DESIGN OF AN INTEGRATED WASTE

MANAGEMENT FACILITY IN THE REPUBLIC

OF IRELAND

DECEMBER 2015

Module Title: Waste to Energy Process & Technology

Module Code: BSEN40320

Prepared by:

Group 8

Name Student ID
Liliana Marcela Osorio Arce 14213573
Mert Satir 15204440
Sanika Pujari 15200625
Rajat Nag 15202684

Under the guidance of Dr. Tom Curran

School of Biosystems & Food Engineering, Agriculture and Food
Science Department
University College Dublin, Belfield Dublin 4.
 TABLE OF CONTENT

SL NO DESCRIPTION PAGE NO

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1

2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 2

3 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 2

4 INTRODUCTION 3

5 OBJECTIVES 3

6 METHODOLOGY AND ASSUMPTIONS 4

7 SITE SELECTION 7

8 OVERALL SITE LAYOUT 12

9 ON-SITE WASTE PROCESSES 14

9.1 COMPOSTING 14

9.2 ANAEROBIC DIGESTION 23

9.3 INCINERATOR 30

9.4 LANDFILL 37

10 LIMITATIONS 49

11 CONCLUSION 51

12 REFERENCES 54

13 APPENDICES

13.1 APPENDIX I

13.2 APPENDIX II
 TABLE OF FIGURES, TABLES AND GRAPHS

SL. REFERENCE
DESCRIPTION
NO. NO
Summary of the calculation for finalization of the
1 Table 6.1 intended area to be served.

Summary of the contribution of the components of the

2 Table 6.2
IWMF

3 Table 7.1 The list of comparable sites

4 Table 7.2 The location and site specific image

The area marked for site 4 in google map and the image
5 Figure 7.1
available on www.daft.ie

Different parameters to choose the site for solid waste

6 Table 7.3
management plant integrated with landfill

7 Figure 8.1 Overall site layout

8 Figure 9.1.1 Basic composting process (source- Rynk et al)

Schematic of in-vessel composting process (source-
9 Figure 9.1.2
climatetechwiki.org)

10 Table 9.1.1 Relevant composting facilities

11 Table 9.1.1 Relevant composting facilities

12 Figure 9.1.3 Rose Hill composting plant (source- Celtic bioenergy)

Schematic of biowaste decomposition with Herhof-

13 Figure 9.1.4
composting Box
Composted vessels in Mariposa County MSW compost
14 Figure 9.1.5
facility

15 Figure 9.1.6 Compost Factory Layout

16 Figure 9.2.1 Schematic of an AD plant (BioPAD, 2014)

 AD plant treating 50,000 tonnes per year at Hengelo,
17 Figure 9.2.2
Netherlands (Kraemer and Gamble, 2014)

DRANCO process utilized in Hengelo AD plant

18 Figure 9.2.3
(McDonald, 2012)

Proposed plant to Nottinghamshire County Council by

19 Figure 9.2.4
Tamar Energy (Nottinghamshire County Council, 2015)

The suitability of waste in thermal treatment: European

20 Figure 9.3.1
context

21 Diagram 9.3.1 The burning process of incinerator plant

22 Figure 9.3.2 Basic process of a waste incinerator.

Incinerator plant VILLEFRANCHE-SUR-

23 Figure 9.3.3
SAONE (Rhône), Thermal treatment plant

Salient features of VILLEFRANCHE-SUR-

24 Table 9.1
SAONE (Rhône) plant

25 Figure 9.4.1 Landfills in the world (Waste Atlas, 2015)

LFG in Ireland (Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland,
26 Figure 9.4.2
2015)

27 Figure 9.4.3 Landfill’s divisions (EPA, 1999)

28 Figure 9.4.4 Landfill liner system (EPA, 2000)

29 Figure 9.4.5 Liner system and Final Cover System (Semco, 2015)

30 Figure 9.4.6 Gas to energy process (Wakegov, 2015)

31 Figure 9.4.7 Vertical Well (EPA, 2010)

32 Figure 9.4.7 Landfill Gas Flare (The landfill gas expert, 2012)

33 Figure 9.4.8 Drain system (EPA, 1999)

Map of exposure to polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins
and dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) in the city of Reggio
34 Figure 10.6
Emilia, northern Italy, around the municipal solid waste
incinerator (MSWI).
 Inputs and outputs for integrated AD and composting
35 Figure 11.1
system, Kraemer and Gamble (2014)

Schematic diagram depicting the whole system, Source:

36 Figure 11.2 http://www.anmc21.org/english/bestpractice/Jakarta1.ht
ml

Typical process of Combined Heating and Power (CHP)

37 Figure 11.3
concept from Incinerator plant
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1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The list of key statistics and summary will guide to the reader having a quick review on the

project facilities and scope of the integrated waste management facility (IWMF).

