TS4447 - Highway Geometric Design Course Plan for Horizontal Alignment

2. Introduction + Full Circle

3. Transition Curve Length
Introduction to 4. SCS & SS
5. Q1
Highway Alignment 6. Sight Distance & Widening on Curve,
Superelavation Diagram, Stationing, &
Design Drawing
Civil Engineering Department  Petra Christian University
7. Discussion

Highway Alignment

 Coordination of horizontal & vertical

alignment
 Adjusting the highway alignment to the
constraints imposed by the terrain
 Design classification
 Road type & class
 Design speed
 Design vehicle
 Cross section
 Horizontal Alignment

Vertical Alignment
 Bad Combinations of
Horizontal and Vertical Curvature

Bad Combinations of Bad Combinations of

Horizontal and Vertical Curvature Horizontal and Vertical Curvature
 Bad Combinations of Bad Combinations of
Horizontal and Vertical Curvature Horizontal and Vertical Curvature

Bad Combinations of Good Combinations of

Horizontal and Vertical Curvature Horizontal and Vertical Curvature
 Good Combinations of
Horizontal and Vertical Curvature

3D Highway Visualization (3DHV)

Trase Jalan Outline of Steps in Determining

a Potential Horizontal Alignment

http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-XGSJulNYVnE/VJV-IkbwpEI/AAAAAAAAGcI/Wt6MkB_SbCo/s1600/Kontur.jpg
Outline of Steps in Determining Outline of Steps in Determining
a Potential Horizontal Alignment a Potential Horizontal Alignment

Outline of Steps in Determining Screening

a Potential Horizontal Alignment Evaluation of
Alternatives
Screening Screening
Evaluation of Evaluation of
Alternatives Alternatives

Screening Evaluation of Alternatives Oblique View of

Alternative Routes 1, 2, and 3
 Design Classification
Design Type & Class
Design Speed
Design Vehicles
Cross Section

R = V2/127(e+f)

R’ << R FC / SCS / SS R’ << R

Dij  Ti + Tj

A B

A B
Urban Road Right of Way (RoW)

Sight Distance
on Curve

Widening on Curve

Superelevation
Diagram

Stationing
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 Frontage Road

8/17/2020 11:57 AM 33

Jalur Lambat untuk Sepeda, Sepeda Listrik

Lajur Khusus Sepeda di New York
dan Sepeda Motor Listrik di Shanghai

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 Motorway Right of Way (RoW)
Inter-Urban Road Right of Way (RoW)

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Motorway Right of Way (RoW) Central

Separator
Central Cross Section
Separator

Contoh Project Specification Horizontal Alignment

2% 2%

cs
 Azimuth, angle & distance
t b tw tw b t  Minimum radius on curve
ms ms
 Type of curve (FC/SCS/SS)
Kelas jalan II (JP)
Fungsi jalan Arteri Primer  Sight distance on curve
Kecepatan rencana (kph) 60  Widening on curve
Kendaraan rencana WB-15
Tipe jalan 4/2D  Superelevation diagram
Lebar satu lajur (m) 3,00  Stationing
Lebar trotoar/t (m) 1,50
Lebar bahu/lajur parkir/b (m) 1,00
 Design drawing
Lebar median/cs (m) 6,00
Jalur tepian/ms (m) 0,50
 Trase Jalan Azimuth (AZ), Intersection Angle (D),
distance between PI (d)


https://journals.lib.unb.ca/journalimages/JFE/2005/Vol_16/No_02/arugaOE1.JPG

Azimuth Azimuth (AZ), Intersection Angle (D),

distance between PI (d)
X Y Azimuth D Distance Turn
START -9,261.00 3,321.00

1 -9,247.93 3,445.32

2 -9,242.96 3,730.27

3 -9,042.55 4,099.38

10 -7,017.21 5,366.79

END -6,919.80 5,480.85

 Effect of Radius of Curve on Accident Rate
Minimum Radius on Curve
(Norwegian Data)
Rmin = V2 / 127 ( e + f )

