CHAPTER I

AN APPROACH TO THE STUDY OF RELIGION

A. TEXT

There is a crucial question about the study of religion. The question is “Is it possible to study
religion scientifically?” Religion is a social phenomenon as are politics, economics, psychology,
anthropology and the like. These social sciences can be studied scientifically and is the most important
ingredient in the study of human life.
There are two approaches to the study of religion. These approaches are linked through the
unbroken line of the two extremes. The first approach is normative and the other is descriptive. The
normative approach is based on the criteria of what is true and good and what is bad, what one ought
to do and ought not to do. This is based on the personal internal experiences of the religion founder or
the messenger in contact with the divinity; the transcendental experience. This approach can be looked
at two ways. The first one is theology that is an attempt to give a systematic traditional expression of
religious experience. In Islam it is called the ‘Aqoid, something which must be accepted and believed.
The second way is religious ethics or moral behavior: how to act with one’s fellow man. The second
approach is descriptive which is based on intellectual curiosity rather than on belief.
There are a number of disciplines which will help in understanding religion. The first is the
history of religion: looking at religious behavior historically. The second is the psychology of religion:
understanding the mental process and feeling of religious people, and the last is the sociology of
religion: trying to understand how religious groups organized themselves, the role of religious
institutions, religious leaders, law, and the state. Using the descriptive approach, it is possible to study
religion scientifically. (Adapted from a lecture by Prof. Dr. Charles J. Adams)

B. QUESTIONS, ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS ACCORDING TO THE TEXT.

1. What is the answer to the question about the possibility of studying religion scientifically?
2. Why is the study of religion important for study of human life?
3. What approaches can be used for the study of religion?
4. What is the link between these approaches?
5. What is the first approach? Explain briefly!
6. What is the basis of the approach?
7. There are two ways in this approach. What are they?
8. What is the second approach to the study religion? Explain briefly!
 9. What disciplines are used to study religion through this approach?
10. What is the sociology of religion?
C. GRAMMAR

1. Derivation (Linguistics)

It has been suggested that Derivational morphology be merged into this article or
section. (Discuss) Proposed since February 2013.
In linguistics, derivation is the process of forming a new word on the basis of an existing
word, e.g. happi-ness and un-happy from happy, or determination from determine.
Derivation stands in contrast to the process of inflection, which uses another kind of affix in
order to form grammatical variants of the same word, as with determine/determine-s/determin-
ing/determin-ed.
[1] Generally speaking, inflection applies to all members of a part of speech (e.g., every
English verb has a past-tense form), while derivation applies only to some members of a part of
speech (e.g., the nominalizing suffix -ity can be used with the adjectives modern and dense, but
not with open or strong).
A derivational suffix usually applies to words of one syntactic category and changes
them into words of another syntactic category. For example, the English derivational suffix -ly
changes adjectives into adverbs (slow → slowly).
Examples of English derivational patterns and their suffixes:
adjective-to-noun: -ness (slow → slowness)
adjective-to-verb: -ise (modern → modernise) in British English or -ize (archaic → archaicize)
in American English and Oxford spelling
adjective-to-adjective: -ish (red → reddish)
adjective-to-adverb: -ly (personal → personally)
noun-to-adjective: -al (recreation → recreational)
noun-to-verb: -fy (glory → glorify)
verb-to-adjective: -able (drink → drinkable)
verb-to-noun (abstract): -ance (deliver → deliverance)
verb-to-noun (concrete): -er (write → writer)
Although derivational affixes do not necessarily alter the syntactic category, they do
change the meaning of the base. In many cases, derivational affixes change both the syntactic
category and the meaning: modern → modernize ("to make modern"). The change of meaning
 is sometimes predictable: Adjective + ness → the state of being (Adjective); (white→
whiteness).
A prefix (write → re-write; lord → over-lord) will rarely change syntactic category in
English. The prefix un- applies to adjectives (healthy → unhealthy) and some verbs (do →
undo), but rarely to nouns. A few exceptions are the derivational prefixes en- and be-. En- (em-
before labials) is usually used as a transitive marker on verbs, but can also be applied to
adjectives and nouns to form transitive verbs: circle (verb) → encircle (verb); but rich (adj) →
enrich (verb), large (adj) → enlarge (verb), rapture (noun) → enrapture (verb), slave (noun) →
enslave (verb).
Note that derivational affixes are bound morphemes. In that respect, derivation differs
from compounding by which free morphemes are combined (lawsuit, Latin professor). It also
differs from inflection in that inflection does not create new lexemes but new word forms (table
→ tables; open → opened).
Derivation can occur without any change of form, for example telephone (noun) and to
telephone. This is known as conversion or zero derivation.
References, Crystal, David (1999): The Penguin Dictionary of Language. - Penguin
Books - England.