Importance of the project One IWMF: ease of management

Based on EPA reports, journals, websites,

Scope the report has been prepared, survey and
site inspections are beyond the scope.

Major limitation of operation The separation/processing is beyond of

scope specifically for this study.

Intended audience The population of Connaught province

Duration of infrastructure establishment (2016 to end of 2019)

Expected operation by January 2020

Duration of service 15 years

Composting, Anaerobic Digestion,

Key facilities to be covered
Incineration and Landfill

Population to be served 10806675 (15 years)

Waste to be treated after recycling 250715 ton yearly

Capacity of Composting plant 25071 ton yearly

Capacity of Anaerobic Digestion plant 50143 ton yearly

Capacity of Incineration plant 71036 ton yearly

Capacity of Landfill 109706 ton yearly

Final area of IWMF 170 acre

Approving authority EPA

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2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors of this report would like to thank Prof. Tom Curran for helpful suggestions and guidance.

3. ABBREVIATIONS

AD Anaerobic Digestion
CHP Combined Heat and Power
C:N Carbon Nitrogen Ratio
EPA Environmental Protection Agency, Ireland
EPEM Environmental Planning, Engineering and Management
GHG Greenhouse Gas Emission
ISWM Integrated Solid Waste Management
LFG Landfill Gas
MSW Municipal Solid Waste
OWS Organic Waste System
UNEP United Nations Environment Program
EC European Commission
IEA Energy Information Administration
EU European Union

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4. INTRODUCTION

Integrated waste management is a new plan for dealing with waste where various strategies are

used for waste management and waste reduction. Due to growing population and changing life

style quantities of waste being generated has increased. Improper management of waste has

caused various problems such as risk to human health and environment. Inappropriate waste

disposal causes greenhouse gas (GHG) emission. Planning and implementing waste collection

and disposal can reduce these problems. Integrated waste management refers to strategic

approach to sustainable management of waste covering all sources and aspects, covering

generation, segregation, transfer, sorting, treatment, recovery, disposal in an integrated manner

with emphasis on resource use efficiency (UNEP). With changing government policies waste

management is new business opportunity where valuable resources can be extracted from waste

and still can be used along with safely process and disposal was of waste with minimum

environmental impact. Our study focuses on the design of integrated waste management facility

in Republic of Ireland. A waste management plant for Connaught province is proposed with

15 years of service duration. The plant will be established in 170 acre area with a total capacity

of 250715 tons yearly. The major activities involved in integrated waste management facility

are site selection, design of waste reception and segregation (not in our scope of study),

composting plant, anaerobic digestion, incineration plant and landfill. All of which are

discussed in this project report.

5. OBJECTIVES

1. To select most suitable site for integrated waste management facility.

2. To design different components of integrated waste management facility such as

composting, anaerobic digestion, incineration and landfill.

3. To prepare overall site layout.

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6. METHODOLOGY AND ASSUMPTIONS

Calculation of waste management plant area and some assumptions

population growth rate = 1.77 %

The method for calculating the population projection = Geometrical increase method

Base year = 2011

Operating time of waste management plant = 2020

Closing time of waste management plant = 2034 (year end)

Total numbers of year served = 15

Waste generation @ = 580 kg/ person/ year

% of waste going to landfill. Source: EPA = Variable

Landfill Manuals
Year 2020 = 32 %

2021 = 30.584 %

2022 = 29.168 %

2023 = 27.752 %

2024 = 26.336 %

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2025-2034 = 25 %

Percentage of covered material used in landfill = 20 %

Height of landfill is assumed as = 10 m

The shape factor to calculate area taken as = 10 %

Compacted density of landfill after stabilization is considered as = 0.6 ton/m3

(1m2= 0.000247
The area for composting and anaerobic digestion plant = 4.7 acre
acre)

The area required for incineration plant = 2.6 acre

Base year of population after 2024 = 2025

Factor, final area to be multiplied = 1.5

Table 6.1. Summary of the calculation for finalization of the intended area to be served.

