
The Raman cards are classified into two types: RAU_F (forward Raman card) and
RAU_B (backward Raman card).
The two cards are mainly used to improve the optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR)
of the transmission line and increase the Q-value margin of the system. Generally,
the RAU_B card is needed only; however, if the RAU_B card fails to meet the
requirement for attenuation compensation due to excessive attenuation of the line,
the RAU_F card can be used as a supplement.
Used together with the EDFA, the RAU card improves the OSNR performance. It
plays an important role especially in the coherent long-haul transmission systems.
Figure 3-37 shows the application of the RAU card.
130 Version: J
Figure 3-37 Application of the RAU Cards in the System
3.5.3 ROA
The ROA card generates pump light with multiple wavelengths and high power to
provide the energy for amplifying optical signals transmitted over fibers, and
amplifies in-service optical signals for long haul transmissions with wide bandwidth
and low noise in a distributed manner.
The ROA and RGU are major parts of the remote pump subsystem. This system
can be applied in outlying areas such as islands, seabed, snow-capped mountains
and forest areas where power-supply and monitoring requirements cannot be met,
functioning as an optical regenerator with a super-long span.
The ROA card is usually placed inside the terminal equipment and the RGU unit
(laid in the optical cable connection box) on the outdoor optical cable line. The
reverse pump light, produced by the ROA card, is sent to the RGU via the optical
cable line and provides pump energy for the gain medium inside the RGU, so as to
achieve the purpose of optical amplification.
The ROA card can be applied in the system using the same fiber or different fibers.
Figure 3-38 illustrates the same fiber mode. The reverse pump light generated by
the ROA card is transmitted over the same optical fiber as that for the signals
amplified by the RGU card, but in the reverse direction.
Figure 3-39 illustrates the different fiber mode. The reverse pump light generated by
the ROA card is sent to the RGU via an independent optical fiber.
Version: J 131
The RGU serves as the gain medium connected to the optical fiber link via the
optical cable connection box. Since the pump source is at the terminal station, and
the pump light reaches the gain medium through a section of optical fiber, the RGU
is also known as the remote gain unit. Generally, the RGU is placed on the line 80
km away from the ROA card.
Figure 3-38 Application of the ROA Cards in the System - Using the Same Fiber
Figure 3-39 Application of the ROA Cards in the System - Using Different Fibers
132 Version: J
4 Site Configuration and Application
This chapter introduces the functions, compositions and signal flow of the OTM,
FOADM, ROADM, OLA sites and regeneration stations.
OTM
FOADM
ROADM
OLA
Regeneration Station
Version: J 133
4.1 OTM
This section introduces the functions, composition, and signal flow of the OTM
equipment.
Functions
The OTM equipment is applicable to the terminal station and responsible for adding
and dropping of all 96 services in the C-band, including the Tx and the Rx directions
logically. In the Tx direction, the OTM amplifies the aggregated / converted signals
on the client side, multiplexes these signals with the signals over the supervisory
channel, and then sends the multiplexed signals to the line for transmission.
Simultaneously, the reverse process is performed in the Rx direction.
The OTM equipment is applicable to the end points requiring adding and dropping
of a large amount of traffic in point-to-point, chain, and ring-with-chain networks. The
FONST 5000 U series support 48-wavelength and 96-wavelength OTM
configurations.
48-Wavelength OTM System
Figure 4-1 shows the composition of the 48-wavelength OTM system.
Figure 4-1 Composition and Signal Flow of the 48-Wavelength OTM System
134 Version: J
96-Wavelength OTM System
The 96-wavelength OTM is basically the same as the 48-wavelength OTM in

composition, except that the 96-wavelength OTM needs the ITL50 card to
implement the conversion between 100 GHz signals and 50GHz signals.
Figure 4-2 shows the composition of the 96-wavelength OTM system.
Figure 4-2 Composition and Signal Flow of the 96-Wavelength OTM System
4.2 FOADM
This section introduces the functions, composition, and signal flow of the FOADM
equipment.
Version: J 135
Functions
The FOADM provides the fixed adding / dropping and multiplexing function for all
single-wavelength signals in the C-band. Generally, the FOADM is applied to the
intermediate station in a chain or a ring network.
Composition and Signal Flow
Figure 4-3 shows the composition and signal flow of the FOADM.
Figure 4-3 Composition and Signal Flow of the FOADM
4.3 ROADM
This section introduces the functions and application scenarios of the ROADM
equipment. For details, see ROADM Application.
4.4 OLA
This section introduces the functions, composition, and signal flow of the OLA
equipment.
Functions
The OLA is used at the optical amplification station without adding and dropping
services. The OLA amplifies the optical signals transmitted in two directions.
136 Version: J
Composition and Signal Flow
Figure 4-4 shows the composition and the signal flow of the OLA.
Figure 4-4 Composition and Signal Flow of the OLA
4.5 Regeneration Station
When signals need to travel over a relatively long distance, such factors as
dispersion, optical noise, non-linear effect, or PMD will affect the transmission
performance. In this case, the signals can be electrically regenerated by an REG
node at a certain point of the transmission line. The REG node implements the 3R
function (reshaping, re-timing, and regenerating) for electrical signals to improve the
signal quality and extend the transmission reach.
An REG node can be either a 96-wavelength or a 48-wavelength system.
u 96-wavelength system: When serving as a 96-wavelength system, an REG

node consists of optical multiplexer, demultiplexer, and ITL cards. The REG
node can be expanded to provision 96 wavelengths without interrupting
services.
u 48-wavelength system: When serving as a 48-wavelength system, an REG

node consists of optical multiplexer and demultiplexer cards. The REG node
can be expanded to provision 48 wavelengths without interrupting services.
This section describes the typical configurations of a 96-wavelength REG node.
Version: J 137
Signal Flow
The signal flow of an REG node is similar to that of a back-to-back OTM node,
except that no signal is added or dropped at the REG node. Signals are regenerated
through a line card.
In the Rx direction:
u The received line signal is separated into an optical supervisory signal and a
main path optical signal. Then the optical supervisory signal is sent to the OSC
unit for processing.
u The main path signal is sent to the optical demultiplexer units after being
amplified and is separated into individual wavelengths. The wavelengths are
sent to the line card where they are reshaped, re-timed, and regenerated after
being converted into electrical signals. Then the regenerated signals are
converted into wavelengths and are sent to the optical multiplexer units. The
optical multiplexer units multiplex the wavelengths into the main path optical
signal and sent it to the amplifier card for amplification. Finally, the amplified
main path optical signal is multiplexed with the processed optical supervisory
signal for line transmission.
The signal flow in the Tx direction is the reverse of this process.
Figure 4-5 and Figure 4-6 show the signal flows of the 98-wavelength REG nodes.
The regeneration function can be implemented by using the regeneration cards or
line cards.
u Regeneration card: Regeneration cards are used to directly regenerate signals.
u Line card: Two line cards are interconnected via electrical-layer cross-
connections to regenerate signals.
138 Version: J
Figure 4-5 Signal Flow of the Regeneration Station (Regeneration Cards)
Figure 4-6 Signal Flow of the Regeneration Station (Line Cards)
Version: J 139
5 Protection Implementation
This chapter describes the overview, protection parameters, function

implementation, and switching trigger conditions of various protection types of the
FONST 5000 U series.
Equipment-level protection
Network-Level Protection (OTN)
Network-Level Protection (Packet)
Network-Level Protection (TDM)
Network-Level 1+0 Protection
Network Management Information Protection
One-out-of-N Protection for Digital TV Services
140 Version: J
5.1 Equipment-level protection
The FONST 5000 U series provide the equipment-level protection, including the NE
management card 1+1 protection, cross-connect card M+N protection, power
supply card 1+1 protection, and input power 1+1 protection.
5.1.1 1+1 Protection for the Central Control Cards
Overview
Table 5-1 describes the 1+1 protection for the NE management cards of the
FONST 5000 U series subracks.
Table 5-1 1+1 Protection for the NE Management Cards of the FONST 5000 U Series
Suitable Slot for NE Mandatory Slot for NE Protection

Subrack
Management Card Management Card Implementation Mode
FONST 5000 U60 II subrack 65, 66 65

FONST 5000 U60 subrack 01, 02 01
FONST 5000 U30 subrack 41, 42 41 The NE management
FONST 5000 U20 subrack 27, 28 27 cards are configured in

two slots to achieve 1+1
protection. When the
FONST 5000 U20E subrack 27, 28 27
active card is faulty, the
FONST 5000 U10E subrack 13, 14 13 standby card takes over
FONST 5000 N32 subrack 33, 34 33 services of the active
COTP (3030163) subrack card.
COTP (3030036) subrack 00, 01 00
COTP (3030105) subrack
COTP (3030220) subrack 29, 30 29

Note 1: The NE management card is the core card of the equipment. It is recommended that the network
management cards should be configured in both slots.
Protection Parameters
Table 5-2 describes the parameters of the 1+1 protection for the NE management
cards.
Version: J 141
Table 5-2 Parameters of the 1+1 Protection for NE Management Cards
Switching type 1+1 protection for the NE management cards
Revertive mode Non-revertive

Switching time (ms) ≤ 50
The network management cards powered on are in the activated state. The active
card performs NE management. The clock management modules in the active and
standby NE management cards exchange status information over the inter-card
monitoring line to ascertain whether an active-standby switchover is required. If
required, the active-standby switchover will be implemented.
u Protection switchover process of the active and standby NE management

cards
When the active card is not present, fails, or receives the active-standby
switchover command from the EMS, the clock module of the standby card is
notified over the inter-card monitoring line. At this time, the standby card takes
over the services of the original active card.
After the fault of the original active card is cleared, the original active card will
work in the standby state and will not recover the working state until the current
active card is faulty or is manually switched over.
u Data synchronization between the active and standby NE management cards
The configuration data on the standby card must be synchronized with those on
the active card in real time to ensure that the standby card can work properly
after switchover. The active and standby cards support the following
synchronization modes:
4 The NE management card configuration: The standby card periodically

sends the configuration check information to the active card. The active
card compares the check information. If the check information is
inconsistent between the active and standby cards, the active card will
send the configuration information to the standby card for synchronization.
4 Service data configuration (including overhead, protection, NE merge, and

wavelength configuration) on the EMS: The active and standby cards
142 Version: J
periodically send the check information of service data configuration to

each other for synchronization.
The standby management card periodically sends the check information of

service data configuration to the active management card. After receiving
the check information, the active card compares the received information
with its own information. If they are not consistent, the active card will send
the service data configuration to the standby card.
Switching Trigger Condition
The following trigger conditions are supported:
u Automatic switching: When the standby card receives a message that the
active card is not present or fails, the switching will be implemented
automatically without manual operations.
u Manual switching: To test whether an NE management card can be switched

normally, you can manually unplug and plug the card or issue a switching
command over the EMS.
5.1.2 M+N Protection for the Cross-Connect Cards
Overview
M+N protection is applied to cross-connect cards of the FONST 5000 U series

subracks. M indicates the minimum number of cross-connect cards required for
normal operation, and N indicates the number of protection cross-connect cards. M
+N indicates the total number of cross-connect cards supported by the system. For
more details, see Table 5-3.
Version: J 143
Table 5-3 M+N Protection for the Cross-Connect Cards of the FONST 5000 U Series
Subrack Slot for Cross-Connect Card Protection Implementation Mode
67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, The slots for the cross-connect cards are
FONST 5000 U60 II subrack
77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82 in a parallel relationship rather than
FONST 5000 U60 subrack 05, 06, 07, 08, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88 active-standby relationship. The state of
the cross-connect cards can be
FONST 5000 U40 subrack 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64
controlled either by the EMS or by
FONST 5000 U30 subrack 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48
hardware. The activated cross-connect
FONST 5000 U20 subrack 29, 30, 31, 32 cards work in load balancing mode.
FONST 5000 U10 subrack 15, 16 The M value is determined by the traffic
FONST 5000 U20E subrack 29, 30, 31, 32 carried by the equipment.
u When the cross-connect capacity
FONST 5000 U10E subrack 15, 16, 17
per slot is smaller than or equal to
100G, the M values of the FONST
5000 U60 Ⅱ, U60, U40, U30, U20
and U10 subracks are 8, 4, 4, 3, 2,
and 1 respectively.
u When the cross-connect capacity
per slot is smaller than or equal to
FONST 5000 N32 subrack 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42 200G, the M values of the FONST
5000 U60 II, U60, U40, U30, U20,
and U10 subracks are 12, 7, 7, 5, 4,
and 2 respectively.
The M values of the FONST 5000 U20E
and U10E subracks are 3 and 2
respectively.
Table 5-4 describes the M+N protection parameters of the cross-connect cards of
the FONST 5000 U series.
Table 5-4 M+N Protection Parameters of the Cross-connect Cards of the FONST 5000 U
Series
Switching type M+N protection for the cross-connect cards
Revertive mode Non-revertive

144 Version: J
In the M+N protection for the cross-connect cards, the cross-connect cards are not
in the active-standby mode. The activated cross-connect cards take charge of the
service circuits between the tributary cards and line cards together. Each cross-
connect card exchanges the state information over the inter-card monitoring line as
follows:
u When a cross-connect card is absent or faulty, or it receives a Not Activated

command from the EMS, the rest cross-connect cards will take over the cross-
connect service from the original one.
u After the original card recovers, it should be switched to the activated state
manually to resume the working status. The rest cross-connect cards take
charge of the service circuits between the tributary cards and the line cards
together with this card.
The trigger conditions for the protection switchover of the cross-connect cards are
as follows:
u Automatic switching: When the standby card receives a message indicating

that the active card is absent or faulty, the switching is implemented
automatically without manual operations.
u Manual switching: To test whether a cross-connect card can be switched

normally, you can manually unplug and plug the card, press the switching
button, or issue a switching command over the EMS.
5.1.3 1+1 Protection for the Power Cards
Overview
This section describes the 1+1 protection for the power cards of the FONST 5000 U
series subracks.
u The FONST 5000 U60 II subrack can accommodate 20 power cards, as shown
in Figure 5-1. The power cards in slots 85 to 89 and 95 to 99 are active,
whereas those in slots 90 to 94 and100 to 104 are standby. The cards in slots
Version: J 145
90 to 94 protect those in slots 85 to 89 in sequence. The cards in slots 100 to