R  minimum radius (m)

V  design speed (kph)
e  superelevation (%)
Handbook of Safety Measures, 2nd ed., Elvik et. al. f  side friction

Superelevation on Curve Superelevation

Urban, max = 6%

Inter-urban, max = 10%

Motorway, max = 10%

Side friction coefficient Minimum radius for emax = 6%
[RSNI T-14-2004, t12 p28]

40 kph - 80 kph, f = -0.00065V + 0.192 V (kph) fmax Rmin (m)

• 40 kph, f = 0.17 100 0.12 435
•… 90 0.13 335
• 80 kph, f = 0.14 80 0.14 250
80 kph – 112 kph, f = -0.00125V + 0.240 70 0.14 195
• 80 kph, f = 0.14 60 0.15 135
•… 50 0.16 90
• 112 kph, f = 0.10 40 0.17 55
30
8/17/2020 11:57 AM
0.17 30 54

2% 2%
Radius vs superelevation
[RSNI T-14-2004, t13 p29]
Normal Cross-Fall (NC-2%)

≥2%

≥2%

Reverse Cross-Fall (RC2%)

or Superelevation (2% ~ 6%)
 Minimum curve radius for emax = 10%
[038/TBM/1997, p.28]

Superelevation
Runoff

Tangent
Runout
(TR)

Radius vs Superelevation Maximum superelevation

[038/TBM/1997] & side friction [007/BM/2009, p.31-32]
• emaks = 10%
• Rmin = … m untuk Vr tertentu (Tabel II.16 h.28)
• Rdesain = … m
• Dmaks = 1.423,39/Rmin
• Ddesain = 1.423,39/Rdesain
஽೏ మ ஽೏
• ݁ௗ = −݁௠௔௞௦ + 2 × ݁௠௔௞௦
஽೘ మ ஽೘
Curve Radius [007/BM/2009, p.32] Radius vs Superelevation
[007/BM/2009, p38]

Radius vs Superelevation Radius vs Superelevation

[007/BM/2009, p39] [007/BM/2009, p40]
Radius vs Superelevation Horizontal curve type
[007/BM/2009, p41] PI

1. Full Circle (FC) CT

PI

TC
CS

2. Spiral-Circle-Spiral (SCS)
SC
TS
PI ST

SS
3. Spiral-Spiral (SS)

TS ST

With vs without spiral transition

 Tikungan majemuk searah
(compound curve)

Tikungan majemuk balik arah Minimum radii not required transition

(reversing curve) section [RSNI T-14-2004 p.31 Table 16]
Vr (kph) Rmin (m) Vr (kph) Rmin (m)

100 5.000 60 1.500

90 3.000 50 1.200

80 2.500 40 800

70 2.000 30 500
Minimum radii not required transition Minimum radii not required superelevation
section [038/TBM/1997 p30 tII18] [038/TBM/1997, p.31]

Vr (kph) Rmin (m) Vr (kph) Rmin (m)

120 2.500 50 350

100 1.500 40 250

80 900 30 130

60 500 20 60

Full Circle (FC) curve Circular Curve Terminology

D (Surveying with Construction Application 7th ed, B. Kavanagh)
PI

TC CT

R R
D
Full Circle (FC) curve 1/3 Full Circle (FC) curve 2/3

Full Circle (FC) curve 3/3

Kpj JP JBH/JT
Panjang 120 - 200
lengkung 100 170 170
minimum 90 155 -
80 135 140
berdasarkan
70 120 -
waktu tempuh 60 105 100
6 detik 50 85 -
[RSNI p.26-27 table.11] 40 70 -
[007/BM/2009 table.19] 30 55 -
Comparison of FC curve radii 1/2 Comparison of FC curve radii 2/2