Final area
Accumulated Waste Factored required
Name of Area Area
Place waste weight volume volume (acre)
province (km2) (m2)
(ton) (m3) (m3) FOR
SITE
Connaught Total area 17704 1645583 2742638 3620283 362028 145

For further calculation refer Appendix I

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Yearly data for component design

Fragmentation of waste in 15 year data base: No of years = 15

Source : http://ien.ie/epa-report-shows-that-recycling-rates-are-improving-
% of recycling = 40
but-doubt-on-reaching-some-future-targets/

Organic waste (food waste) for AD % = 12

Other than food waste (for Incinerator) % = 17

Composting (Leaves and plant waste) % = 6

Table 6.2. Summary of the contribution of the components of the IWMF

Total Organic waste of total waste Non organic

waste to Landfill (yearly)
Total (yearly) waste (yearly)
be
waste
treated
Area to be
after Composting Anaerobic Incineration Weight Factored Area
treated
recycling (ton) digestion (ton) (ton) (ton) volume (m3) (acre)
(ton)
yearly
(ton)
Connaught 417858 250715 25071 50143 71036 109706 241352 9.68

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7. SITE SELECTION

A survey has been performed according to our area requirement with the help of www.daft.ie . Five

sites were considered for our assessment. Following table presents the summary of the survey and any

of those has higher availability of area that is more than 145 acre.

Table 7.1. The list of comparable sites

local area

Remarks
available
province
Name of

Name of

Name of
number

County

(Euro)
(acre)

e-link
Price
Area
Site

http://www.daft.ie/mayo/comm
Crossmolina
Connaught

ercial-property-for-
Valley,
Mayo

Inagh

1 179 62000 sale/agricultural-farm-land-for-

sale/inagh-valley-crossmolina-
mayo-204043/
http://www.daft.ie/galway/com
Mooneenmore
Maam Valley,

mercial-property-for-
Cornamona
Connaught

Galway

sale/agricultural-farm-land-for-
2 177 250000
sale/mooneenmore-maam-
valley-cornamona-galway-
220336/
http://www.daft.ie/galway/com
Mooneenmo

Cornamona
Connaught

mercial-property-for-
re Maam
Galway

Valley,

3 177 250000 sale/agricultural-farm-land-for-

sale/mooneenmore-maam-
valley-cornamona-galway-88746/
http://www.daft.ie/galway/com
Connaught

Highpark,

mercial-property-for-
New Inn

assumed
Galway

Price
4 170 340000 sale/agricultural-farm-land-for-
sale/highpark-new-inn-galway-
232359/
http://www.daft.ie/galway/com
Streamstown,
Lettershanna,
Connaught

mercial-property-for-
Clifden
Mayo

5 152 450000 sale/agricultural-farm-land-for-

sale/lettershanna-streamstown-
clifden-galway-107635/

Note: If price is mentioned as " Price on per acre where the site is adjacent
2000
application " we have asumed the rate @ to highway

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Table 7.2. The location and site specific image

Site 1

Site 1 : Inagh Valley, Crossmolina, Mayo

Site 2

Site 2 : Mooneenmore Maam Valley, Cornamona, Galway

Site 3

Site 3 : Mooneenmore Maam Valley, Cornamona, Galway

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Site 4

Site 4 : Highpark, New Inn, Galway

Site 5

Site 5 : Lettershanna, Streamstown, Clifden, Mayo

Figure 7.1. The area marked for site 4 in google map and the image available on www.daft.ie

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Table 7.3. Different parameters to choose the site for solid waste management plant integrated with landfill

Maximum
Minimum Limit Status Status Status Status Status
Types of criteria Limit assumed as of the Score of the Score of the Score of the Score of the Score
assumed 10 times of Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Site 5
min.
Lake/Pond 200meter 2000meter 500 1.5 200 0.0 200 0.0 5000 10.0 100 0.0
River 100meter 1000meter 500 4.0 200 1.0 200 1.0 5000 10.0 100 0.0
Highway (state
200meter 2000meter 10000 10.0 10000 10.0 10000 10.0 2000 10.0 2000 10.0
or national)
Public parks 300meter 3000meter 3000 10.0 3000 10.0 3000 10.0 3000 10.0 3000 10.0
Habitation 500meter 5000meter 5000 10.0 5000 10.0 5000 10.0 5000 10.0 5000 10.0
Ground water
2meter 20meter 10 4.0 50 10.0 10 4.0 20 10.0 10 4.0
table
Air ports 20km 200meter 200 10.0 200 10.0 200 10.0 200 10.0 200 10.0
Water supply
500meter 5000meter 5000 10.0 5000 10.0 5000 10.0 5000 10.0 5000 10.0
Schemes/ wells
Cost 62000Euro 450000Euro 62000 10.0 250000 5.2 250000 5.2 340000 2.8 450000 0.0
No landfill
Critical habitat within the Not
No 10.0 No 10.0 No 10.0 No 10.0 No 10.0
area Critical applicable
habitat area.
Access to Always Not
No 0.0 No 0.0 No 0.0 Yes 10.0 No 0.0
motorway preferable applicable