104 protect those in slots 95 to 99 in sequence.
Figure 5-1 Active/Standby Protection of the Power Cards in the FONST 5000 U60 Ⅱ Subrack
u The FONST 5000 U60 subrack can accommodate 16 power cards, as shown in
Figure 5-2. The power cards in the same color work in the active/standby
mode.
146 Version: J
Figure 5-2 Active/Standby Protection of the Power Cards in the FONST 5000 U60 Subrack
u The FONST 5000 U40 subrack can accommodate 16 power cards, as shown in
Figure 5-3. The power cards in the same color work in the active/standby mode,
and they power the area in the same color.
Version: J 147
u The FONST 5000 U30 subrack can accommodate eight power cards, as
shown in Figure 5-4. The power cards in the same color work in the active/
standby mode, and they power the area in the same color.
u The FONST 5000 U20 subrack can accommodate eight power cards, as
shown in Figure 5-5. The power cards in the same color work in the active/
standby mode, and they power the area in the same color.
148 Version: J
u The two power cards in the FONST 5000 U10 subrack work in the active/
standby mode, as shown in Figure 5-6.
u The FONST 5000 U20E subrack can accommodate eight power cards, as
shown in Figure 5-7. The power cards in the same color power the area in the
same color.
4 Power cards 35 / 36 (active) and power cards 39 / 40 (standby) power the

same area.
Version: J 149
4 Power cards 37 / 38 (active) and power cards 41 / 42 (standby) power the

same area.
Figure 5-7 Active/Standby Protection of the Power Cards in the FONST 5000 U20E Subrack
u The two power cards of the FONST 5000 U10E subrack work in the active/
standby mode, as shown in Figure 5-8.
Figure 5-8 Active/Standby Protection of the Power Cards in the FONST 5000 U10E Subrack
150 Version: J
u The FONST 5000 N32 subrack can accommodate 10 power cards, as shown in
Figure 5-9. The power cards in the same color work in the active/standby mode,
and power the area in the same color.
Figure 5-9 Active/Standby Protection of the Power Cards in the FONST 5000 N32 Subrack
u The two power cards of the COTP subrack (3030036 / 3030105 / 3030163)
work in the active/standby mode, as shown in Figure 5-10.
Version: J 151
Figure 5-10 Active/Standby Protection of the Power Cards in the COTP Subrack
u The COTP (3030220) subrack can accommodate four power cards, as shown
in Figure 5-11. The power cards in the same color form a group. The upper and
lower groups protect each other.
Figure 5-11 Active/Standby Protection of the Power Cards in the COTP (3030220) Subrack
The active and standby power cards work in the hot standby mode. No extra trigger
condition is required.
152 Version: J
5.1.4 1+1 Protection for the Input Power Supply
The subrack and the cabinet both support the active / standby power supply input,
and the normal power supply of the equipment will not be influenced if any power
supply fails. The PDPs used by the FONST 5000 U series include 3000064,
3000068 and 3000082 models.
For details about the PDP, refer to FONST 5000 U Series Packet Enhanced OTN
Equipment Hardware Description.
5.2 Network-Level Protection (OTN)
The FONST 5000 U series provide network-level protections, including the OTN
electrical-layer protection and OTN optical-layer protection.
OTN Electrical-Layer Protection
The FONST 5000 U series provide six types of electrical-layer OTN network-level
protections. The protection switching of each type is implemented among the
electrical-layer tributary interface unit, the central control unit, and the line interface
unit. Table 5-5 lists the detailed classification of the OTN electrical-layer protections.
To focus on the electrical-layer protection, all protection diagrams in this section

illustrate the unidirectional signal flow in the direction of the local station transmitting
and the opposite station receiving only, and the OMU, ODU, OA, and supervisory
signal flow direction corresponding to the optical channel are omitted. See
Figure 5-12 for more information about the omitted part.
Version: J 153
Figure 5-12 Composition and Signal Flow of the OTM
Table 5-5 Classification of the OTN Electrical-Layer Protection
Protection Type Meaning and Difference
The OCh 1+1 protection is based on the 1+1 protection for a single optical channel and
OCh 1+1 achieves dual-fed and selective-receiving function of the optical channel signals controlled
by the CCU card. The switching time is less than 50 ms.
The OCh m:n protection is based on the m:n protection for the optical channel, where m
indicates the number of protection channels and n indicates the number of working
channels.
OCh m:n This protection is implemented by the CCU card using the APS protocol and is a dual-ended
switchover. The transmit and receive ends perform protection switchover simultaneously.
The switchover of each channel is independent from that of another channel, and the
switching time is less than 50 ms.
The OCh Ring protection is a ring network protection based on the optical channel. This
OCh Ring protection mode is applicable to the distributed service network. In the ring, only two
wavelength channels are needed to protect the distributed services among nodes.
For ODUk 1+1 protection, the dual-fed and selective-receiving function is implemented via
the electrical-layer cross-connection within the switching time less than 50 ms.
This protection mode is basically the same as the OCh 1+1 protection in terms of protection
ODUk 1+1
principles. The difference is that the OCh 1+1 protection is based on the single optical
channel whereas the ODUk 1+1 protection is based on the ODUk timeslot of the optical
channel; that is, the granularity of ODUk 1+1 protection is smaller than that of the former.
154 Version: J
Table 5-5 Classification of the OTN Electrical-Layer Protection (Continued)
Protection Type Meaning and Difference
The ODUk m:n protection is achieved by using the electrical-layer cross-connection and
APS protocol. The protection switching time is less than 50 ms. In ODUk m:n, m indicates
the number of protection ODUks and n indicates the number of working ODUks.
ODUk m:n This protection mode is basically the same as the OCh m:n protection in terms of protection
principles. The difference is that the OCh m:n protection is based on a single optical channel
whereas the ODUk m:n protection is based on the ODUk timeslot of the optical channel; that
is, the granularity of the ODUk m:n protection is smaller than that of the former.
The ODUk Ring protection is the ring network protection based on the ODUk optical
channel. This protection is more applicable to networks with distributed services. When no
extra services exist in the protection channel, all nodes are available and the length of the
fiber is less than 1200 km, the protection switching can be implemented within 50 ms once a
ODUk Ring switching trigger event is detected.
This protection mode is basically the same as the OCh Ring protection in terms of protection
principles. The difference is that the OCh Ring protection is based on a single optical
channel whereas the ODUk Ring protection is based on the ODUk timeslot of the optical
channel; that is, the granularity of ODUk Ring protection is smaller than that of the former.
OTN Optical-Layer Protection
The OTN optical-layer protection includes the 1+1 wavelength / route protection
(OCP), 1+1 optical multiplex section protection (OMSP), and optical line 1:1 / 1+1
protection (OLP). It provides the protection at the optical layer using extra cards and
lines by adding optical protection cards with the splitting function, thereby avoiding
service interruption caused by optical fiber line deterioration or interruption.
Version: J 155
Protection Type Protection Path

The OCP card resides between the client-side equipment and the tributary card.
In the service Tx direction, the OCP card dual feeds the client signal to different
service cards for processing. Two processed signals are respectively sent to the local
1+1 route protection (OCP) active and standby line OMUs and are then sent to the remote end over different
optical lines after being multiplexed and amplified.
The 1+1 route protection is used to achieve dual feeding and selective receiving of
the client-side signals.
The OCP card resides between the OTU card and the ODU / OMU card.
In the service Tx direction, the OCP card dual-feeds the signals, which have gone
through wavelength conversion via the OTU cards, to the OMUs of the working and
1+1 wavelength protection
protection lines. After being multiplexed and amplified, the signals are transmitted to
(OCP)
the remote end via different optical lines.
The 1+1 wavelength protection is used to achieve dual feeding and selective
receiving of the wavelength signals.
This mechanism protects the optical multiplex section by using the dual fed and
selective receiving function.
1+1 optical multiplex section
The OMS 1+1 protection and OCh 1+1 protection protect different objects. The OCh
protection
1+1 protects a specific wavelength signal in the DWDM signals, whereas the OMS 1
+1 protects the multiplexed signals, that is, all the wavelength signals.
The OLP card is located within the optical line section. It demultiplexes or multiplexes
the OSC signal from or into the main optical signal, and monitors the received optical
signal.
The OLP 1+1 functions as follows: The OLP card multiplexes the optical supervisory
Optical line 1:1 / 1+1 signal of the OSC card and the main path optical signal of the OA card, and sends the
protection multiplexed signal to the working and protection line optical fibers.
The OLP 1:1 functions as follows: The OLP card multiplexes the optical supervisory
signal of the OSC card and the main path optical signal of the OA card, and sends the
multiplexed signal to the working line or protection line over the intra-card optical
switch according to the 1:1 protection switching protocol.
5.2.1 OCh 1+1 Protection
Overview
The OCh 1+1 protection is based on the 1+1 protection for a single optical channel
and achieves dual-fed and selective-receiving function of the optical channel signals
controlled by the CCU card. The switching time is less than 50 ms.
156 Version: J
Table 5-6 describes the parameters of the OCh 1+1 protection.
Table 5-6 Parameters of the OCh 1+1 Protection
Protection type OCh 1+1 protection
The WTR time refers to the period from the time when the original working channel is
WTR time restored to the time when the services are switched from the protection channel to the
original working channel.
It can be set to Revertive or Non-revertive.

u Revertive: When the working channel is faulty, the services are switched over to the
protection channel. If the working channel recovers, the services will be automatically
Revertive mode switched back to the working channel.
u Non-revertive: When the working channel is faulty, the services are switched over to
the protection channel. If the working channel recovers, the services still work on the
protection channel.
The monitoring type includes SNCP/I, SNCP/N, SNCP/S, OCH and Not Configured.
Alarm monitor type The switchover triggering alarms corresponding to the protection vary with monitoring
types.
The hold-off time indicates the delay duration for the protection switchover.
u If the original line recovers (the original alarm is cleared) within the hold-off time, a
Hold-off time switchover will not be performed.
u If the alarm persists after the hold-off time elapses, a switchover is performed based
on the alarm.
It can be set to unidirectional protection or bidirectional protection.
u Unidirectional protection: When the working channel is faulty, the Rx / Tx end of the
local / opposite NE is switched to the interface card of the protection line. The
Mode opposite / local NE does not perform any action.
u Bidirectional protection: When the working channel is faulty, both Tx and Rx ends of
the local NE are switched to the interface card of the protection line, and so are the
Rx and Tx ends of the opposite NE.
Figure 5-13 describes the OCh 1+1 protection.
u In normal conditions, the cross-connect card cross-connects the signal from the
main line card to the corresponding tributary card.
Version: J 157
u The signals of the working and protection channels are dual-fed. If the working
channel is faulty and the protection channel works properly, the active line
interface card feeds back the SF/SD information to the CCU card according to
the monitoring type and trigger conditions configured on the EMS. After the
CCU card receives the information, the cross-connect card cross-connects the
signals from the standby line card to the corresponding tributary card, namely,
achieves the dual feeding and selective receiving function.
u When the working channel restores, the service signals can be restored to the
working channel or not according to the revertive mode configured on the EMS.
Figure 5-13 OCh 1+1 Protection
Switching Trigger Conditions
The OCh 1+1 protection includes four monitoring types: SNCP/I, SNCP/N, SNCP/S,
and OCH. They differ from each other in switching trigger conditions.
u SNCP/I (Inherent monitoring): In addition to the general alarms such as the

card failure alarm and LOS alarm, the trigger conditions also include the SM
section overhead alarms.
u SNCP/S (Sub-layer monitoring): In addition to the general alarms such as the

and TCM section overhead alarms.
u SNCP/N (Non-intrusive monitoring): In addition to the general alarms such as

the card failure alarm and LOS alarm, the trigger conditions also include the SM
and PM section overhead alarms.
158 Version: J
u OCH: In addition to the general alarms such as the card failure alarm and LOS
alarm, the trigger conditions also include the SM and PM section overhead
alarms.
5.2.2 OCh m:n Protection
Overview
The OCh m:n protection is based on the m:n protection for the optical channel,
where m indicates the number of protection channels and n indicates the number of
working channels.
This protection is implemented by the CCU card using the APS protocol and is a
dual-ended switchover. The transmit and receive ends perform protection
switchover simultaneously. The switchover of each channel is independent from that
of another channel, and the switching time is less than 50 ms.
Table 5-7 describes the parameters of the OCh m:n protection.
Table 5-7 Parameters of the OCh m:n Protection
Protection type OCh m:n protection

protection channel.
types.
Version: J 159
Table 5-7 Parameters of the OCh m:n Protection (Continued)
on the alarm.
Bidirectional protection: When the working channel is faulty, both Tx and Rx ends of the
Mode local NE are switched to the interface card of the protection line, and so are the Rx and Tx
ends of the opposite NE.
Here the OCh 1:2 protection is used for example to describe the protection
principles.
The normal conditions are shown in Figure 5-14. At the local end, multiple signals
from the tributary cards are cross-connected by the cross-connect cards to the
working line cards 1 and 2. The signals, after being multiplexed by line cards, are
sent to the corresponding optical channel.
Figure 5-14 OCh 1:2 Protection (Normal)
At the remote end, the working line cards 1 and 2 demultiplex the corresponding
optical channel signals and send them to the cross-connect cards. After being
cross-connected by the cross-connect cards, the signals are sent to the
corresponding tributary cards.
160 Version: J
Under this condition, no services are transported via the protection line cards and
the protection optical channels. In other words, the working channel works in the
single-fed and single-receiving mode.
Figure 5-15 shows the fault conditions. For example, upon detecting the trigger
condition, the remote end working line card 2 feeds back the SF/SD information to
the CCU card according to the monitoring type configured for the protection.
Figure 5-15 OCh 1:2 Protection (Switching)
The remote equipment sends back the APS information to the local end. The local
CCU card controls the line card to perform bridging according to the APS protocol.
The cross-connect card cross-connects the ODUk signal to be protected of the
working line card 2 to the protection line card.
The remote CCU card controls the line card to perform the switchover according to
the APS protocol. The cross-connect card cross-connects the ODUk signal from the
protection line card to the corresponding tributary card, and services over the
working optical channel 2 are transmitted over the protection optical channel. That is,
switchover is required on both the local and remote ends when a fault occurs.
After the fault is cleared and the original working optical channel 2 works stably for
several minutes, which can be flexibly configured on the EMS, the service signal is
restored to the original working optical channel 2.
Version: J 161
The OCh m:n protection includes four monitoring types: SNCP/I, SNCP/N, SNCP/S
and OCH. They differ from each other in switching trigger conditions.