Superelevation
Runoff

Tangent
Runout
(TR)
 Lc
Ls’ Ls’ Tangent Runout Length (TR)
[AASHTO eq.3-26 p.179 & eq.3-31 p.191]
Tangent Tangent
Runout (TR) Runout (TR) ݁௡
‫ܮ‬௧ = ‫ܮ‬
݁ௗ ௦
• Lt = tangent runout length (m)
Superelevation Runoff Superelevation Runoff • en = normal cross slope rate (%)
• ed = design superelevation rate (%)
• Ls = tangent runoff length (m)

If PI & P2  FC
Tikungan majemuk searah
dij  Ti (+TR+2/3Ls) + Tj (+ TR+2/3Ls)
 Maximum distance between curve
Tikungan majemuk balik arah [038/TBM/1997, p.27]

Panjang bagian lurus < 2,5menit Tikungan majemuk searah

[007/BM/2009, t18 p.28-29] [007/BM/2009, p.49]

Vr (kph) L min (m)

140 5.850

120 5.000

100 4.200

80 3.350

60 2.500
Tikungan majemuk balik arah Transition curve (spiral)
[007/BM/2009, p.49]
 To provide a natural, easy-to-follow path for
the driver to negotiate, where centrifugal
force increase/decrease gradually.

Transition curve (spiral) Transition curve (spiral)

 To provide a flexible change in lane-width.  To enhanced the appearance of the

highway, to avoid the noticeable breaks at
the beginning and ending of circular curves.
Transition curve (spiral) Transition curve (spiral)
(Surveying with Construction Application 7th ed, B. Kavanagh)

 To provide a convenient desirable

arrangement for superelevation run-off.

Superelevation
Runoff

Tangent
Runout
(TR)

Transition curve (spiral)  Clothoid/Euler Syarat Panjang Lengkung Peralihan

JP JAK JBH/JT
Waktu Tempuh t.14, h.30 p.II.8, h.29 t.23, h.34-35
Kelandaian - p.II.10, h.28- t.24, h.35
Melintang 29
t.II.17, h.30
Gaya - p.II.9, h.29 t.25, h.36
Sentrifugal
Kelandaian t.15, h.30-31 - t.26, h.36-37
Relatif
p Min & Maks - - h.42
 Kph JP JAK JBH/JT
Panjang Lengkung Peralihan 120 100 67
berdasarkan Waktu Tempuh Panjang 110 92
lengkung 100 56 83 56
ܸோ 90 50 75
‫ܮ‬௦ = ‫ݐ‬ peralihan
3,6 80 44 67 44
berdasarkan 70 39 58
dengan,
waktu 60 33 50 33
VR = kecepatan rencana (kph) 50 28 42
tempuh
t = waktu tempuh pada lengkung peralihan 40 22 33
30 17 25
JP: 2 detik (RSNI 2004, h.30) 20 17
JAK: 3 detik (038/TBM/1997, h.29) Keterangan:
JP: Jalan Perkotaan (RSNI 2004)
JBH/JT: 2 detik (007/BM/2009, h.34-35) JAK: Jalan Antar Kota (038/TBM/1997)
LS = panjang lengkung peralihan (m) JBH/JT: Jalan Bebas Hambatan/Tol (007/BM/2009)