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Access to Always Not

No 0.0 No 0.0 Yes 10.0 Yes 10.0 Yes 10.0
electricity preferable applicable
Always Not
Enough area Yes 10.0 Yes 10.0 Yes 10.0 Yes 10.0 Yes 10.0
preferable applicable
Topography/ Always Not
Yes 10.0 Yes 10.0 No 0.0 Yes 10.0 No 0.0
bearing capacity preferable applicable
Always Not
Feedstock Yes 10.0 Yes 10.0 Yes 10.0 Yes 10.0 Yes 10.0
preferable applicable
Harming Not at all Not
No 10.0 No 10.0 Yes 0.0 No 10.0 Yes 0.0
Heritage preferable applicable
No landfill
Not
Wet lands within wet Yes 0.0 Yes 0.0 Yes 0.0 No 10.0 Yes 0.0
applicable
lands
No flood
Not
Flood plain plain in 100 Yes 0.0 Yes 0.0 Yes 0.0 Yes 0.0 Yes 0.0
applicable
years
Coastal Should not be Not
Yes 0.0 Yes 0.0 Yes 0.0 No 10.0 Yes 0.0
ragulatory zones sited applicable
Not
Unstable zone No landfill No 10.0 No 10.0 No 10.0 No 10.0 No 10.0
applicable
As prescribed Not
Buffer zone No 10.0 No 10.0 No 10.0 No 10.0 No 10.0
by regulatory applicable
Sum 139.5 136.2 120.2 192.8 114.0
Conclusion So the winner site 4 with 192.8 points
According to the accessibility and preference the above mentioned sites have been rated. The higher the score the better the site is.

According to calculations our further calculations will be based on the selected site at Highpark, New Inn, Galway.
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8. OVERALL SITE LAYOUT

The integrated waste management site is consist of four major waste managing facilities.

• Composting plant

• Anaerobic digestion plant

• Incineration plant

• Landfill

The detail description of the individual component and process has been illustrated in chapter

9. However to support the above said facility there are some secondary components (Figure

8.1), such as weighbridge, reception and waste inspection area, parking (both visitors and

plant machinery) area, administrative building, civic amenity, machinery workshop, service

road, rest room, first aid center, security guard quarters. The residential area is located outside

the boundary of the plant. Refer Figure 7.1.

The main
entrance

Figure 8.1. Overall site layout

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9. ON-SITE WASTE PROCESSES

On site waste processes are consist of composting plant, anaerobic digestion plant. Incinerator and

landfill which will be described thoroughly in the following chapters.

9.1 COMPOSTING

9.1a. PRINCIPLE

Composting contributes in reduction of waste volume consequently reduction in volume of waste

going into landfill. Composting is proven technology and is been used thorough out the world.

Number of composting facilities in Ireland has grown in last decade. In 2012, 45 composting

facilities with capacity of 377,700 tons operated in Republic of Ireland (rx3, Market report, 2012).

Composting has many environmental benefits such as compost which is a soil conditioner, reduces

fertilizer requirement and composting process also helps to reduce pathogens. Composting has

emerged as an attractive option for treating food wastes due to less environmental pollution and

beneficial use of the final product (Joung-Dae Kim et al, 2008).

Composting can be defined as the breakdown of organic waste by micro-organism in the presence

of air, to produce water, carbon dioxide, ammonia, heat and more stabilized pasteurized organic

material (Border D, 2002). It is a method by which organic waste can be recycled along with

production of valuable by-products. High quality of compost can be made from high quality waste.

Most important aspect of waste which contributes to the quality of compost are carbon: nitrogen

(C: N) ratio, moisture content and oxygen. (S.R. Iyengar et al, 2005)

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Figure 9.1.1. Basic composting process (source- Rynk et al)

Composting process can be divided in following stages (Border D, 2002)

1. Pre composting stage – This involves shredding of waste to get desired particle

size, mixing of waste and adding water if required.

2. Thermophilic composting stage – During this stage temperature of composting

mixture is raised to 45 to 75 ºC. Initial breakdown of waste will occur in this stage.

3. Mesophilic composting stage – This is also called as conditioning. Temperature is

reduced naturally or by adding fresh air up to 45-50°C.

4. Maturation stage – This is known as curing stage. At this point temperature is

lowered between ambient and 45ºC. Further chemical reactions occur during this

stage.

5. End point of composting – Depending upon different parameters such as oxygen

uptake rate, carbon dioxide production rate and heat production composting

process is ended.

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6. Post composting stage – This the last stage in composting process. Screening of

compost is done and varying particle size product is separated.

Duration of each stage depends on type of compost technology used and type of compost being

made.