u OCH: In addition to the general alarms such as the card failure alarm and LOS
alarm, the trigger conditions also include the SM and PM section overhead
alarms.
5.2.3 OCh Ring Protection
Overview
The OCh Ring protection is a ring network protection based on the optical channel.
This protection mode is applicable to the distributed service network. In the ring,
only two wavelength channels are needed to protect the distributed services among
nodes.
When no extra services exist in the protection channels, all nodes are available, and
the length of the fiber is less than 1200 km, the protection switching can be
implemented within 50 ms once a switching trigger event is detected.
Table 5-8 describes the parameters of the OCh Ring protection.
162 Version: J
Table 5-8 Parameters of the OCh Ring Protection
Protection type OCh Ring protection

protection channel.
types.
on the alarm.
As shown in Figure 5-16, the ring network is composed of six nodes (node 1 to node
6). From outside to inside, the four rings are defined as ring 1 to ring 4. The
wavelength corresponding to ring 1 and ring 2 is λ1, and the wavelength
corresponding to ring 3 and ring 4 is λ2. The solid lines in the figure indicate the Tx
and Rx of the working channel, and the dotted lines indicate the Tx and Rx of the
protection channel.
The protection requires four line interface cards at each station, where two line
interface cards are used as east working and protection line interface cards and two
line interface cards are used as west working and protection line interface cards.
East line interface card 1 processes the signals transmitted over the east working
channel and received by the protection channel, as shown in the amplified diagram
of node 1 in the figure below.
Version: J 163
Assume that one service exists between nodes 1 and 3, and between nodes 5 and
6, respectively. Under normal conditions, the service route between nodes 1 and 3
is the working channel of nodes 1↔2↔3, and the service route between nodes 5
and 6 is the working channel of nodes 5↔6.
Figure 5-16 OCh Ring Protection
When a fault occurs in the working channel of nodes 1↔2 in Figure 5-16, the
service between nodes 5 and 6 will not be influenced, but the service between
nodes 1 and 3 will be influenced.
When nodes 1 and 2 detect that the switchover condition is met, they send the APS
information to node 3. Meanwhile, node 1 and node 3 check whether the protection
channel between nodes 1↔2↔3 is normal; if yes, nodes 1, 2, and 3 perform
bridging and switchover. At this time, the service route between node 1 and node 3
is changed to the protection channel between nodes 1↔2↔3. The protection route
is in the same direction as the original service route and is a near end switchover
route, as shown in Figure 5-17.
164 Version: J
Figure 5-17 Near-End Switching in OCh Ring Protection
If both the working channel and protection channel between nodes 1↔2 are faulty,
services between nodes 5 and 6 are not affected while services between nodes 1
and 3 are affected. At this time, the service route between nodes 1 and 3 is changed
to the remote protection route. The protection channel between nodes
1↔6↔5↔4↔3 is adopted. See Figure 5-18.
Version: J 165
Figure 5-18 Remote-End Switching in OCh Ring Protection
SF (signal failure) conditions: line optical signal loss (LOS) and SF conditions of the
OTUk layer and ODUk layer, such as alarms OTU_LOF, ODU_AIS, ODU_OCI,
ODU_LCK, PM_AIS, and TCMi_AIS.
SD (signal deterioration) condition: error degradation based on OTUk layer

monitoring such as PM_BIP8_SD, TCMi_BIP8_SD, and FEC_D_SD alarms.
5.2.4 ODUk 1+1 Protection
Overview
For ODUk 1+1 protection, the dual-fed and selective-receiving function is

implemented via the electrical-layer cross-connection within the switching time less
than 50 ms.
166 Version: J
The principles for the ODUk 1+1 protection are similar to those for the OCh 1+1
Protection. The difference is that the OCh 1+1 Protection is based on a single
optical channel, while the ODUk 1+1 protection is based on the ODUk timeslot in
the optical channel. The granularity of the ODUk 1+1 protection is smaller than that
of the former.
Table 5-9 describes the parameters of the ODUk 1+1 protection.
Table 5-9 Parameters of the ODUk 1+1 Protection
Protection type ODUk 1+1 protection

protection channel.
The monitoring type includes SNCP/I, SNCP/N, SNCP/S, and Not Configured.
The switchover triggering alarms of the protection vary with monitoring types. For details
Alarm monitor type
about triggering alarms for different monitoring types, please refer to Troubleshooting
Guide.
on the alarm.
It can be set to unidirectional protection or bidirectional protection.
u Unidirectional protection: When the working channel is faulty, the Rx / Tx end of the
local / opposite NE is switched to the interface card of the protection line. The
Mode opposite / local NE does not perform any action.
u Bidirectional protection: When the working channel is faulty, both Tx and Rx ends of
the local NE are switched to the interface card of the protection line, and so are the
Rx and Tx ends of the opposite NE.
Version: J 167
At the local end, one signal to be protected from the local tributary card is dual-fed
by the cross-connect card and is cross-connected to the active and standby line
cards via the cross-connect card. The line card multiplexes the signal to be
protected and other signals and forwards the signals to the corresponding optical
channel, as shown in Figure 5-19.
At the remote end, the signals to be protected are demultiplexed from the optical
channel signals by the active and standby line cards and then sent to the cross-
connect card.
u In normal conditions, the cross-connect card cross-connects the to-be-

protected signal from the active line card to the corresponding tributary card.
u If the working channel is faulty, the active line card feeds back the SF / SD
information to the CCU card according to the monitoring type, and the cross-
connect card cross-connects the signal from the standby line card to the
corresponding tributary card, which achieves the dual feeding and selective
receiving function.
u After the working channel restores, depending on the revertive mode pre-
configured on the EMS, the service signals can be restored to the working
channel or not.
Figure 5-19 ODUk 1+1 Protection
168 Version: J
The ODUk 1+1 protection includes three monitoring types: SNCP/I, SNCP/N, and
SNCP/S. The three modes differ from each other in switching trigger conditions.



5.2.5 ODUk m:n Protection
Overview
The ODUk m:n protection is achieved by using the electrical-layer cross-connection

and APS protocol. The protection switching time is less than 50 ms. In ODUk m:n, m
indicates the number of protection ODUks and n indicates the number of working
ODUks.
The principles for the ODUk m:n protection are similar to those for the OCh m:n
Protection. The difference is that the OCh m:n Protection is based on a single
optical channel, while the ODUk m:n protection is based on the ODUk timeslot in the
optical channel. The protected granularity of the ODUk m:n protection is smaller
than that of the former.
Table 5-10 describes the parameters of the ODUk m:n protection.
Version: J 169
Table 5-10 Parameters of the ODUk m:n Protection
Protection type ODUk m:n protection

protection channel. If the working channel recovers, the services will be
Revertive mode automatically switched back to the working channel.
protection channel.
types.
on the alarm.
Bidirectional protection: When the working channel is faulty, both Tx and Rx ends of the
Mode local NE are switched to the interface card of the protection line, and so are the Rx and Tx
ends of the opposite NE.
Here the ODUk 1:2 protection is used for example to describe the protection
principles.
Assume that two ODUk signals to be protected are transmitted to the remote end
via the working line card 1 and card 2. In practical application, the two ODUk signals
to be protected can also be transmitted to the remote end via the same working line
card.
Under normal condition, at the local end, the ODUk signals from the tributary card
are cross-connected to the working line card 1 and card 2 by the cross-connect card.
After being multiplexed with other ODUk signals in the working line card, the signals
are transmitted to the corresponding optical channel, as shown in Figure 5-20.
170 Version: J
At the remote end, the working line cards 1 and 2 demultiplex the corresponding
optical channel signals into ODUk signals to be protected and send them to the
cross-connect cards. After being cross-connected by the cross-connect cards, the
signals are sent to the corresponding tributary cards, thereby achieving the single-
feeding and single-receiving function.
Figure 5-20 ODUk 1:2 Protection (Normal)
Figure 5-21 shows the fault conditions. For example, upon detecting the trigger
condition, the remote end working line card 2 feeds back the SF/SD information to
the CCU card according to the monitoring type configured for the protection.
u The remote equipment sends back the APS information to the local end. The
local CCU card controls the line card to perform bridging according to the APS
protocol. The cross-connect card cross-connects the ODUk signal to be
protected of the working line card 2 to the specified ODUk channel of the
protection line card.
u The remote end CCU card controls the line card to perform switchover
according to the APS protocol, and the cross-connect card cross-connects the
ODUk signal of the protection line card to the corresponding tributary card.
u The ODUk signals to be protected on the working optical channel 2 are

transmitted over the protection optical channel. In other words, switchover is
required on both the local and remote ends when a fault occurs.
u After the working channel restores, depending on the revertive mode pre-
configured on the EMS, the service signals can be restored to the working
channel or not.
Version: J 171
Figure 5-21 ODUk 1:2 Protection (Switching)
The ODUk m:n protection includes three monitoring types: SNCP/I, SNCP/N, and
SNCP/S. The three modes differ from each other in switching trigger conditions.



172 Version: J
5.2.6 ODUk Ring Protection
Overview
The ODUk Ring protection is a ring network protection based on the ODUk optical
channel. This protection is more applicable to networks with distributed services.
When no extra services exist in the protection channel, all nodes are available, and
the length of the fiber is less than 1200 km, the protection switching can be
implemented within 50 ms once a switching event is detected.
The principles for the ODUk Ring protection are similar to those for the ODUk Ring
Protection. The difference is that ODUk Ring Protection is based on a single optical
channel, while the ODUk Ring protection is based on the ODUk timeslot in the
optical channel. The protected granularity of the ODUk Ring protection is smaller
than that of the former.
Table 5-11 describes the parameters of the ODUk Ring protection.
Table 5-11 Parameters of the ODUk Ring Protection
Protection type ODUk Ring protection

protection channel. If the working channel recovers, the services will be
Revertive mode automatically switched back to the working channel.
protection channel.
types.
on the alarm.
Version: J 173
An ODUk Ring consists of nodes 1 to 6; in this figure, the solid lines are the working
channels, and the dotted lines are protection channels.
The protection requires four line interface cards on each station, where two line
interface cards are used as east working and protection line interface cards and two
line interface cards are used as west working and protection line interface cards. An
ODUk timeslot is specified in each line interface card to form an ODUk ring.
As shown in Figure 5-22, an ODUk service exists between nodes 1 and 2 as well as
between nodes 4 and 6 respectively. Under normal conditions, the service route
between node 1 and node 2 is the working channel of nodes 1↔2, and the service
route between node 4 and node 6 is the working channel of nodes 4↔5↔6.
Figure 5-22 ODUk Ring Protection
When a fault occurs in the working channel of nodes 1↔2, the service between
nodes 4 and 6 will not be influenced, but the service between nodes 1 and 2 will be
influenced.
174 Version: J
When nodes 1 and 2 detect that the fault meets the switchover condition, they
mutually transmit the APS information and perform bridging and switchover. The
service route between nodes 1 and 2 is the protection channel between node
1↔node 2. The protection route is in the same direction as the original service route
and is the near end route, as shown in Figure 5-23.
Figure 5-23 Near-End Switching in ODUk Ring Protection
If both the working channel and protection channel between nodes 1↔2 are faulty,
services between nodes 4 and 6 are not affected while services between nodes 1
and 2 are affected. At this time, the service route between nodes 1 and 2 is changed
to the remote protection route (in reverse direction of the original service route)
according to the APS protocol. The protection channel between nodes
1↔6↔5↔4↔3↔2 is adopted, as shown in Figure 5-24.
Version: J 175
Figure 5-24 Remote-End Switching in ODUk Ring Protection
The conditions for triggering the protection switchover are mainly the ODUk-layer
alarms, for example, RS_LOF, RS_SD, OTU_LOF, ODU_AIS, ODU_OCI,
ODU_LCK, and PM_BIP8_SD.
5.2.7 1+1 Route Protection
The optical channel 1+1 protection is implemented via the OCP card. Each OCP
card supports two optical channel 1+1 protection groups. The principles and
methods of the two protection groups are the same. One group is used as an
example to describe the overview, protection parameters, function implementation,
and switchover trigger conditions of the 1+1 route protection.
176 Version: J
Overview
In the 1+1 route protection, the OCP card is located between the client side
equipment and the tributary card, as shown in Figure 5-25. Through the dual-fed
and selective-receiving function of the OCP card, the client signal is sent to different
service cards, that is, the service data is dual-fed to channels with different
wavelengths, thereby avoiding service interruption due to a single service card
failure.
Table 5-12 describes the parameters of the 1+1 route protection.
Table 5-12 Parameters of 1+1 Route Protection
Switching type 1+1 route protection
Revertive mode Revertive or non-revertiveNote 1