2. Lingking Verbs
Pengertian Linking Verb, Fungsi, Contoh Kata dan Kalimat
Sebelum mempelajari materi mengenai linking verb sebaiknya ketahuilah makna dari
verb terlebih dahulu. Verb adalah kata yang berfungsi sebagai aksi atau tindakan, kejadian,
keadaan dan sikap. Sebuah kalimat (bahasa Inggris) menggunakan verb ini sangatlah penting
karena menunjukkan suatu makna, tujuan dan keadaan secara spesifik dan lebih jelas.
Kemudian, verb (dalam bahasa Inggris) terdiri dari 6, yaitu transitive, intansitive, linking,
auxiliarry, regular dan irregular verb. Masing-masing jenis verb tersebut memiliki fungsinya
masing-masing. Selain itu, bentuk penggunaan kata kerja (verb) tersebut juga berbeda-beda.
Nah, kali ini akan membahas mengenai linking verb secara jelas dan lengkap beserta dengan
contoh-contoh linking verb.
linking verb adalah kata kerja digunakan untuk menghubungkan antara kata pada
sebuah kalimat (bahasa Inggris). Linking verb ini menghubungkan antara subject dengan
pronoun (kata ganti) atau adjective (kata sifat) yang menerangkan pelaku atau subject. Linking
verb juga sering disebut sebagai kata kerja penghubung. Dalam penggunaannya linking verb
terdiri dari 3 jenis, yaitu verb of being, verb of be dan verb of sensation. Ketiga jenis linking
tersebut sangat berbeda dimana verb of being terdiri dari am, is are dan sebagainya kemudian
untuk verb of sensation, yaitu seperti appear, feel, grow dan sebagainya. Untuk mengetahui
jauh lebih jelas mengenai materi linking
verb mari simaklah penjelasan berikut ini.
Contoh Kata Fungsi dan Kalimat Linking Verb
Fungsi linking verb
Sesuai dengan namanya yaitu linking verb yang berarti kata penghubung. Linking verb ini
memiliki peran sebagai kata penghubung pada suatu kalimat, yaitu antara subject dengan
pelengkap. Pelengkap (complement) bisa berupa adverb, adjective dan noun.
Bentuk linking verb to be: Bentuk linking verb to become :
1. Am 1. Becomes
2. Is being 2. Become
3. Was 3. Became
4. Was being 4. Have become
5. Are 5. Has become
6. Are being 6. Had become
7. Were 7. Will have become
8. Has 8. Will become
9. Has been
10. Have been
11. Had been
12. Might have been
13. Will have been

Bentuk linking verb to seem : Bentuk linking verb of sensation :

1. Seems 1.    Smell. (mencium (aroma/bau))
2. Seemed 2.    Taste. (merasakan (masakan/
3. Seeming minuman))
4. Have seemed 3.    Look. (melihat (dengan sengaja))
5. Has seemed 4.    Stay. (tinggal (sementara))
6. Will seem 5.    Get. (mendapatkan)
7. Had seemed 6.    Grow. (tumbuh)
7.    Look. (melihat (dengan sengaja))
8.    Prove. (membuktikan)
9.    Sound. (membunyikan)
10.    Remain. (tetap)
11.    Feel. (merasakan (perasaan))
12.    Appear. (muncul/ keluar)
Contoh-contoh bentuk linking verb berdasarkan linking verb of being, linking verb of be linking verb of
sensation
   