There are many different composting technologies present. They are mainly categorized in to two

groups open and contained system. Between all these systems windrow composting and in vessel

composting are widely used. The in vessel composting has advantages over windrow composting

as it requires less space and higher control over process. It also has greater process efficiency than

other system (Joung-Dae Kim et al, 2008)

In vessel composting

In vessel composting is used to process large amount of waste. Various kind of waste can be used

in this type of composting. In vessel composting occurs in closed container. This allows better

control on the environment by increasing organic matter breakdown. In vessel composting works

aerobically and temperature is continuously monitored. It has treatment of air for odor to be

removed. (S. Last, 2012)

Figure 9.1.2. Schematic of in-vessel composting process (source- climatetechwiki.org)

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Types of waste used

• Food waste

• Garden waste – grass cutting, leaves, pruning

• Paper

• Cardboard

• Certain extent wood and textile

All these type of waste can be used for composting.

9.1b. EXSISTING PRACTICES

As per EPA, percentage of total weight of biodegradable municipal waste generated which will go

to landfill was restricted to 50% in 2009 and target is to further reduce it to 35% by 2016. There

are many types of composting facilities present all over the world. Technology used by facility

mainly depend on amount of waste available for treatment. Few examples of composting facilities

are given following table

Table 9.1.1. Relevant composting facilities (source- cre.ie, EPA 2005, Celtechbioengergy)

Name Technology Capacity (tons/year)

Bord na Mona PLC Windrow 50,000

Panda Waste (Nurendale Ltd.) In – vessel 20,000

Waddock Composting ltd In- vessel 20,000

Rose Hill Compost Facility In- vessel 25,000

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Out of total waste to be treated 6% i.e. 25071 tons will go for composting therefore Rose Hill

Compost Facility found to be most suitable. It is located in Dymock, Gloucestershire with site area

of 2 acres. Feedstock used is landscape, food, paper and wood. Celtic composting UK was selected

to develop this facility.

Figure 9.1.3. Rose Hill composting plant (source- Celtic bioenergy)

9.1c. PROPOSED COMPOSTING PLANT, ELEMENTS, HOW IT WORKS

The basic mechanism of in vessel composting in this study was developed by regarding Biowaste

Composting Facility. This facility is located in Cloppenburg, Germany. Input material used is

biowaste from household, yard waste from residential, institutional and commercial sources and

potato processing waste. Capacity of this plant is about 20,000 tons per year. Composting is carried

out in 12 Herhof composting boxes of volume 50m³. Further equipment includes 2 front-end

loaders, 1 trommel screen, 1 self-built air classifier, 1 hammermill, 1 overhead magnet, 1

handsorting room, 2 biofilter boxes ( 50 m3 each) various belt conveyors. Temperature in the off-

gases are initially controlled at 45 oC for optimum degradation and then at 60 oC for 3 days for

pathogen control. A composting box is devided into six different aeration segments and has 1

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blower for fresh air and 1 blower for the off-gas and air recirculation. Leachate is recirculated to

keep the moisture content of the biowaste at 50% by weight and to avoid discharging highly

contaminated water into the sewer at high costs. The retention time in composting boxes are 6-

7days plus 2 weeks in windrows (end-product is fresh compost) or 10-12 weeks in windrows (end

product is a mature compost)(EPEM, case study)

Figure 9.1.4. Schematic of biowaste decomposition with Herhof-composting Box

Components of system

1. Container – Stainless steel rectangular vessel for high rate composting. Aerated

floor for evenly distribution of air.

2. Mixer – Preparation of feedstock mix which is essential for effective composting.

3. Loader – Mobile conveyor which loads material from mixer into container with

energy fail the end of conveyor which will break the clumps and increase porosity

of mix.

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4. Bio filter – This will be used to remove odor from composting unit, pretreatment

area and curing facility.

5. Curing facility – Partially matured compost will be kept here for further maturation.

6. Product screen – Both incoming waste and outgoing compost will screened to

remove bulking agents and contaminant.

Composting plant includes material handling and biological fermentation unit where feedstock is

converted into compost with biological process. While design and consideration of composting

plant quality of feedstock should be taken into consideration to gain desired compost. (R, Haug et

al 1996)

Pre-treatment

Delivered waste is first taken inside enclosed area for sorting. After screening process waste will

be mixed with bulking agents such as saw dust, wood chips. These bulking agents will help to

attain desired porosity and moisture content.

Composting

The waste will be fed into in vessel composting unit. Here decomposition of waste will takes place

due to bacterial action. Heat is produced during this treatment. Temperature inside the unit will be

controlled between 45 to 70ºC. Air is circulated through aerated floor of in vessel composting unit.

This temperature control will kill pathogens and optimum decomposition will take place.

Curing

After residing in composting unit of at least 10 days premature compost will be formed and

discharge from unit. This premature compost is then piled on curing pads. Curing will ensure

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complete decomposition. Water will be sprayed on compost pile to retain optimum condition for

decomposition.