Note 1: The revertive mode is determined by the actual configuration on the EMS.
As shown in Figure 5-25, in the service Tx direction, the OCP card dual feeds the
client signal to different service cards for processing. Two processed signals are
respectively sent to the local working and protection line OMUs and are then sent to
the remote end over different optical lines after being multiplexed and amplified.
In the service Rx direction, the OCP card monitors the signal quality of the working
and protection channels according to the monitoring mode and alarm thresholds set
on the EMS, and determines whether to perform a switching based on the alarms
such as ILS, SF (Signal Failure), and SD (Signal Deterioration).
The protection switching process is described as follows: When detecting that the
working channel is faulty and the protection channel is normal (generally due to the
channel fault, the client-side laser may be shut down by the tributary card, thereby
triggering the switching of the OCP card), the OCP card receives the signals output
by the service card on the protection line.
Version: J 177
Figure 5-25 1+1 Route Protection
Trigger Conditions
The conditions for triggering the optical channel route protection are as follows:
u ILS alarm: By default, the ILS alarm threshold is -25 dBm (ILS alarm threshold
can be set through the EMS). In actual applications, the ILS threshold is 5 dBm
lower than the normal received optical power of the active / standby optical
interface of the protection card.
u Channel failure alarm, including the SF and SD:
4 The SF alarms include OTUk-layer alarms and ODUk P/T-layer alarms,

such as OTN_LOF, ODUk_AIS, ODUk_OCI, ODUk_LCK, PM_AIS, and
TCMi_AIS.
4 The SD alarms include the alarms generated by monitoring the OTUk-

layer and ODUk P/T-layer errors, such as PM_BIP8_SD, TCMi_BIP8_SD,
and FEC_D_SD.
178 Version: J
5.2.8 1+1 Wavelength Protection
The optical channel 1+1 protection is implemented via the OCP card. Each OCP
card supports two optical channel 1+1 protection groups. The principles and
methods of the two protection groups are the same. One group is used as an
example to describe the overview, protection parameters, function implementation,
and switchover trigger conditions of the 1+1 wavelength protection.
Overview
In the1+1 wavelength protection, the OCP card is located between the OTU and
ODU/OMU. With the dual-feeding and selective-receiving function of the OCP cards,
the wavelength-specific signals from the service cards are sent to different OMUs, i.
e., the services are sent to different cable routes to perform service protection
between service cards at the local and remote ends.
Table 5-13 lists the parameters of the 1+1 wavelength protection.
Table 5-13 Parameters of 1+1 Wavelength Protection
Switching type 1+1 wavelength protection
Revertive mode Revertive or non-revertiveNote 1

Note 1: The revertive mode is determined by the actual configuration on the EMS.
As shown in Figure 5-26, in the service Tx direction, the OCP card sends the signals,
which have gone through wavelength conversion via the OTU cards, to OMUs of the
working and protection lines. After being multiplexed and amplified, the signals are
transmitted to the remote end via different optical lines.
In the service Rx direction, the OCP card monitors the signal quality of the working
and protection channels according to the monitoring mode and alarm thresholds set
on the EMS, and determines whether to perform a switching based on the alarms
such as ILS, SF (Signal Failure), and SD (Signal Deterioration).
Version: J 179
The protection is implemented as follows: When detecting that the working channel
is faulty and the protection channel is normal, the OCP card receives the signals
output by the ODU on the protection line.
Figure 5-26 1+1 Wavelength Protection
Trigger Conditions
The conditions for triggering the optical channel wavelength protection are as
follows:
u ILS alarm: By default, the ILS alarm threshold is -25 dBm (ILS alarm threshold
can be set through the EMS). In actual applications, the ILS threshold is 5 dBm
lower than the normal received optical power of the active / standby optical
interface of the protection card.
u Channel failure alarm, including the SF and SD:
4 The SF alarms include OTUk-layer alarms and ODUk T (TCMi)-layer

alarms, such as OTN_LOF, ODUk_AIS, ODUk_OCI, ODUk_LCK, PM_AIS,
and TCMi_AIS.
4 The SD alarms include the alarms generated by monitoring the OTUk-

layer and ODUk P/T-layer errors, such as PM_BIP8_SD, TCMi_BIP8_SD,
and FEC_D_SD.
180 Version: J
5.2.9 Optical Line 1:1 / 1+1 Protection
Overview
The FONST 5000 U series provide OLP card-based optical line protection. The OLP
card is in the optical line segment, multiplexes and demultiplexes the OSC signal
and main optical signal, and monitors the received optical signals. The OLP card
provides 1:1 / 1+1 protection for the optical fibers in the segment according to the
monitoring results and 1:1 / 1+1 protection and switching protocols, thereby
avoiding service interruption due to optical fiber line deterioration or interruption.
Table 5-14 describes the parameters of the line 1:1 / 1+1 protection.
Table 5-14 Parameters of the Optical Line 1:1 / 1+1 Protection
Unidirectional protection
Protection function Note 1
Bidirectional protection
Hold-off time (100 ms) 0 (default)

Note 2
Recovery type 3 minutes (default)

Note 1: The protection functions are determined by the actual configuration on the EMS.
Note 2: When the recovery type is set to No recovery, the protection is in the non-revertive
mode.
1:1 Protection Function Implementation
Figure 5-27 shows the line 1:1 protection.
u In Tx direction: The OLP card multiplexes the optical supervisory signal of the
OSC card and the main channel optical signal of the OA card, and sends the
multiplexed signal to the working line or protection line over the intra-card
optical switch according to the 1:1 protection switching protocol.
u In Rx direction: The OLP card acts according to the power of the working and
protection line signals.
Version: J 181
In normal situations, the OLP card receives the protection line signals. When
detecting the ILS alarm on the working line, the OLP card switches the
transmitted and received services to the protection line by using the APS
protocol. Meanwhile, the OLP card splits the received signals to obtain the main
channel optical signal and optical supervisory signal, sends the main channel
optical signal to the PA card, and outputs the optical supervisory signal to the
OSC card.
1+1 Protection Function Implementation
Figure 5-27 shows the line 1+1 protection.
u In Tx direction: The OLP card multiplexes the optical supervisory signal of the
OSC card and the main channel optical signal of the OA card, and sends the
multiplexed signal to the working and protection line optical fibers.
u In Rx direction: The OLP card acts according to the power of the working and
protection line signals.
In normal situations, the OLP card receives the working line signal. When
detecting an ILS alarm on the working line, the OLP card receives the line
signal from the protection line. Meanwhile, the OLP card splits the received
signals to obtain the main channel optical signal and optical supervisory signal,
sends the main channel optical signal to the PA card, and outputs the optical
supervisory signal to the OSC card.
Figure 5-27 Optical Line 1:1 / 1+1 Protection
182 Version: J
The ILS alarm reported by the OLP card (the receiving-no-light threshold can be set
on the EMS). By default, the receiving-no-light-threshold is set to -30 dBm. In actual
applications, the receiving-no-light-threshold is set to normal receiving optical
power minus 5 dBm.
5.3 Network-Level Protection (Packet)
The FONST 5000 U series provide network-level protections (packet), including the
LAG protection, LSP 1:1 protection, PW 1:1 protection, PW redundancy protection,
and Ethernet service linear APS protection.
5.3.1 LAG Protection
Overview
Link Aggregation (LAG) is a protection method to bind a group of physical Ethernet

interfaces of the same rate together as a logical interface to increase the bandwidth
and protect links.
The FONST 5000 U series support the UNI-LAG protection and NNI-LAG protection.
The UNI-LAG protection is mainly used at the client-side UNI interface and the NNI-
LAG protection is mainly used at the network-side NNI interface.
The FONST 5000 U series can achieve the load balancing of ports. The ports of the
aggregation members are not in the active / standby mode. The products can also
achieve intra-card LAG protection. When any port is faulty, service packets are
distributed to other ports for transmission.
Table 5-15 describes the parameters of the LAG protection.
Table 5-15 Parameters of the LAG Protection
Source MAC-based, destination MAC-based, and source and

Aggregation mode
destination MAC-based
Revertive mode Revertive
Version: J 183
The LAG can achieve the following functions:
u Improving the link availability: In a port aggregation group, the member ports
back up each other automatically. When a port is faulty, another member port
will replace the faulty one and work normally. The port aggregation backup
process only involves the ports within the aggregation group, irrelevant to the
ports outside the group.
u Increasing link capacity: The port aggregation group can provide an economic
method for improving the link transmission rate. By binding multiple physical
ports, you can obtain higher bandwidth without upgrading the existing
equipment. The capacity of a port aggregation group is the sum of the
capacities of all its physical links.
Figure 5-28 shows the LAG protection supported by the FONST 5000 U series.
Figure 5-28 LAG Protection
Any link is faulty.
5.3.2 LSP 1:1 Protection
Overview
The LSP 1:1 protection protects the service on the working path using the protection
path. If the working path fails, the service will be switched to the protection path. The
service configured with the LSP 1:1 protection is in single-fed and single-receiving
mode.
184 Version: J
The LSP 1:1 protection protects the service (single-fed and single-receiving) on the
working path using the protection path. Normally, the service is transmitted on the
working path. If the working path fails, the service will be switched to the protection
path, ensuring the normal service transmission.
The APS protocol used for the LSP 1:1 protection is transmitted over the protection
channel. The protocol status and switching status information is mutually
exchanged. Devices on both sides ascertain whether to switch services accordingly.
The LSP 1:1 protection supports the TP dual stack testing.
Figure 5-29 shows the LSP 1:1 protection.
Figure 5-29 LSP 1:1 Protection
Version: J 185
Note:
u The protection needs to be configured only at Node A and Node B,

regardless of the path that the services traverse.
u When the working path is normal, the protection path can be used to
transmit the extra service. If the working path fails and switching is
performed, the extra service will be interrupted; after the working
path is restored, the extra service will be restored at the same time.
Table 5-16 describes the parameters of the LSP 1:1 protection.
Table 5-16 Parameters of the LSP 1:1 Protection
Switching type LSP 1:1 protection
Revertive mode Revertive or non-revertive

Switchover protocol APS protocol, BFD, TP dual stack

Hold-off time (ms) 0 to 10000
WTR time (min) 5
u An intermediate node is disconnected with the power.
u The working LSP path is faulty.
u The switching command is delivered manually.
5.3.3 PW 1:1
Overview
In the PW 1:1 protection mode, the protection PW protects services on the working
PW. When the working PW is faulty, the service will be switched to the protection
PW and thus protected.
186 Version: J
Normally the service is single-fed and single-received, that is, the source end single-
feeds the service to the working PW, and the sink end single-receives the service
from the working PW. When the working PW is faulty, the remote end will transmit
the service to the protection PW, and the sink end receives service via the
protection PW, so as to implement the service switching from the working PW to the
protection PW.
The PW 1:1 protection uses APS protocol to coordinate the source and sink ends to
implement the protection switching, switching hold-off and WTR functions. The APS
protocol transmits protocol status and switching status via the protection PW. The
equipment at both ends selects service path and performs service switching
according to protocol statuses and switching statuses.
The PW 1:1 protection supports the TP dual stack testing.
See Figure 5-30 for the PW 1:1 protection.
Figure 5-30 PW 1:1 Protection
Table 5-17 describes the parameters of the PW 1:1 protection.
Table 5-17 Parameters of the PW 1:1 Protection
Switching type PW 1:1 protection


WTR time (min) 1 to 12 (default: 5)
Version: J 187
u The working PW path is faulty.
5.3.4 PW Redundancy Protection
Overview
The PW redundancy protection works in a similar way to the PW 1:1 protection. The
protection PW protects services on the working PW. When the working PW is faulty,
the service will be switched to the protection PW and thus protected. The PW
redundancy protection is used when the source nodes of the working and protection
PWs are the same but the sink nodes are different, whereas the PW 1:1 protection
is used when both the source nodes of the working and protection PWs and their
sink nodes are the same.
Normally the service is single-fed and single-received, that is, the source end single-
feeds the service to the working PW, and the sink end single-receives the service
from the working PW. When the working PW is faulty, the remote end will transmit
the service to the protection PW, and the sink end receives service via the
protection PW, so as to implement the service switching from the working PW to the
protection PW.
The PW redundancy protection uses the APS protocol to coordinate the source and
sink ends to implement the protection switching, switching hold-off and WTR
functions. The APS protocol transmits protocol status and switching status via the
protection PW. The equipment at both ends selects service paths and performs
service switching according to protocol statuses and switching statuses.
The PW redundancy protection supports the TP dual stack testing.
Figure 5-31 shows the application scenario of the PW redundancy protection.
188 Version: J
Figure 5-31 PW Redundancy Protection
Table 5-18 describes the parameters of the PW redundancy protection.
Table 5-18 Parameters of the PW Redundancy Protection
Switching type PW redundancy protection


WTR time (min) 1 to 12 (default: 5)
u The working PW path is faulty.
Version: J 189
5.3.5 Linear APS Protection of Ethernet Services
Overview
The FONST 5000 U series support the network-level protection (NNI interface
protection), access link protection (UNI interface protection), and equipment-level
protection. Figure 5-32 shows the detailed classification and relations of these
protections.
Figure 5-32 Packet Protection Classification of the FONST 5000 U Series
PW 1:1 Protection
For details about the concepts, function implementation, switching trigger condition
and protection parameters of the PW 1:1 protection, see PW 1:1.
LSP 1:1 Protection
For details about the concepts, function implementation, switching trigger condition
and protection parameters of the LSP 1:1 protection, see LSP 1:1 Protection.
5.3.6 ETH 1+1 / 1:1 Protection
Introduction
The POTN devices can transmit ETH services and provide ETH 1+1 and ETH 1:1
protections at the ODUk service layer.
190 Version: J
u ETH 1+1 protection: Normally, the Tx end dual-feeds service signals on the
working and protection paths. The Rx end selectively receives service signals
from the working path. When the working path fails, the Tx end selectively
receives service signals from the protection path and thereby achieves the
service switching.
Figure 5-33 ETH 1+1 Protection
u ETH 1:1 protection: Normally, services are transmitted on the working path and
the protection path is idle. When the working path fails, services are transmitted
on the protection path.
Figure 5-34 ETH 1:1 Protection
Table 5-19 describes parameters of the ETH 1+1 / 1:1 protection.
Table 5-19 Parameters of the ETH 1+1 / 1:1 Protection
Ethernet linear 1+1 protection

Protection type
Ethernet linear 1:1 protection
Revertive
Revert mode
Non-revertive
WTR time (min) 0 to 12
Hold-off time (10 ms) 0 to 255
Single-ended
Switching modeNote 1
Dual-ended
Note 1: Switching mode can be configured for ETH 1+1 protection.
Version: J 191
u The working path is faulty.
u A switching command is manually issued.
5.4 Network-Level Protection (TDM)
The FONST 5000 U series provide network-level protections (TDM), including the
linear optical multiplex section (OMS) 1+1 protection and SNCP protection.
5.4.1 1+1 LMSP
Overview
The linear multiplex section protection (LMSP) scheme is applicable to a point-to-

point physical network, providing an MS-layer protection for the service between two
points. The LMSP uses the K1 and K2 bytes in the multiplex section overhead
(MSOH) to achieve the automatic protection switching, so as to protect services.
The FONST 5000 U series support the 1+1 LMSP.
This section introduces how the FONST 5000 U series support the LMSP function.
Table 5-20 Parameters of the LMSP
Item Parameter
Level Supports the LMSP at the STM-1 / STM-4 / STM-16 / STM-64 level.
Protection group
1+1
type
Switching mode Single-ended switching Dual-ended switching
Revertive mode Non-revertive Revertive Non-revertive Revertive