Panjang Lengkung Peralihan berdasarkan

Perubahan Kelandaian Melintang Jalan
(݁௠ − ݁௡ )ܸோ
‫ܮ‬௦ =
3.6 . ‫ݎ‬௘
dengan,
VR = kecepatan rencana (kph)
em = superelevasi maksimum (%)
en = superelevasi normal (%)
re = tingkat perubahan kelandaian melintang
jalan (m/m/detik). VR≤70kph  re=0,035
VR≥80kph  re=0,025
Panjang Lengkung Peralihan berdasarkan
Gaya Sentrifugal [038/TBM/1997]
ܸோ ଷ ܸோ ݁
‫ܮ‬௦ = 0.022 − 2.727
ܴ. ‫ܥ‬ ‫ܥ‬
dengan,
VR = kecepatan rencana (kph)
e = superelevasi rencana (%)
R = radius tikungan (m)
C = perubahan percepatan radial (0.3 – 1
m/det3, disarankan 0.4 m/det3)
LS = panjang lengkung peralihan (m)
Panjang Lengkung Peralihan berdasarkan
Gaya Sentrifugal [007/BM/2009]
ܸோ ଷ
‫ܮ‬௦ = 0.0214
ܴ. ‫ܥ‬
dengan,
VR = kecepatan rencana (kph)
R = radius tikungan (m)
C = perubahan percepatan radial (1,2m/det3)
LS = panjang lengkung peralihan (m)
Panjang Lengkung Peralihan berdasarkan
Kelandaian Relatif [RSNI 2004, t.15, h.30-31]
‫݁( ݓ‬ௗ +݁௡ )
‫ܮ‬௦ =
∆
dengan,
w = lebar satu lajur lalulintas (m)
ed = superelevasi rencana (%)
en = superelevasi normal (%)
 = kelandaian relatif (t.15, h.30)
 Tingkat Perubahan Kelandaian Relatif (D) Panjang Lengkung Peralihan berdasarkan
Kelandaian Relatif [007/BM/2009, t.26, h.36-37]
Kecepatan Rencana (kph) D (m/m)
120 1/263 ‫ݓ‬. ݊ଵ . ݁ௗ . ܾ௪
‫ܮ‬௦ =
100 1/227 ∆
90 1/213 dengan,
80 1/200 w = lebar satu lajur lalulintas (m)
70 1/182 ed = superelevasi rencana (%)
60 1/167
n1 = jumlah lajur yang diputar
50 1/150
bw = faktor penyesuaian jumlah lajur yang
40 1/143
diputar (h.37)
30 1/133
 = kelandaian relatif (t.26, h.36)

Panjang Lengkung Peralihan berdasarkan Panjang Lengkung Peralihan berdasarkan

Nilai p [007/BM/2009, h.42] Nilai p [007/BM/2009, h.42]
‫ܮ‬௦ ݉݅݊ = 24. ‫݌‬. ܴ
dengan,
p = pergeseran lintasan pada tikungan (m)
pmin = 0.2m dan pmax = 1.0m (h.42)
R = radius tikungan (m)
Shifting the circular curve to make room for the insertion of (b) Circular curve shifted inward (toward curve center) to
make room for the insertion of spiral curves
spirals. (a) Circular curve joining two tangents. at either end of the circular curve
(Surveying with Construction Application 7th ed, B. Kavanagh) (Surveying with Construction Application 7th ed, B. Kavanagh)

if RFC = RSCS
then TFC < TSCS

FC  SCS
Comparison of FC vs SCS Comparison of FC vs SCS
tangent length 1/2 tangent length 2/2

Ts
T

Spiral-Circle-Spiral (SCS)
s  (90 )( Ls )
 R
c    2s

Lc  Rc  25m
180
Ltotal  Lc  2 Ls
Spiral-Circle-Spiral (SCS) Spiral-Circle-Spiral (SCS)

4 8
X  L[1  ( L 2)  (
L )] 2 4
40 R 2 Ls 3456 R 4 Ls 4 Xs  Ls[1  ( Ls 2 )  ( Ls )]
40 R 3456 R 4
3 4 8
Y L [1  ( L 2 2 )  (L )] Ys  Ls
2
[1  ( Ls
2
Ls 4
6 RLs 56 R Ls 7.040 R 4 Ls 4 6R 56 R 2)  (
7040 R 4
)]

Spiral-Circle-Spiral (SCS) Spiral-Circle-Spiral (SCS)