Final products

The matured compost will be again sieved by product screen and bulking agents will be removed.

They are again reused in composting unit. After that product will be packed and delivered to end

users.

Figure 9.1.5. Composted vessels in Mariposa County MSW compost facility

Odor treatment

Bio filters will be used for odor treatment. Moist organic material such as soil, wood chips and

inert material such as gravel is used to absorb and degrade odorous compounds. Cooled air from

compost process is injected through pipes into bed of filtration media. Biofilters should be properly

maintained to achieve efficiency.

Leachate

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The liquid that results when water comes in contact with solid and extract material either dissolved

or suspended from the solid is known as leachate (Rynk,On farm Composting Handbook,1992).

Leachate will be collected in in-vessel composting and can be used to rewet the compost, rewet

biofilter or can be marketed as separate fertilizer. (epd.gov.hk)

Figure 9.1.6. Compost Factory Layout

9.1d. ADVANTAGES OF IN VESSEL COMPOSTING

• Reduces volume of organic waste fraction of MSW by 25-50%

• Reduces organic waste from landfill and leachate

• Independent of environmental changes such as temperature, rain, windy conditions

• Speed of operation much higher than windrow composting

• Smaller area required for same amount of feedstock than open composting systems

• Controlled composting to faster decomposition and more consistent product

• Less manpower required and less exposure to composting material by workers

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• Odor treatment and leachate can be easily collected and treated

• At a time various types and quantity of organic material can be treated

• Prepared compost can be used to improve soil structure and water retention capacity.

• Compost can be also used as fertilizer in landscaping , vegetable and fruit

production

9.2 ANAEROBIC DIGESTION FACILITY

9.2a. PRINCIPLES OF ANAEROBIC DIGESTION

The anaerobic digestion (AD) is the conversion process which utilizes the breakdown of organic

material in absence of oxygen by the microorganisms. It has been applied to wide range of biomass

material such as animal wastes, slurry and manure, and sewage sludge for many years (Nasir et al.,

2012; Cao and Pawłowski, 2012). Metabolic reactions (hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis and

methanogenesis) biologically degrade the organic waste in an oxygen-free environment, resulting

in biogass and digestate (Khalid et al., 2011). Biogas is a renewable source of energy, consists of

methane and carbon dioxide, and it is used for heat and power. Biogas can be benefitted for

reducing usage of fossil fuel for energy consumption. Other product, digestate, is an energy-rich

organic compound, and it is a valuable fertilizer and soil conditioner. Besides providing biogas

and organic fertilizer, AD plants also help to decrease environmental pollution since organic waste

is treated instead of being landfilled. Anaerobic digestion naturally occurs in landfills, and the

process releases methane and carbon dioxide which cause to global warming (Zhu et al., 2009).

Therefore, utilizing AD plants in waste management would prevent this. A general schematic of

AD processes is seen in Figure 9.2.1.

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Figure 9.2.1. Schematic of an AD plant (BioPAD, 2014)

Currently, municipal solid-waste (MSW) is also recognized as a valuable feedstock in AD. Organic

fraction of MSW has a high potential for the generation of biogas when treated with anaerobic

digestion (Braber, 1995; Zupančič et al., 2007). Between other waste management methods, AD

appears to be promising (Khalid et al., 2011). Throughout the Europe, anaerobic digestion plants

are commonly practiced (Iacovidou, 2013). However, AD sector in Ireland is currently

underdeveloped compared to European Union countries. There were only five AD plants in Ireland

in 2012 (rx3, 2012) which treat mostly manure. A recent report published by Joint Committee On

Communications, Energy And Natural Resources (2011) outlined the potential of AD as a

contributor to Ireland’s 2020 renewable power targets.

There are various types of AD reactors, found in the literature, depending on their critical operating

parameters (Khalid et al., 2011). There exist two temperature ranges in the operation of AD

reactors. Mesophilic digesters operate at a temperature between 35 °C and 40 °C, while

thermophilic digesters operate between 50 °C and 55 °C (Cecchi et al., 1991). Mesophilic digesters

are more commonly used associated with lower heat requirements. However, Vindis (2009)

showed that in the anaerobic digestion of maize, thermophilic digesters yield more biogas

compared to mesophilic digesters.

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One other parameter is related to feedstock. MSW anaerobic digester plants can be designed to

digest single feedstock or co-digestion can be utilized. Currently, single feedstock MSW plants

are preferred ones in Europe. However, it can be desired to improve the process or the economics

of the plant by co-digestion with other types of feedstock. Macias-Corral et al., (2008) argue that

co-digestion of organic fraction of MSW with dairy cow manure results in higher methane gas

yields and lower volume of digested residual.