Switching protocol - - APS protocol APS protocol
Switching time ≤ 50 ms
300s to 64800s 300s to 64800s
WTR time - -
Default value: 300s Default value: 300s
You are advised to set the switching mode of the 1+1 LMSP to single-ended switching and the revertive mode to non-
revertive.
192 Version: J
When the working channel is faulty, the 1+1 single-ended switching is performed as
follows:
1. Before protection switching, the source end dual-feeds service signals to the
working and protection channels, and the sink end selectively receives service
signals from the working channel.
2. When detecting a signal failure on the working channel, the line card at the sink
end in a certain direction (NE A) reports the SF event to the core switch card.
3. When the core switch card detects that a signal failure occurs on the working
channel but the protection channel is normal, it instructs the cross-connect card
to complete the cross-connection between the protection channel and the
service sink.
4. NE A receives the service signal from the protection channel.
5. NE B receives the service signal from the working channel.
When a signal failure occurs on the working channel, the 1+1 dual-ended switching
is performed as follows:
1. Before protection switching, the source end dual-feeds service signals to the
working and protection channels, and the sink end selectively receives service
signals from the working channel.
2. When the sink end in a specified direction (NE A) detects a signal failure on the
working channel, it sends K bytes (request type: signal failure) to the source
end (NE B) using the protection channel between NE A and NE B.
3. NE B sends K bytes (request type: reverse request) to NE A on the protection

channel.
4. NE A receives the service signal from the protection channel.
5. NE B receives the service signal from the protection channel.
Version: J 193
Figure 5-35 Implementation Principles of the 1+1 Linear MS Protection (Before Switching)
Figure 5-36 Implementation Principles of the 1+1 Linear MS Protection (After Switching,
Single-Ended Switching)
Figure 5-37 Implementation Principles of the 1+1 Linear MS Protection (After Switching, Dual-
Ended Switching)
194 Version: J
Switching condition (the LMSP can be triggered by any of the following conditions):
u Fault on a card: Fault on a key card (for example, power-off or absence of a line
card).
u Signal failure (SF): R_LOS, R_LOF, MS_AIS, and B2_EXC
u Signal degradation (SD): B2_SD
u Forced switching
u Manual switching
5.4.2 MSP-RING (Ring Multiplex Section Protection)
Introduction
Ring multiplex section protection provides the MS level protection to services

between ring network nodes. The POTN devices support two-fiber bidirectional ring
MS protection.
The ring multiplex section protection uses the K1 and K2 overhead bytes to achieve
automatic protection switching, so as to protect services. Usually, services are
transmitted on the working channels and service flows on the two fibers are in the
opposite directions. When a line is faulty and the working channel becomes
unavailable, services on both sides of the faulty point are switched from the faulty
working channel to the protection channel in another direction, so as to achieve
protection switching.
On a two-fiber bidirectional MS protection ring, one half of VC-4s on an STM-N line

work as the working channel and the other half of VC-4s work as the protection
channel. The following introduces the working channel and protection channel on a
protection ring using a ring with a rate of STM-4 as an example, as shown in the
figure below.
Version: J 195
Switching Principle
Figure 5-38 Two-Fiber Bidirectional MS Protection Ring
u Before switching: The service signal flow from NE A to NE C is A↔B↔C; The

service signal flow from NE A to NE D is A↔D.
u Normal: Services are transmitted over the working channels.
u Faulty: When the line between NE A and NE B is interrupted, services on both

sides of the faulty point are switched from the faulty working channel to the
protection channel in another direction, so as to achieve protection switching.
u After services are switched from A to C: The service signal flow from NE A to
NE C is A↔D↔C↔B↔C.
196 Version: J
u A to C service analysis: VC4 signals between NE A and NE B are switched

from the working channel to the protection channel, while VC4 signals between
NE B and NE C are still transmitted on the working channel.
u A to D service analysis: Services are still transmitted on the working channel.

The A to D services are not affected by the A to C services after the switching.
Specifications
Table 5-21 describes specifications of the two-fiber bidirectional ring MS protection.
Table 5-21 Specifications of the Two-Fiber Bidirectional Ring MS Protection
Capacity level supported by the device STM-4 / STM-16 / STM-64

MS protection based on VC-4 configured for
Supported
optical ports
Number of ring network NEs 3 to 16

Protection group type Two-fiber bidirectional protection
u Forced switching
Switching mode u Manual switching
u Automatic switching
Switching protocol APS protocol
Revertive (default)
Revert type
Non-revertive
300 to 64800
WTR time (s)
480 (default)
Switching trigger condition
u Signal failure (SF): R_LOS, R_LOF, MS_AIS, B2_EXC.
u The card is powered off or not present.
Version: J 197
5.4.3 SNCP
Overview
The sub-network connection protection (SNCP) is based on the dual fed and
selective receiving mechanism. It requires one working subnet and one protection
subnet. If the connection of the working subnet fails or the performance of the
working subnet fails to meet certain requirements, the protection subnet takes over
the services of the working subnet. In this manner, service reliability is enhanced.
SNCP can be classified into revertive and non-revertive modes based on revertive
mode:
u Revertive
You can set the WTR time to prevent frequent switchings due to an unstable
working channel. In this mode, if the working channel is restored to normal
within the WTR time, the services on the protection channel will be switched to
the original working channel.
u Non-revertive
In non-revertive mode, when an NE is in the switching state, the NE does not

revert to the working channel from the protection channel even though the
working channel is restored to normal.
Table 5-22 Parameters of the SNCP Protection
Item Specification
Service level supported by SNCP VC12, VC4

Revertive mode Revertive Non-revertive
198 Version: J
Table 5-22 Parameters of the SNCP Protection (Continued)
Item Specification
0 s to 30 min
WTR time -
Default value: 5 min
Note 1: The EMS supports the switching of the non-protection path and SNCP path. It also supports the following
path-level operations:
u Manually switch to the protection channel
u Manually switch to the working channel
u Forcibly switch to the protection channel
u Forcibly switch to the working channel
u Set the WTR time
u Set revertive / non-revertive mode
In the SNCP scheme, the service is dually fed at the source end and selectively
received at the sink end. Therefore, the SNCP scheme is based on the dual fed and
selective receiving mechanism. The SNCP determines which service is selectively
received on the cross-connect card and thus protect services on the line.
Figure 5-39 SNCP Implementation Principles (Before Switching)
Version: J 199
Figure 5-40 SNCP Implementation Principles (After Switching)
When the working SNC signal fails, the SNCP switching is implemented as follows:
1. Before the switching, the source end (NE A) sends the service signal to the
sink end (NE B) through both the working SNC and protection SNC.
2. When detecting that the signal of the working SNC fails, the line card of NE B in
a certain direction reports the SNC signal failure event to the core switch card.
3. The core switch card of NE B checks and ensures that the signal of the working
SNC fails but the signal of the protection SNC is normal. Then, the cross-
connect card completes the bridge connection between the protection SNC and
the service sink. In this manner, NE B receives the service from the protection
SNC.
Table 5-23 Trigger Conditions of SNCP
Trigger Condition Details

u VC4: R_LOS, R_LOF, R_LOC, AU_AIS, MS_AIS, AU_LOP
Signal failure (SF)
u VC12: TU_LOP, TU_AIS, HP_LOM
u VC4: B2_EXC, B3_EXC (optional), B3_SD (optional), HP_UNEQ

Signal degradation (SD) (optional), HP_TIM (optional)
u VC12: LP_UNEQ, BIP_EXC (optional), BIP_SD (optional)
200 Version: J
5.5 Network-Level 1+0 Protection
In network-level 1+0 protection, protection can be dynamically adjusted. Services

will not be interrupted when a protection channel is deleted or added.
The network-level 1+0 protection schemes work in a similar way. The following uses
the LSP 1+0 as an example to introduce how to implement the 1+0 protection.
LSP 1+0 protection: The protection mode of the tunnel path for MPLS-TP services
can be switched from unprotected to LSP 1:1, or vice versa and services do not
need to be recreated.
Figure 5-41 LSP 1+0 Protection
Without LSP 1+0 protection, a service needs to be deleted and recreated before
protection status changes. With LSP 1+0 protection configured, protection status
can be dynamically adjusted according to service configuration modified on the
network management system. This ensures hitless and carrier-class service
switching in projects.
Version: J 201
Protection Type
The FONST 5000 U series support the following network-level 1+0 protections.
Table 5-24 1+0 Protection Types
Service Protection Type
OTN service ODUk 1+0 protection
SNCP 1+0 protection
LMSP 1+0 protection

VC service
SNCP 1+0 & LMSP 1+0 protection
VC over ODUk 1+0 protection
LSP 1+0 protection
PW 1+0 protection
Packet service
ETH 1+0 protection
ETH over ODUk 1+0 protection
5.6 Network Management Information Protection
On the transport network, the network management information is transmitted over

the supervisory channel. Generally, the supervisory channel and service channel
use the same physical channel. When the physical channel fails, the supervisory
channel will also fail, which causes out-of-management of some NEs.
The FONST 5000 U series protect network management information in two ways.
Network Management Information Protection in Ring Networks
When a certain optical path fails (for example, the optical cable is damaged), the
network management information can automatically be transmitted over the
supervisory channel in another direction in a ring network, without affecting the
entire network management. This mode is part of the ring network protection, and
requiring no more equipment sets or lines, as shown in Figure 5-42.
202 Version: J
Figure 5-42 Network Management Information Protection in Ring Networks
The ring network protection cannot avoid the NE out-of-management case caused
by the failure of multiple optical paths in the ring network.
Standby Network Management Channel Protection
If multiple optical paths fail in an optical fiber ring network, or a certain optical path
fails in the point-to-point or chain network, partial NEs will be out of management.
The network administrator, however, cannot obtain the supervisory information of
the failed stations or operate these stations. To avoid such problems, the network
administrator should set up a standby network management channel.
The FONST 5000 U series can provide a standby network management information
channel via the DCN (data communication network). They help connect the NE
which requires the network management information protection to the data
communication network via a router, and set up a standby network management
information channel.
When the network operates normally, the network management information is

transmitted via the working management channel. When the working management
channel fails, the network management information of the failed NE will be
automatically switched to the protection network management information channel
for transmission, as shown in Figure 5-43 and Figure 5-44.
Version: J 203
Figure 5-43 Working and Protection Supervisory Channels - Normal
204 Version: J
Figure 5-44 Working and Protection Supervisory Channels - Faulty
5.7 One-out-of-N Protection for Digital TV

Services
The one-out-of-N protection for digital TV services ensures the safe broadcasting of
the digital TV signals.
The FONST 5000 U series provide the broadcast service configuration function,
supporting the bearing of the broadcast service, and the one-out-of-N (N ≥ 4)
protection (i.e., multiple-feeding and selective-receiving). Via the EMS, you can
define the priority, revertive mode and WTR time of each service at the broadcast
service receiving end. For details, see Broadcast Service Solution.
Version: J 205
6 ASON
The automatically switched optical network (ASON) is a new generation of the

optical transport network and is all called ASON optical network. Compared with a
traditional WDM network, an ASON-empowered network has more advantages in
service configuration, bandwidth utilization, and protection.
Background of the ASON
Benefits of FiberHome ASON Solution
Introduction of the ASON
206 Version: J
6 ASON
6.1 Background of the ASON
With the development of telecommunications networks and increasing customer

demand, problems with traditional optical networks have gradually been exposed.
The details are described as follows:
u Service configuration
In the service configuration for traditional optical networks, massive cross-

connect data analysis and designs as well as ring-to-ring and point-to-point
manual configurations are required, which are time-consuming and labor-
intensive. With the expanding network scales and increasingly complicated
network systems, this type of service configuration can no longer meet the
rapidly increasing customer demand.
u Bandwidth utilization
The protection mode of a traditional optical network requires a large capacity

for backup, which leads to a low network bandwidth utilization.
u Protection mode
To implement protection, the traditional optical networks generally need to

reserve half the network resources as backup. This protection method reduces
the network bandwidth utilization ratio. In addition, services are protected to the
same extent without considering importance weights of various services, and
traditional optical networks also fail to protect services effectively when faults
occur at several points.
To solve these problems effectively, the ASON is launched. It introduces signaling to

the transport network and provides the control plane to enhance network connection
management and fault correction capability. It supports end-to-end service
configuration and provides different service protection modes based on importance
and priority of services to meet various customer demands. In addition, the ASON
can implement network protection when faults occur at multiple points.
Version: J 207
6.2 Benefits of FiberHome ASON Solution
To address the challenges brought up by the traditional networks, FiberHome

provides the ASON solution. The ASON solution enhances the network connection
management and fault recovery capabilities by introducing signaling to the
traditional transmission network and providing a control plane.
Compared with the traditional WDM network, the ASON has the following features:
u Automatically allocates wavelengths for newly created services.
u Supports the automatic adjustment of wavelengths during rerouting or

optimization, which solves the wavelength conflict problem.
u Automatically configures end-to-end services.
u Automatically discovers the topology.
u Provides mesh networking that enhances the survivability of the network.
u Supports different services that are provided with different levels of protection
based on service levels of the client-layer signals.
u Provides traffic engineering and dynamically adjusts logical network topologies

in real time to optimize the configuration of network resources based on service
demands at the client layer.
6.3 Introduction of the ASON
The ASON concepts and standards are introduced after wide applications of the
SDH or DWDM optical transport networks. Therefore, reasonable introduction
schemes are essential. The following describes two basic ASON introduction
schemes.
u Setting up a new ASON
To set up a new optical network, the ASON products can be used directly.
u Upgrading the existing network to ASON
208 Version: J
6 ASON
If FiberHome OTN or FonsWeaver series of products have been deployed on

the existing network, new software can be loaded to upgrade the existing
network to the ASON network. This upgrade mode does not require new
equipment and can effectively protect the existing investments and save
construction cost.
Version: J 209
7 Network Management
Network management includes the network management system (EMS), and inter-
and intra-NE communication management.
Network Management System
Inter-NE Communication Management Based on DCN
Network Management Supervisory Channels
Single-Fiber Bidirectional Solution of the OSC
Intra-NE Communication Management (Master Subrack / Extended Subrack)
Time Synchronization Between the EMS and an NE
EMS Northbound Interface
210 Version: J
7.1 Network Management System
The equipment sets are uniformly managed by the network management system
(hereinafter referred to as EMS).
The EMS manages all the NEs in the network, which complies with the ITU-T
recommendations. It adopts the standard management information model and
object-oriented management technologies.
The EMS runs at a work station or on a PC machine. The EMS can not only manage
and maintain the transmission equipment, but also manage the transmission
network.
Table 7-1 Network Management Function
Function Description
Provides comprehensive security, topology, alarm, performance, log and statistical