Linking Verb Contoh Kalimat

Linking verb of being 1. He becomes famous actor this year. (dia menjadi
aktor terkenal tahun ini)

Contoh kata : acted, becomes, grows, 2. The flower grows well everyday. (bunga itu tumbuh
remains, seem dengan baik setiap hari)

3. They seem happy today. (mereka terlihat bahagia

hari ini)

4. He remains faithful . (dia tetap setia)

5. She acted arbitrarily . (dia bertindak semena-mena)

Linking verb of sensation 1. I feel lonely in this room. (saya merasa sendiri
didalam ruanga ini)

Contoh kata : tasted, look, seem, 2. She looks very beautiful. ( dia terlihat sangat
smell, grow, fall dan sebagainya. cantik)

3. The cake tasted delicious. (kue ini terasa lezat)

4. That sock smell bad. (kaus kaki itu baunya tidak

enak)

5. The man voice sounds really good in concert.

(suara laki-laki itu terdengar sangat baik di konser)

Linking verb of be 1. He is an actor. (dia adalah seorang aktor)

Contoh kata : am, is, are, was, were, 2. I am from Indonesia. (saya berasal dari Indonesia)
be

3. You are beautiful. (kamu cantik)

4. I was a dance teacher. (saya dulu seorang pelatih

tari)

5. You were late. (kamu terlambat)

Penggunaan linking verb juga bisa berubah menjadi bentuk past, perfect dan juga present tergantung dengan
keterangan waktu. Berikut ini beberapa perubahan yang bisa terjadi pada linking verb sesuai dengan keadaan yang
terjadi :
   

Perubahan Contoh kalimat

    

Dalam penggunaan kalimat tanya dan bentuk 1.    I don’t need read the magazine.
negatif kemudian ditambahkan I, you, they, we, do, (saya tidak butuh membaca majalah)
don’t, doesn’t, does, did, didn’t

2.    Do you understand? (apakah kamu

paham)

3.    You didn’t come to my party. (kamu

tidak datang ke pestaku)

Tergantung dengan konteks kalimat past tense 1. Seli lived in New York last year. ( Seli
menambahkan ed atau d pada belakang kata kerja tinggal di New York tahun lalu)

2. I saw the cat on the rooftop. (saya

melihat kucing diatas genteng)

Tergantung dengan konteks kalimat pada 1. She plays badminton in the backyard.
subjectnya (person) ditambah es atau s seperti pda (dia bermain bulutangkis di halaman
she, he, it belakang)

2. It looks beautiful. (hal itu nampak

cantik)

Dalam penggunaan kata kerja bantu pada bentuk 1. I had noticed you for several times.
present perfect seperti has, hasn’t, she, he, it, have, (saya sudah memperhatikan kamu selama
have not beberapa kali)

2. I had not understood about last

calculus material. (saya belum paham
tentang materi kalkulus)
Contoh soal linking verb
Find out the linking verb sentence with (linking verb) behind the sentence!
1. She looks fine today. (_______)
2. He looked into the cafeteria. (_______)
3. She is the best singer in the world. (_______)
4. He was great in his presentation. (_______)
5. She seems confused. (_______)
6. The hotdog tasted good (_______)
7. I stayed at that room with my old friend. (_______)
8. She grew tired of walking. (_______)
9. They tasted the beer. (_______)
10. That sounds fantastic. (_______)
11. I played in the living room. (_______)
12. She writes a letter for her boyfriend. (_______)
13. My mother looked sad. (_______)
14. My father looks angry with me. (_______)
15. Friska does speak English. (_______)
16. Look at my eyes. (_______)
17. I fell in love with him. (_______)
18. May I go home now. (_______)
19. You look exhausted after studying math all night. (_______)
20. Winda acted nervous when the teacher call her name. (_______)