Ts  [( R  P ) tan  ]  K Es  [( R  P ) sec  ]  R
2 2

K  Xs  R sin s
P  Ys  R (1  cos s )
 Tangent
Ts Runout
Tangent Tangent
Runout (TR) Runout (TR) (TR)

Superelevation
Runoff
Ts Superelevation
Superelevation Runoff Superelevation Runoff
Runoff

Tangent
Runout
(TR)

Comparison of SCS vs SS
Check dij  Ti (+TR) + Tj (+TR) !!! tangent length 1/2

Ts
 Comparison of SCS vs SS
tangent length 2/2

Ts

Spiral-Spiral (SS) SS Curve Shape if Ls >>>

s  
2
Ls  Rs Ts
90
Ltotal  2 Ls
 SS Curve Shape if Ls <<< SS Curve Shape if Ls = Rs/90

Ts Ts

Spiral-Spiral (SS) Spiral-Spiral (SS)

4 8
X  L[1  ( L )  (L )] 2 4
2
40 R Ls 2
3456 R 4 Ls 4 Xs  Ls[1  ( Ls 2 )  ( Ls )]
40 R 3456 R 4
3 4 8
Y L [1  ( L 2 2 )  (L )] Ys  Ls
2
[1  ( Ls
2
)  ( Ls
4
6 RLs 56 R Ls 7.040 R 4 Ls 4 6R 56 R 2
7040 R 4
)]
Spiral-Spiral (SS) Spiral-Spiral (SS)
Ts  [( R  P ) tan  ]  K Es  [( R  P ) sec  ]  R
2 2

K  Xs  R sin s
P  Ys  R (1  cos s )

Tangent Tangent
Check dij  Ti (+TR) + Tj (+TR) !!!
Runout (TR) Runout (TR)

SS

Superelevation Runoff Superelevation Runoff

Stopping Sight Distance vs
Overtaking/Passing Lane
Passing Sight Distance

PSD  d1  d 2  d 3  d 4 PSDmin  2 d 2  d 3  d 4
3

Overtaking/Passing Lane Stopping Sight Distance

[RSNI 2004 & SSGDUR 1992]

V2
SSD  0,278 V  t  0,039
a

V2
SSD  0,694 V  0,00394
(WSDOT Design Manual M 22-01.06 December 2009)
 f  g
Minimum Stopping Sight Distance Minimum Stopping Sight Distance
[Table 10 p. 23 RSNI 2004] [Table 10 p. 23 AASHTO 2004]

Design Design SSD (m)

SSD (m)
Speed (kph) Speed (kph)

100 185 60 85

90 160 50 65

80 130 40 50

70 105 30 35

Stopping Sight Distance Minimum Stopping Sight Distance

[038/TBM/1997] 2 [Table II.10 p. 20-21 038/TBM/1997]
V 
 
V .t  3,6 
SSD  
3,6 2.g. f

V2
SSD  0,694 V  0,00394
 f  g
Minimum Passing Sight Distance Minimum Stopping Sight Distance
[Table II.11 p. 21-22 038/TBM/1997] [Table 13 p. 23-24 007/BM/2009]

V2
SSD  0,278 V  t  0,039
a

Minimum Stopping Sight Distance Minimum Stopping Sight Distance

[Table 14 p. 23-24 007/BM/2009] [Ex 3-2 p. 113-115 AASHTO 2004]

V2
SSD  0,278  V  t 
 a  
254    g 
  9,81  
Required Clearance for Sight Distance
on Horizontal Curves Sight Distance on Horizontal Curve
(Highway Engineering 1st ed, Martin Rogers)

Overtaking/Passing Sight Distance Sight Distance on Horizontal Curve

on Horizontal Curve (S < L)

28,65S
M  R [1 cos( )]
S S R
S
[007/BM/2009 p. 25]
Sight Distance on Horizontal Curve Sight Distance on
(S > L) Horizontal and Vertical Alignment