Network management management functions in GUI operation mode, thereby uniformly managing
FiberHome's transmission equipment series.
Provides a Web-based network management tool, which manages the network

Network management management service processes, monitors system resources of network management
tool server and imports / exports configuration. This tool facilitates the monitoring of health
status of the EMS and analyzing of the EMS error information.
Provides a network management cutover tool, and provides multiple cutover solutions to
Network management cater for different scenarios such as service migration, network adjustment and batch
cutover tool Tunnel route adjustment. This tool improves the cutover efficiency, reduces the cutover
risk and makes the maintenance easier.
Provides the automatic upgrade function of the client. When the server has already run
Automatically upgrading
and is connected normally with the client, the client can be automatically and remotely
the client end
upgraded.
Provides abundant online help information. You can press the F1 key to open the help
Online help
text.
7.2 Inter-NE Communication Management Based

on DCN
This section describes the implementation scheme and network application of inter-
NE communication management based on data communication network (DCN).
Version: J 211
7.2.1 DCN Implementation Scheme
A data communication network (DCN) provides channels to transmit operation,

administration and maintenance (OAM) information between the EMS and NEs, and
between NEs to achieve centralized management of these NEs on the EMS.
DCN Composition
A DCN consists of network management systems (EMSs), gateway NEs (GNEs),

non-GNEs, and the connections between them. EMSs, GNEs, and NEs are nodes
of the DCN. The portion between an EMS and GNEs is the external DCN, and the
portion between the NEs is the internal DCN.
u An external DCN is a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN),
and uses the TCP/IP protocol for communication. It provides communication
between EMSs and between an EMS and GNEs.
u An internal DCN provides communication between NEs using the TCP/IP

protocol. The protocol packets are transmitted over optical supervisory
channels (OSCs), electric supervisory channels (ESCs) and Ethernet channels,
or in-band channels.
4 OSC
The POTN equipment provides private optical supervisory channels to

transmit supervisory and management information between NEs via the
OSC unit.
4 ESC
The ESC transfers NE supervisory information using the overhead bytes

(GCCs) in the fixed frame structure of the service. In this case, the
communication between NEs can be achieved directly through the
interconnection of the OTU cards, tributary cards or line cards.
4 Ethernet
The NE provides the Ethernet physical channel through the Ethernet

network management (F/ETH) interface.
In-Band DCN and Out-of-Band DCN
u Out-of-band DCN
212 Version: J
The out-of-band DCN refers to a DCN networking mode whose data

communication channel does not use service bandwidth. It can be
implemented using the aforesaid OSC, ESC, or Ethernet channels.
u In-band DCN
The in-band DCN uses the service channel provided by the managed device to
manage the network equipment information. In this mode, management
information is encapsulated into Ethernet frames and transmitted with services
over service channels. A unified and fixed VLAN ID is used to distinguish
management data from service data.
7.2.2 DCN Network Application
The DCN supports various networking modes. NEs can be connected through
optical interfaces or Ethernet interfaces for inter-NE communication. In certain
situations, inter-NE communication supports transparent transmission of OAM
information from third-party equipment.
The DCN supports the following typical applications.
Version: J 213
Independent Network
Figure 7-1 Independent Network
Network in Which Third-Party Equipment Transparently Transmits OAM Information
Figure 7-2 Network in Which Third-Party Equipment Transparently Transmits OAM Information
In this scenario, the third-party equipment must transparently transmit OAM

information from FiberHome equipment. During information transmission, the third-
party equipment must not parse the OAM information or terminate GCC bytes of the
ODUk signals.
214 Version: J
7.3 Network Management Supervisory Channels
This product can provide three types of channels: optical supervisory channel
(OSC), electric supervisory channel (ESC) and Ethernet communication channel to
carry the DCN communication protocols to achieve the DCN communication.
u OSC: In this mode, a dedicated wavelength channel (1510 nm) is used to

transfer the supervisory information, and users need to configure the extra
supervisory channel processing unit.
u ESC: In this mode, the OTN GCC overhead bytes are used to load the
supervisory information which is transferred together with main service signals.
u Ethernet: The NE provides the Ethernet physical channel through the Ethernet
network management (F/ETH) interface.
Note:
The ESC supervisory channel does not need the extra supervisory
channel processing unit, but it depends on the configured optical
transponder unit (OTU). Therefore, for an OLA station, the OSC mode
should be used.
7.4 Single-Fiber Bidirectional Solution of the

OSC
When high precision is required for time synchronization in the network, the single-
fiber bidirectional solution of the OSC is adopted to solve the issue of asymmetric Tx
and Rx paths for time synchronization signals.
COTP (3030036 / 3030105 / 3030163)
The EOSC card can use the 1490 nm + 1510 nm optical module, and works
together with the EOSCAD card to monitor single-fiber bidirectional transmission of
supervisory channels.
Version: J 215
Figure 7-3 Application of the EOSCAD Cards
COTP (3030220)
The EOSCAD card and EOSC card should be used together.
u In the Tx direction, the main optical signal from the OA card, the OSC signal
from the EOSC card and the OTDR signal are combined and then sent to the
fiber line for transmission.
u In the Rx direction, the line signal is input from the LINE_IN port and
demultiplexed into a main path optical signal and a supervisory signal via the
EOSCAD card. These two signals are output from the MAIN_OUT and
OSC_OUT ports respectively.
u OTDR signals are independent of OSC signals.
216 Version: J
Figure 7-4 Application of the EOSCAD Card
7.5 Intra-NE Communication Management

(Master Subrack / Extended Subrack)
The equipment supports intra-NE communication management based on master

subrack and extended subrack configurations. When multiple subracks are required
to form an NE, the master-slave subrack mode must be used for unified
management. In master-slave subrack mode, multiple subracks are displayed as
one NE on the EMS.
The FONST 5000 U series subrack serves as the master subrack and the WDM
subrack serves as the extended subrack. This scheme supports chain networks.
Version: J 217
Figure 7-5 Intra-NE Communication Management
7.6 Time Synchronization Between the EMS and

an NE
The time synchronization function provided by the EMS ensures the time
consistency between network NEs and the EMS. Therefore, the EMS can record
the accurate time when the alarm is reported from the NE or an exception occurs.
When NEs report alarms and abnormal events to the EMS, the time at which the
alarms and events occur is based on the NE time. If the NE time is incorrect when
the alarm or event is generated, the EMS and NE security logs record incorrect time.
Recording an incorrect time may affect fault location. To ensure the accuracy of NE
time, the EMS provides a time synchronization function between the EMS and NE
and supports the world time zone.
The EMS periodically issues the time synchronization information (including the NE
time synchronization and network block time synchronization) through the private
protocol.
218 Version: J
Figure 7-6 Time Synchronization Between the EMS and an NE
7.7 EMS Northbound Interface
The EMS provides multiple types of northbound interfaces for connecting to different
operation support systems (OSSs).
The OSS is a software system that provides many management functions to

carriers, including performance management, inventory management, service
management, and fault management. The OSS resides at a higher layer than the
EMS in the network architecture. The OSS manages NE equipment through the
EMS which communicates with the OSS through the northbound interfaces. The
EMS supports various northbound interfaces such as CORBA, Socket, I2 and
SNMP to implement fast interworking with the carrier's OSS.
Version: J 219
Introduction to OSS
The OSS is a software system that provides performance management, inventory

management, service management and fault management for the carriers'
communication equipment. It is used to improve the work efficiency of the
equipment maintenance engineers. According to the supported functions, OSSs
mainly include the service assurance system, service provisioning system and
inventory management system.
The OSS systems can reduce the maintenance cost, and improve the maintenance
efficiency.
Table 7-2 Introduction to OSS
OSS Feature Function

Provides a unified port for performance statistics collection
Service assurance Monitoring and assurance of and performance statistics reports for various services.
system system performance Reports equipment alarms on a real time basis, and filters
and clears equipment alarms.
Provides a unified provisioning flow for various services

Service provisioning
Fast service provisioning and ignores the differences between equipment provided
system
by different vendors.
Inventory management Unified resource Supports the inventory query for networkwide resources
system management and provides a notification upon a resource change.
Types of Northbound Interfaces
The EMS provides multiple types of northbound interfaces for connecting to different
operation support systems (OSSs).
Table 7-3 List of NBIs
Interface Type Description
Through the CORBA NBI, the EMS provides a unified management interface for data
CORBA
collections of alarms, performance, basic configurations, and service data to the OSS.
Through the Socket NBI, the EMS provides a unified management interface for data
Socket
collections of alarms, performance, basic configurations, and service data to the OSS.
Through the I2 NBI, the EMS provides a unified management interface for data collections
I2
and delivering of alarms, performance, basic configurations, and service data to the OSS.
Through the SNMP NBI, the EMS provides a unified management interface for data
SNMP
collections of alarms and performance to the OSS.
220 Version: J
8 Equipment Standards and
Environment Requirements
This chapter describes the equipment standards and environmental requirements

for the FONST 5000 U series of products.
Optical Interface Performance Standards
Power Supply Requirements
Electromagnetic Compatibility
Environment Requirements
Version: J 221
8.1 Optical Interface Performance Standards
u SDH: ITU-T G.957 and G.691 compliant
u SONET: GR-253-CORE, GR-1377-CORE, and ANSI T1.105 compliant
u OTN: ITU-T G.709 and ITU-T G.959.1 compliant
u 10GE: IEEE 802.3ae compliant
u GE: IEEE 802.3z compliant
u ESCON: ANSI X3.296 and ANSI X3.230 compliant
u FC: ANSI X3.303 and ANSI X3.230 compliant
u Optical fiber connector: LC/PC and LSH/APC
u Laser safety: ITU-T G.664 compliant and automatic laser shutdown supported
u All optical interfaces of the equipment are equipped with anti-dust caps.
8.2 Power Supply Requirements
u DC power redundancy backup is provided. When a single power rail is

interrupted, services on the equipment will not be affected, but an alarm for
single power rail interruption will be generated.
u DC voltage: -40 V DC / -57 V DC
u The working ground and protection ground must be independent from each
other.
8.3 Electromagnetic Compatibility
The electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) complies with the ETS 300 386, including
u Radiated emission: EN55022
u Conducted emission: EN55022
u Electronic static discharge (ESD): IEC61000-4-2
u Conducted susceptibility: IEC61000-4-6
u Electrical fast transient (EFT): IEC61000-4-4
222 Version: J
8 Equipment Standards and Environment Requirements
u Radiated susceptibility: IEC61000-4-3
u Surge: IEC61000-4-5
u Voltage dip and short interruption: IEC61000-4-29
8.4 Environment Requirements
Environment requirements involve the storage environment, transport environment,

and working environment.
8.4.1 Storage Environment
u Climate
Table 8-1 lists the climate requirements for the storage environment.
Table 8-1 Climate Requirements (Storage Environment)
Item Specification
Altitude ≤ 3000 m
Atmospheric pressure 70 kPa to 106 kPa
Temperature -40℃ to +70℃ (-55℃ to +50℃ in East Europe and Russia)
Temperature change rate ≤ 1℃/min

Relative humidity 5% to 95%
Condensation Not allowed
Rainwater Equipment package must be protected against rainwater.
Icing Allowed
Solar radiation ≤ 1120 W/s2
Heat radiation ≤ 600 W/s2
Wind speed ≤ 30 m/s
u Air cleanliness
4 The air must be free of explosive, electric-conductive, magnetic-conductive,

or corrosive dust.
4 Table 8-2 shows the concentration requirements for mechanically active

substances.
Version: J 223
Table 8-2 Requirements for the Density of Mechanically Active Substances (Storage
Environment)
Mechanically Active Substance Specification
Suspended dust ≤ 5 mg/m3
Deposited dust ≤ 20 mg/(m2h)
Sand ≤ 300 mg/m3
4 The density of chemically active substances must meet the requirements

listed in Table 8-3.
Table 8-3 Requirements for the Density of Chemically Active Substances (Storage
Environment)
Chemically Active Substance Density (mg/m3)
SO2 ≤ 0.30
H2S ≤ 0.10
NO2 ≤ 0.50
NH3 ≤ 1.00
Cl2 ≤ 0.10
HCl ≤ 0.10
HF ≤ 0.01
O3 ≤ 0.05
u Biological environment
4 The environment must be free of mold and mildew.
4 The environment must be free of rodents (such as mice).
u Mechanical environment
4 The sinusoidal vibration meets requirements listed in Table 8-4.
Table 8-4 Sinusoidal Vibration Requirements (Storage Environment)
Frequency range (Hz) Displacement (mm) Acceleration (m/s2)
2 to 9 3.5 -
9 to 200 - 10
200 to 500 - 15
4 Impact: not allowed
4 Static pile load: ≤ 5 kPa
224 Version: J
8.4.2 Transport Environment
u Climate
Table 8-5 lists the climate requirements during equipment transportation.
Table 8-5 Climate Requirements (Transport Environment)
Item Specification
Altitude ≤ 3000 m
Temperature -40℃ to +70℃ (-55℃ to +50℃ in East Europe and Russia)
Temperature change rate ≤ 0.5℃/min

Relative humidity 5% to 95%
Rain and snow Not allowed
Icing Not allowed
Heat radiation ≤ 600 W/s2
u Air cleanliness

or corrosive dust.

substances.
Table 8-6 Requirements for the Density of Mechanically Active Substances (Transport
Environment)
Suspended dust None