In AD process, feedstock can be wet or dry depending on the solid content. This difference plays

a role in the classification of reactor. According to Li et al., (2011) “dry” processes are

characterized by solid content greater than 15%. Luning et al., (2003) presents a study that

compares wet and dry digestion of MSW. Lastly, AD reactors can be designed to have one or two

phases. In two phase systems, hydrolysis phase is separated and followed by the actual

methanization phase. Industrial scale one-phase systems for organic fraction of MSW digestion

are predominant since they are cheaper (Mata-Alvarez et al., 2000). The study that compares the

single-phase vs. two-phase digestion of food waste showed advantages for both of the process

(Shen et al., 2013).

In the scope of our project, only food waste is being treated in the proposed AD plant by source

separation. Organics separation are key to ensure a consistent, high quality feedstock for the AD

plant. Total 50,143 tonnes of food waste is assumed to be generated in Connaught province

through the calculations.

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9.2B. EXISTING PRACTICE

The AD technology has been used successfully for over ten years. In Europe, Switzerland, Austria,

Sweden and Norway have smaller anaerobic digestion plants (8,000 to 15,000 tpy), while countries

like Germany, Belgium and Italy have plants with a medium average size (30,000 to 50,000 tpy)

(Baere and Mattheeuws, 2010). In San Jose, USA, a bigger sized AD plant is being operated

(90,000 tpy) (Goldstein, 2014).

Since 50,143 tonnes will be treated in the proposed AD plant, similar capacity plants are searched

in the literature. In Hengelo, Netherlands, Organic Waste Systems (OWS) has designed and built

a plant which employs an anaerobic digester plant integrated into a composting operation. Plant

utilizes single phase DRANCO digester. Plant treats 50,000 tonnes of food waste per year and

produces 2.4 MW of electricity. Fig.9.2.2 shows the facility. The system utilized in the AD plant

is described in Fig. 9.2.3.

Figure 9.2.2. AD plant treating 50,000 tonnes per year at Hengelo, Netherlands (Kraemer and
Gamble, 2014)

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Figure 9.2.3. DRANCO process utilized in Hengelo AD plant (McDonald, 2012)

9.2c. PROPOSED AD PLANT, ELEMENTS AND HOW IT WORKS

The proposed plant in the scope of this study is inspired by a designed plant to be built in Gedling

Colliery Site in Nottinghamsire, UK as shown in Figure 9.2.4. Plant plan has been proposed to

Notthinghamshire Council by Tamar Energy, however the application has been withdrawn in 2015

due to residents’ oppositions. Proposed plant was going to treat 60,000 tonnes of food waste per

year and produce biogas to generate 3MW of energy. In our study a similar plant plan will be used.

The feedstock for the biogas plant originates from municipal food waste collection.

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Figure 9.2.4. Proposed plant to Nottinghamshire County Council by Tamar Energy

(Nottinghamshire County Council, 2015)
The designed AD Plant consists of four main elements, namely:

• the main reception building housing the waste receipt bunker, odour control system and

treatment equipment;

• the tank farm including the digester tanks, storage tanks, digestate upgrading plant, and gas

holder;

• the combined heat and power (CHP) engines, gas upgrade equipment and standby flare;

• new substation, the service yard, weighbridge and offices.

Feedstock, food waste fraction in MSW, follows the following steps in the proposed AD plant:

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1. Weighbridge: Upon delivery of the collected food waste into AD facility, loads are weighed

using the weighbridge.

2. Reception Building: In the acceptance of waste, collection vehicles unload the feedstock into

tipping areas in enclosed Reception Building.

3. Pre-Treatment: After unloading the waste, it is checked, pre-treated and depackaged. Any

unsuitable waste is removed before pumped to anaerobic digestion reactor.

4. Anaerobic Digestion Plant: Anaerobic digestion tanks are completely sealed which ensures an

oxygen-free environment, and it prevents odour. Feedstock is sanitized at small digesters to kill

any harmful pathogens. After sanitizing, feedstock is sent to bigger digestion tanks. The process

starts at 35°C (mesophilic). After nearly three weeks, when the gas potential is achieved, the gas

is separated into gas tanks and digestate is treated. The solid part of the digestate is added to the

compost facility for further aerobic treatment while the liquid portion is firstly pasteurized and

then stored in a separate digestate holding tank prior to utilization in local agriculture.

Pasteurisation tanks are used to sanitize the digestate at 70°C

5. Combined Heat and Power Unit: After producing the biogas, it is temporily stored in a gas

holder tank. The bio gas is cleaned up to get rid of any contaminants. Then, it is sent to combustion

at Combined Heat and Power (CHP) unit to generate electricity and heat. Generated heat and

electricity can be used on site, or they can be exported to the local network and district heating

system.