28,65S 28,65S
M  R [1 cos( )] 0,5(S  L) sin( )
S S R R
S S

[007/BM/2009 p. 26]

Sight Distance on Horizontal Curve

Widening on Curve Widening on Curve
[AASHTO 2004 p.202-216]

A traffic lane on a curve

must be widened U  u R  R 2  L2
because:
• The rear wheels do not FA  R 2  A(2 L  A)  R
track the front wheels
• Vehicle’s front overhang Z  0,1(V / R )
requires an additional
lateral space
wc  N (U  C ) ( N  1) FA  Z
WN C
• Difficulty of driving on w  wc  wn 6.0 0.60
curves justifies wider lateral 6.6 0.75
clearance 7.2 0.90

Widening on Curve Widening on Curve

[AASHTO 2004 p.202-216] [AASHTO 2004 p.32]
U  track width on curve, m.
u  track width on tangent (out-to-out tires), WB-15  2,59m
R  radius of curve of 2-lane highway, m.
Li  wheelbase between consecutive axles, m.
FA  width of front overhang, m.
A  front overhang of inner lane vehicle, m.
L  wheelbase of single unit or tractor, m. A
Z  extra width allowance for difficulty of driving on curves, m.
V  design speed of highway, km/h.
N  number of lanes (2) L
C  lateral clearance per vehicle assumed 0,6/0,75/0,9 for Wn of Li
6,0/6,6/7,2 respectively
Wc  width of traveled way on curve, m. u
W  widening of traveled way on curve, m.
Wn  width of traveled way on tangent, m.
Widening on Curve [RSNI 2004, h.35; 038/TBM/1997 Widening on Curve [AASHTO 2004]
h.33-34; 007/BM/2009 h.46-48]

W = Wc – Wn
• W = Widening (m)  0.60m
• Wc = Width of traveled way on curve (m)
• Wn = Width of traveled way on tangent (m)
Adjustments:
• 6 lane 2 way  Wc x 1.5
• 8 lane 2 way  Wc x 2.0

Widening on Curve [AASHTO 2004] Widening on Curve [RSNI 2004, h.36]

Widening on Curve [RSNI 2004, h.37] Widening on Curve [007/BM/2009 h.47-48]

Methods of Attaining Superelevation

Superelevation Diagram
for Spiraled Curves.
(Surveying with Construction Application 7th ed, B. Kavanagh)

SCS Right Turn

TS SC CS ST
emax

cl
en
emax

Ls Lc Ls
Stationing
 PI 1 … n Ls Kelandaian relatif m
o
Sudut Ls p min m
Jarak sebelah kiri m Ls p max m
Jarak sebelah kanan m Ls SS m
Jenis Lengkung (FC/SCS/SS)
Ls Renc ana m
R renc ana m o
qs
e renc ana % o
qc
Ls Waktu tempuh m
Lc m
Ls K emiringan melintang m
L Total m
Ls Gaya sentrifugal m
L Min m
Ls Kelandaian relatif m
Xs m
Ls p min m
Ys m
Ls p max m
K m
Ls SS m
P m
Ls Renc ana m
o
E m
qs
o
M m
qc
T m
Lc m
Tangent Runout (TR) m
L Total m
T+TR m
L Min m
Jarak Pandang di Tikungan
Xs m
Jarak Pandang (SSD/PSD) m
Ys m
Tipe (S<L / S>L)
K m
Jarak bebas tersedia (Msite) m
P m
Radius sumbu lajur terdalam (Rs) m
E m
Jarak bebas diperlukan (Ms) m
M m
P elebaran di Tikungan m
T m
Stationing
Tangent Runout (TR) m
Start
T+TR m TC/TS
Jarak Pandang di Tikungan SC
Jarak P andang (SSD/P SD) m SS
Tipe (S<L / S>L) PI
CS
Jarak bebas tersedia (Msite) m
CT/ST
Radius sumbu lajur terdalam (Rs) m End