Deposited dust ≤ 20 mg/(m2h)
Sand ≤ 300 mg/m3

Version: J 225
Table 8-7 Requirements for the Density of Chemically Active Substances (Transport
Environment)
SO2 ≤ 1.00
H2S ≤ 0.50
NO2 ≤ 1.00
NH3 ≤ 3.00
Cl2 None
HCI ≤ 0.50
HF ≤ 0.03
O3 ≤ 0.10
Salt mist Not allowed
Table 8-8 lists the mechanical requirements during equipment transportation.
Table 8-8 Mechanical Requirements (Transport Environment)
Item Sub-Item Specification
Frequency range (Hz) 2 to 9 9 to 200 200 to 500
Sinusoidal vibration Displacement (mm) 3.5 - -

Acceleration (m/s2) - 10 15
Frequency range (Hz) 10 to 200 200 to 2000 -
Random vibration
ASD (m2/s3) 1 0.3 -
Response spectrum type Type II
Unsteady state
Acceleration (m/s2) 250
impulse
Period (ms) 6
Drop type Free drop
Drop Weight (kg) < 20 20 to 100 ＞ 100

Drop height (mm) 1200 1000 250
Package tilt or overturn Not allowed
Static pile load ≤ 10 kPa
226 Version: J
8.4.3 Operation Environment
u Climate
Table 8-9 shows the climate requirements for the working environment.
Table 8-9 Climate Requirements (Working Environment)
Item Specification
Altitude ≤ 4000 m
Long-term operation 5℃ to 45℃
Temperature
Short-term operation -5℃ to 50℃
Temperature change rate ≤ 0.5℃/min
Long-term operation 5% to 85%
Relative humidity
Short-term operation 5% to 95%
Rain and snow Not allowed
Icing Not allowed
Heat radiation ≤ 600W/s2
Note 1: When the altitude is higher than 1800 m, the operation temperature of the equipment decreases by 1℃ each
time the altitude increases by 220 m.
u Air cleanliness

or corrosive dust.

substances.
Table 8-10 Requirements for the Density of Mechanically Active Substances (Operation
Environment)
Suspended dust ≤ 20 mg/m3
Deposited dust ≤ 1.5 mg/(m2h)
Sand ≤ 30 mg/m3
Version: J 227

Table 8-11 Requirements for the Density of Chemically Active Substances (Operation
Environment)
SO2 ≤ 0.30
H2S ≤ 0.10
NO2 ≤ 0.50
NH3 ≤ 1.00
Cl2 ≤ 0.10
HCl ≤ 0.10
HF ≤ 0.01
O3 ≤ 0.05
Salt mist Not allowed
Table 8-12 lists the mechanical requirements for the equipment's operation
environment.
Table 8-12 Mechanical Requirements (Operation Environment)
Item Sub-Item Specification
Frequency range (Hz) 2 to 9 9 to 200
Sinusoidal vibration Displacement (mm) 1.5 -

2
Acceleration (m/s ) - 5
Response spectrum type Type II
2
Unsteady state impulse Acceleration (m/s ) 250
Period (ms) 6
Floor bearing ≥ 600 kg/m2
Grounding resistance ≤ 5Ω
228 Version: J
9 Product Standard
This chapter introduces complied standards of the FONST 5000 U series.
Relevant ITU-T Standards
Relevant IEEE Standards
Laser Safety Standards
Relevant Safety Standards
Relevant EMC Standards
Relevant Environment Standards
Grounding Standards
Noise Standards
Fire Protection Standards
Relevant International Standards
Version: J 229
9.1 Relevant ITU-T Standards

Architecture Standards
Architecture Standard Title
Architectures of transport networks based on the Synchronous
ITU-T G.803
Digital Hierarchy (SDH)
Types and characteristics of SDH network protection

ITU-T G.841
architectures
ITU-T G.842 Interworking of SDH network protection architectures
ITU-T G.871 Framework for optical transport network Recommendations
ITU-T G.872 Architecture of optical transport networks
Physical-Layer Feature Standards
Physical-Layer Feature
Title
Standard
Optical interfaces for multichannel systems with optical
ITU-T Rec.G.692
amplifiers
ITU-T Rec.G.694.1 Spectral grids for WDM applications: DWDM frequency grid
ITU-T Rec.G.694.2 Spectral grids for WDM applications: DWDM frequency grid
ITU-T Rec.G.696.1 Intra-Domain DWDM applications
ITU-T Rec.G.703 Physical/electrical characteristic of hierarchical digital interfaces
Optical interfaces of equipment and systems relating to the

ITU-T G.957
synchronous digital hierarchy
Optical interfaces for single channel STM-64 and other SDH

ITU-T G.691
systems with optical amplifiers
ITU-T G.693 Optical interfaces for intra-office systems
ITU-T G.697 Optical monitoring for DWDM systems
Amplified multichannel DWDM applications with single channel

ITU-T G.698.2
optical interfaces
Transmission characteristics of optical components and

ITU-T G.671
subsystems
ITU-T G.959.1 Optical transport network physical layer interfaces
Definition and test methods for the relevant generic parameters

ITU-T G.661
of optical amplifiers and subsystems
ITU-T G.662 Generic characteristics of optical amplifiers and subsystems
Application related aspects of optical amplifiers and sub-

ITU-T G.663
systems
230 Version: J
9 Product Standard
Physical-Layer Feature
Title
Standard
Optical safety procedures and requirements for optical transport
ITU-T G.664
systems
Generic Characteristics of Raman Amplifiers and Raman

ITU-T G.665
Amplified Subsystems
Structure and Mapping Standards
Structure and Mapping

Title
Standard
ITU-T G.702 Digital hierarchy bit rates
Synchronous frame structures used at 1544, 6312, 2048, 8448

ITU-T G.704
and 44736 kbit/s hierarchical levels
Network node interface for the synchronous digital hierarchy
ITU-T Rec.G.707
(SDH)
ITU-T Rec.G.709 Interfaces for the Optical Transport Network (OTN)
ITU-T Rec.G.7041/Y.1303 Generic Framing Procedure (GFP)
Equipment Function and Feature Standards
Equipment Function and

Title
Feature Standard
Characteristics of Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)
ITU-T G.783
equipment functional blocks
Characteristics of optical transport network hierarchy equipment

ITU-T G.798
functional blocks
ITU-T G.813 Timing characteristics of SDH equipment slave clocks (SEC)
ITU-T G.975 Forward error correction for submarine systems
Forward error correction for high bit rate DWDM submarine

ITU-T G.975.1
systems
ITU-T Rec.G.781 Synchronization layer functions
ITU-T Rec.G.811 Timing characteristics of primary reference clocks
ITU-T Rec.Q.812 Protocol profile for electronic communications interactive agent
International multi-operator paths, sections and transmission

ITU-T Rec.M.2120
systems fault detection and localization procedures
Version: J 231
Equipment Function and

Title
Feature Standard
Timing characteristics of synchronous Ethernet equipment
ITU-T G.8262
slave clock
Timing characteristics of telecom boundary clocks and telecom
ITU-T G.8273.2 (Class B)
time slave clocks (Class B)
Network Protection Standards

Network Protection
Title
Standard
Generic protection switching - Linear trail and subnetwork
ITU-T G.808.1
protection
ITU-T G.873.1 Optical Transport Network (OTN): Linear protection
Jitter and Performance Standards

Jitter and Performance
Title
Standard
The control of jitter and wander within digital networks which are
ITU-T G.823
based on the 2048 kbit/s hierarchy
ITU-T G.824
based on the 1544 kbit/s hierarchy
ITU-T G.825
based on the Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)
Error performance parameters and objectives for international,

ITU-T G.826
constant bit rate digital paths at or above the primary rate
Error performance limits and procedures for bringing-into-

ITU-T M.2401 service and maintenance of multi operator international paths
and sections within an optical transport network
Error performance parameters and objectives for multi-operator

ITU-T G.8201
international paths within the Optical Transport Network (OTN)
Error performance parameters and objectives for international,

ITU-T Rec.G.828
constant bit rate synchronous digital paths
Error performance events for SDH multiplex and regenerator

ITU-T Rec.G.829
sections
The control of jitter and wander within the optical transport
ITU-T Rec.G.8251
network (OTN)
232 Version: J
9 Product Standard
Equipment Management Standards
Equipment Management
Title
Standard
Equipment Management Function (EMF) requirements that are
ITU-T G.7710
common to multiple transport technologies
Protocol suites for Q-interfaces for management of transmission

ITU-T G.773
systems
Synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) Bidirectional performance

ITU-T Rec.G.774.1
monitoring for the network element view
Synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) Configuration of the

ITU-T Rec.G.774.2
payload structure for the network element view
Synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) Management of multiplex-

ITU-T Rec.G.774.3
section protection for the network element view
Synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) Management of the

ITU-T Rec.G.774.4
subnetwork connection protection for the network element view
Synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) Management of

ITU-T Rec.G.774.5 connection supervision functionality (HCS/LCS) for the network
element view
Loss of Signal (LOS), Alarm Indication Signal (AIS) and Remote
ITU-T Rec.G.775 Defect Indication (RDI) defect detection and clearance criteria
for PDH signals
ITU-T G.784 Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) management
Management capabilities of transport networks based on the

ITU-T G.831
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)
ITU-T G.870/Y.1352 Terms and definitions for Optical Transport Networks (OTN)
ITU-T G.874 Management aspects of the optical transport network element
Optical transport network (OTN) management information

ITU-T G.875
model for the network element view
ITU-T M.3010 Principles for a telecommunication management network
ITU-T Rec.Q.811 Lower layer protocol profiles for the Q3 and X interfaces
Information Technology - Open Systems Interconnection -

ITU-T Rec.X.721 Structure of Management Information: Definition of
Management Information
Version: J 233
9.2 Relevant IEEE Standards

Relevant IEEE Standard Title
Carrier sense multiple access with collision detection
IEEE 802.3
(CSMA/CD) access method and physical layer specification
Media Access Control (MAC) parameters, physical layer,

IEEE 802.3z
repeater and management parameters for 1000 Mb/s operation
Media Access Control (MAC) parameters, physical layer, and

IEEE 802.3ae
management parameters for 10 Gb/s operation
9.3 Laser Safety Standards

Laser Safety Standard Title
Safety of laser products - Part 1: Equipment classification,
IEC 60825-1
requirements and user's guide
Safety of laser products - Part2: Safety of optical fiber

IEC 60825-2
communication systems
ANSI CDRH 21-CFR-1040 Optical Safety
9.4 Relevant Safety Standards

Relevant Safety Standard Title
IEC 60215 Safety requirements for radio transmitting equipment
Safety of Information Technology Equipment Including Electrical

EN 60950-1
Business Equipment
Safety of Information Technology Equipment Including Electrical

IEC 60950-1
Business Equipment
Particular safety requirements for equipment to be connected to

IEC41003
telecommunication networks and/or a cable distribution system
CAN/CSA-C22.2 No 60950- Safety of Information Technology Equipment Including Electrical

1 Business Equipment
UL 1950 Information Technology Equipment - Safety
Earthing and Bonding of Telecommunications Equipment in

EN 300 253
Telecommunication Centers
Approval and test specification - safety of information
AS/NZ 3260
technology equipment including electrical business equipment
234 Version: J
9 Product Standard
Relevant Safety Standard Title
CAN/CSA-C22.2 No 60950- Safety of Information Technology Equipment Including Electrical

1 Business Equipment
3rd edition Safety of Information Technology Equipment

UL 60950-1
Including Electrical Business Equipment
IEC Publication 479-1 Guide on the effects of current passing through the human body
IS 8437 {1993} Guide on the effects of current passing through the human body
Safety of information technology equipment including electrical

IS 13252 {1993}
business equipment
9.5 Relevant EMC Standards

Relevant EMC Standard Title
Testing and measurement techniques of electrostatic discharge
IEC Publication 1000-4-2
immunity test
IEC Publication 1000-4-3 Radiated RF electromagnetic field immunity test
Testing and measurement techniques of electrical fast

IEC Publication 1000-4-4
transients/burst immunity test
IEC Publication 1000-4-6 Immunity to conducted disturbances
Information technology equipment-Radio disturbance

EN 55022
characteristics - Limits and methods of measurement
Information technology equipment - Immunity characteristics -
EN 55024
Limits and methods of measurement
Testing and measurement techniques - Electrostatic discharge
IEC 61000-4-2
immunity test
Testing and measurement techniques - Radiated, radio-

IEC 61000-4-3
frequency, electromagnetic field immunity test
Testing and measurement techniques - Electrical fast

IEC 61000-4-4
transient/burst immunity test
IEC 61000-4-5 Testing and measurement techniques - Surge immunity test
Testing and measurement techniques - Immunity to conducted

IEC 61000-4-6
disturbances, induced by radio-frequency fields
Testing and measurement techniques - Voltage dips, short

IEC 61000-4-11
interruptions and voltage variations immunity tests
Testing and measurement techniques - Voltage dips, short

IEC 61000-4-29
interruptions
Electromagnetic compatibility and electrical safety - generic

GR-1089-CORE
criteria for network telecommunications equipment
Version: J 235
9.6 Relevant Environment Standards

Relevant Environment
Title
Standard
IEC 61000 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)
Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters

ETSI EN 300 386 (ERM); Telecommunication network equipment; Electro
Magnetic Compatibility (EMC) requirements
Class 1.1: Weatherprotected, partly temperature-controlled

storage locations
ETS 300 019-1-1
Class 1.2: Weatherprotected, not temperature-controlled
storage locations
ETS 300 019-1-3 Class 3.2 Partly temperature-controlled location
Network Equipment-Building System (NEBS) Requirements:

NEBS GR-63-CORE
Physical Protection
Restriction of the use of certain hazardous substance in

ROHS
electrical and electronic equipment
The equipment complies with the RoHS Directive. Table 9-1 describes the materials
of each part.
Table 9-1 Component Materials
Percentage (Based on RoHS

Component Material Weight
Product Weight) Material
Fe 56 28.10% None
Al 3 1.50% None
Cabinet Cu 2 1.00% None
ABS 3 1.50% None
Other materials 2 1.00% None
Fe 26 13.00% None
Subrack ABS 0.3 0.15% None
Zn 0.15 0.08% None
Typical configuration (including power
cables, ground cables, alarm cables, 7 3.51% None
Cable
management cables, and clock cables)
Other configurations (weight per meter) 1.5 kg/m - None

Typical configuration (fifty-eight 10-
Pigtail 30 15.04% None
meter optical fibers)
236 Version: J
9 Product Standard
Table 9-1 Component Materials (Continued)
Percentage (Based on RoHS

Component Material Weight
Product Weight) Material
Full configuration (including Pb (for
Card 70 35.10%
components and 44 cards) soldering)
Total Typical configuration 199.45 100% -
9.7 Grounding Standards

Grounding Standard Title
Earthing and bonding of telecommunication equipment in
ETS 300 253
telecommunication centres
Electromagnetic Compatibility and Electrical Safety - Generic
GR 1089 CORE
Criteria for Network Telecommunications Equipment
9.8 Noise Standards

Noise Standard Title
ETS 300 753 Acoustic noise emitted by telecommunications equipment
9.9 Fire Protection Standards

Fire Protection Standard Title
EN 60950 (Europe) Safety of information technology equipment
ANSI/UL 60950 Safety of information technology equipment
CAN/CSA-C22.2 No.950-95
Audio, Video and Similar Electronic Equipment
(North America)
IEC 60950 (International) Safety of information technology equipment
73/23/EEC (Europe) Low Voltage Directive
Version: J 237
9.10 Relevant International Standards

Relevant International
Title
Standard
Optical amplifiers - Part 4: Multichannel Applications
IEC 61291-1
Performance specification Template
CAN/CSA-C22.2 No 1 -
Audio, Video and Similar Electronic Equipment
M94
73/23/EEC Low Voltage Directive
Classification of degrees of protection provided by enclosures.

IEC 529
(IP Code)
SMPTE 259M Television - SDTV1 Digital Signal/Data - Serial Digital Interface
SMPTE 424M Television - 3 Gb/s Signal/Data Serial Interface
Television - Bit-Serial Digital Interface for High-Definition

SMPTE 292M
Television Systems
Cable networks for television signals, sound signals and

interactive services - Part 9: Interfaces for CATV/SMATV
CENELEC EN 50083-9
headends and similar professional equipment for DVB/MPEG-2
transport streams
ISO 9314 Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI)
238 Version: J
Appendix A Abbreviations
ACB Air Circuit Breaker

ACL Access Control List
APD Avalanche Photo Diode
API Access Point Identifier
APR Automatic Power Reduction
APS Automatic Protection Switching
ASON Automatically Switched Optical Network
ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode
BC Boundary Clock
BDI Backward Defect Indicator

BFD Bidirectional Forwarding Detection
BMC Best Master Clock

BMU Board Management Unit
BPDU Bridge Protocol Data Unit
BRAS Broadband Remote Access Server

CAR Committed Access Rate
CBS Committed Burst Size
CCM Continuity Check Message
CC Continuity Check
CD Chromatic Dispersion
CE Customer Edge
CFM Connectivity Fault Management
CIR Committed Information Rate

COS Class of Service
CPE Customer Premise Equipment
CR Core Router
CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check
CV Connectivity Verification
DAPI Destination Access Point Identifier

DCC Data Communication Channel
DCF Dispersion Compensation Fiber
DCM Dispersion Compensation Module
DCN Data Communication Network
Version: J 239
DDF Digital Distribution Frame
DGE Dynamic Gain Equalization
DiffServ Differentiated Services

DPSK Differential Phase Shift Keying
DQPSK Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
DSP Digital Signal Processing
DTE Data Terminating Entity
DWDM Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing
E2ETC End-to-End Transparent Clock
ECC Embedded Communication Channel

EDFA Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier
EFM Ethernet in the First Mile

ESC Electrical Supervisory Channel
ESD Electrostatic Discharge
ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute
EVOA Electrical Variable Optical Attenuator
FC Fiber Channel
FCS Frame Check Sequence
FE Fast Ethernet
FEC Forward Error Correction
FOADM Fixed Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer
FPGA Field-Programmable Gate Array
GCC General Communication Channel

GE Gigabit Ethernet
GFP Generic Framing Procedure
GMC Grandmaster Clock

GMPLS Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching
GPS Global Positioning System
GUI Graphical User Interface
IC Integrated Circuit
ID Identity
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IP Internet Protocol
ISP Internet Service Provider
International Telecommunication Union -
ITU-T
Telecommunication Standardization Sector
240 Version: J
L2VPN Layer 2 Virtual Private Network
LACP Link Aggregation Control Protocol
LAG Link Aggregation Group
LAN Local Area Network

LCT Local Craft Terminal
LSP Label Switched Path
LTE Long Term Evolution
MA Maintenance Association
MAC Media Access Control
MCC Management Communication Channel
MCF Message Communication Function
MCN Management Communication Network
MD Maintenance Domain
MDF Main Distribution Frame
MEG Maintenance Entity Group
MEP Maintenance End Point

MIB Management Information Base
MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
MIP Maintenance Intermediate Point

MME Mobility Management Entity
MP Maintenance Point
MPLS Multi-Protocol Label Switching
MPLS-TP Multiprotocol Label Switching Transport Profile
MSTP Multi-Service Transport Platform
MSP Multiplex Section Protection
MTU Maximum Transmission Unit

NDF New Data Flag
NNI Network Node Interface

NDF New Data Flag
NTP Network Time Protocol

OADM Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer
OAM Operation, Administration and Maintenance
OC Ordinary Clock
ODF Optical Distribution Frame
OFDM Optical Frequency Division Multiplexing
OLA Optical Line Amplifier
Version: J 241
OLT Optical Line Terminal
OMS Optical Multiplex Section
OSC Optical Supervisory Channel
OSNR Optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio
OSPF Open Shortest Path First
OTDR Optical Time Domain Reflectometer
OTM Optical Terminal Multiplexer
OTN Optical Transport Network
OTS Optical Transmission Section
OTU Optical Transponder Unit
P2PTC Peer-to-Peer Transparent Clock
PBS Peak Burst Size

PC Personal Computer
PCS Physical Coding Sublayer
PDP Power Distribution Panel

PDU Protocol Data Unit
PE Provider Edge
PHB Per-Hop Behavior
PIN Positive-Intrinsic-Negative
PIR Peak Information Rate

PMD Polarization Mode Dispersion
PMDC Polarization Mode Dispersion Compensation
POTN Packet Optical Transport Network
PON Passive Optical Network
PPS Pulse Per Second

PRC Primary Reference Clock
PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network
PTN Packet Transport Network
PTP Precision Time Protocol

PW Pseudo Wire
QoS Quality of Service
QSFP Quad Small Form-factor Pluggable
RAN Radio Access Network

RDI Remote Defect Indication
RNC Radio Network Controller
RRC Radio Resource Control
242 Version: J
RTP Routing Information Protocol
SAN Storage Area Network
SAPI Source Access Point Identifier

SAR Segmentation and Reassembly
SC Switched Connection
SCC Signaling Communication Channel
SCN Signaling Communication Network
SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
SFP Small Form-Factor Pluggable
SFP+ Small Form-Factor Pluggable Plus
SGW Signaling Gateway
SN Serial Number
SNCP Sub-network Connection Protection
SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol
SP Strict Priority
SPC Soft Permanent Connection

SR Service Router
SSM Synchronization Status Message
STM Synchronous Transport Module
TC Transparent Clock
TCM Tandem Connection Monitor

TCP Transmission Control Protocol
TDCM Tunable Dispersion Compensation Module
TDM Time-Division Multiplexing
TE Traffic Engineering
TIM Trace Identifier Mismatch

TM Terminal Multiplexer
TMUX Trans-Multiplexer
TMN Telecommunications Management Network
TOD Time Of Day
TPID Tag Protocol IDentifier
TTI Trail Trace Identifier

TTL Time To Live
UCT Coordinated Universal Time
ULH Ultra Long Haul
UNI User Network Interface
Version: J 243
VGA Variable Gain Amplifier
VLAN Virtual Local Area Network

VOA Variable Optical Attenuator
VPLS Virtual Private LAN Service

VPWS Virtual Private Wire Service
WAN Wide Area Network
WDM Wavelength Division Multiplexing
WFQ Weighted Fair Queuing
WRED Weighted Random Early Detection
WSS Wavelength Selective Switch
XFP 10-Gigabit Small Form-factor Pluggable
244 Version: J
Product Documentation Customer Satisfaction Survey
Thank you for reading and using the product documentation provided by FiberHome. Please take a moment to
complete this survey. Your answers will help us to improve the documentation and better suit your needs. Your
responses will be confidential and given serious consideration. The personal information requested is used for
no other purposes than to respond to your feedback.
Name
Phone Number
Email Address
Company
To help us better understand your needs, please focus your answers on a single documentation or a complete
documentation set.
Documentation Name
Code and Version
Usage of the product documentation:

1. How often do you use the documentation?
□ Frequently □ Rarely □ Never □ Other (please specify)
2. When do you use the documentation?
□ in starting up a project □ in installing the product □ in daily maintenance □ in trouble
shooting □ Other (please specify)
3. What is the percentage of the operations on the product for which you can get instruction from the
documentation?
□ 100% □ 80% □ 50% □ 0% □ Other (please specify)
4. Are you satisfied with the promptness with which we update the documentation?
□ Satisfied □ Unsatisfied (your advice)
5. Which documentation form do you prefer?
□ Print edition □ Electronic edition □ Other (please specify)
Quality of the product documentation:
1. Is the information organized and presented clearly?
□ Very □ Somewhat □ Not at all (your advice)
2. How do you like the language style of the documentation?
□ Good □ Normal □ Poor (please specify)
3. Are any contents in the documentation inconsistent with the product?
4. Is the information complete in the documentation?
□ Yes
□ No (Please specify)
5. Are the product working principles and the relevant technologies covered in the documentation sufficient for
you to get known and use the product?
□ Yes
□ No (Please specify)
6. Can you successfully implement a task following the operation steps given in the documentation?
□ Yes (Please give an example)
□ No (Please specify the reason)
7. Which parts of the documentation are you satisfied with?
8. Which parts of the documentation are you unsatisfied with?Why?
9. What is your opinion on the Figures in the documentation?
□ Beautiful □ Unbeautiful (your advice)
□ Practical □ Unpractical (your advice)
10. What is your opinion on the layout of the documentation?

□ Beautiful □ Unbeautiful (your advice)
11. Thinking of the documentations you have ever read offered by other companies, how would you compare
our documentation to them?
Product documentations from other companies:
Satisfied (please specify)
Unsatisfied (please specify)
12. Additional comments about our documentation or suggestions on how we can improve:
Thank you for your assistance. Please fax or send the completed survey to us at the contact information
included in the documentation. If you have any questions or concerns about this survey please email at
edit@fiberhome.com

FONST 5000 U Series Packet Enhanced OTN Equipment Product Description J

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

FONST 5000 U Series Packet Enhanced OTN Equipment Product Description J

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

FONST 5000 U Series

Packet Enhanced OTN Equipment

FiberHome Telecommunication Technologies Co., Ltd.

We appreciate your business. Your satisfaction is our goal.

Fiberhome Telecommunication Technologies Co., Ltd.

Address: No. 67, Guanggu Chuangye Jie, Wuhan, Hubei, China

are trademarks of FiberHome Telecommunication Technologies Co., Ltd.

All rights reserved

No part of this document (including the electronic version) may be

Describes the equipment’s structures, functions, signal

FONST 5000 U Series Packet

Introduces the rules and methods for the configuration of

C Adds the FONST 5000 U60 II equipment.

Adds cards capable of the MPLS-TP function, including

F Deletes the FONST 5000 U20C equipment.

Adds the FONST 5000 N32 equipment.

Adds the 2OC2EA, 2OC2E, 2OC6E, OC2F, VGA, VGAXS,

This manual is intended for the following readers:

u Planning and designing engineers

u Operation and maintenance engineers

To utilize this manual, these prerequisite skills are necessary:

u Optical fiber communication technology

u SDH communication principles

16VS1 16-Port Multi-Service Card

10IL2 10-Port 10G Integration Line Card

LUXU Low Order Cross-connect Card of 80G

10G Bidirectional Optical Transponder Card with Super

4OTU2S 4-Port 10G Optical Transponder Unit

OTU4S 100Gb/s Enhanced FEC Unit (PM-QPSK)

100G Aggregation Optical Transponder Card with

OTU4F 100G Regenerator with EFEC

OTUC2E 2 × 100G Optical Muxponder Unit

OTUC4E 4×100G optical Muxponder Unit

O4EA 8-Port Any Service Transponder Card

2OC2E 4 × 100G Optical Muxponder Unit

40 × 10G Optical Aggregate Optical Transponder Card

OC2F 200G Bidirectional Regenerating Card with Super FEC (C)

2OC3E 2-Port 300G Tranceiver Card

2 Bands Multiplexer and Distribution Unit with Pre-

2 Bands Multiplexer and Distribution Unit with 2 Pre-

OMU2 2 Ch Optical Coupler Card

OMU4 4 Ch Optical Coupler Card

OMU8 8 Ch Optical Coupler Card

ODU2 2 Ch Optical Splitter Card

ODU4 4 Ch Optical Splitter Card

ODU8 8 Ch Optical Splitter Card

OMU48_E 48 Ch Optical Multiplexer Card (C, E)

ODU48_E 48 Ch Optical Demultiplexer Card (C, E)

OMU48_O 48 Ch Optical Multiplexer Card (C, O)

ODU48_O 48 Ch Optical Demultiplexer Card (C, O)

48 Ch Optical Multiplexer Card with Variable Optical

80 Ch Optical Multiplexer Card with Variable Optical

WDM2 2 Line WDM Card

OSCAD 1510 / 1550 Optical Multiplexer/Demultiplexer Card

Enhanced Optical Supervisory Channel

OSCADL C+L Band Multiplexer/Demultiplexer Card

Optical Wavelength Selective Switch Multiplexer Card (50

Optical Wavelength Selective Switch Demultiplexer Card

Optical Wavelength Selective Switch Multiplexer Card (50

Optical Wavelength Selective Switch Demultiplexer Card

Optical Wavelength Selective Switch Multiplexer Card

Optical Wavelength Selective Switch Multiplexer Card

Optical Wavelength Selective Switch Demultiplexer Card

Optical Wavelength Selective Switch Demultiplexer Card