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9.2d. ADVANTAGES OF AD

Proposed AD plant generates methane and carbon dioxide rich biogas which then can be used to

produce heat, and electricity to the national grid in Ireland by using locally sourced feedstock, food

waste. The plant utilized in the waste management, prevents food waste to be sent to landfill, and

greenhouse gasses associated with food waste in landfills to be emitted. Thus, producing biogas

and preventing emissions to atmosphere help Ireland in its renewable energy and climate change

targets. Electricity generated by AD plant reduces the dependence of Ireland on fossil fuels. Lastly,

residues of the digestion process, digestate, can be used as bio-fertilizer. When utilized in an

integrated waste management facility, composting plants and even incineration plants can benefit

from the insertion of an anaerobic digestion into whole system.

9.3. INCINERATION PLANT

9.3a THE TECHNOLOGY

Background

Municipal solid waste (MSW) management is an important and challenging issue for sustainable

development. It is also one of the most controversial topics and the subject of an ongoing debate

between different stakeholders. A particularly ‘difficult’ issue is MSW incineration which has in

many countries become a socially unacceptable option for dealing with solid waste owing to health,

transport, aesthetic and other concerns (Ares and Bolton 2002; Azapagic 2011 cited in Jeswani et

al. 2013). On the other hand, the increasing amounts of waste require timely and practical solutions

to the problem which currently cannot be solved by recycling alone. Around 3 billion tons of MSW

are generated in Europe annually (EC 2010). As shown in Figure 9.3.1, there is a high potential of

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thermal treatment of waste before it is going to landfill. Only a small proportion of MSW is

incinerated to recover energy, generating 4 % of European renewable electricity and 41 % of

renewable heat (IEA- Energy Information Administration, 2011).

Figure 9.3.1. The suitability of waste in thermal treatment: European context (EC directive)

Waste incinerators can reduce the amount by volume of the incoming waste by 95%. Incineration

helps reduce the volume of the waste but does not completely reduce the waste (Basu, 2013). This

spent ash will still need to be disposed of. However, this is still beneficial by significantly reducing

the amount of waste that needs to be land filled. The emissions produced by these incinerators are

well within regulatory standards and allow for efficient energy production. The burning process of

incinerator plant is presented in following flow diagram

Drying of the Degassing Start of the firing

material (Ignition)

Burnout Combustion Gasification

Diagram 9.3.1. The burning process of incinerator plant

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In particular, with thermal waste treatment the following issues can be viewed as the main

objectives:

• To reduce the total organic matter content,

• To destroy organic contaminants,

• To concentrate the inorganic contaminants,

• To reduce the mass and volume of the waste,

• To recover the energy content of the waste and

• To preserve raw materials and resources.

Operation: The following illustration (Figure 9.3.2) shows the waste incineration process. For each

different type of incinerator the process might change slightly, but for the basic waste incinerator,

this is how it works. The incoming waste is brought to the waste incineration plant and dumped

into the holding area (1). The waste is then grabbed and dropped into a hopper (2). From the

Hopper the waste is gradually fed into the incinerator (3). This incinerator runs at a range of

temperatures depending on the type of trash being incinerated. The heat from the incineration of

the waste is then used to heat up the working fluid (usually water) in the boiler (4). The steam from

this process is then piped to a turbine generator to create electricity. The left over burnt waste and

heaviest ash falls into a collection area (5). At this point an electromagnet can be used to pick up

any leftover metals that could then be recycled. The flue gases containing fine ash and other toxic

vapors then pass through a scrubber reactor (6). This scrubber treats the flue gasses for acid

pollutants such as SO2 and also dioxins. From the scrubber, the gases can then pass through a fine

particulate removal system, which can further reduce the toxicity of the flue gasses (7). The flue

gases are then released through the chimney stack (8).

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Figure 9.3.2. Basic process of a waste incinerator. Source:

(http://www.sswm.info/content/incineration-large-scale)

Types of Waste Incinerators

The type of incinerator used is based on the type of waste that needs to be incinerated, the amount

of waste needed to burn per hour, and the specific needs of the plant. As stated above the rotary-

kiln is the most widely used do to the ability to very effectively burn many types of waste and the

rotating nature of the kiln helps to evenly and fully burn all combustibles. The types are,

a. Moving Grate: A moving grate is used to agitate the waste. The grates move to help burn

the waste evenly, which ensures the waste to be as completely burned as it can be.

b. Rotary-Kiln: Waste is loaded into a cylindrical kiln and rolled while the waste is

combusted. This type of incinerator is the most widely used in industrial applications.

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c. Fluidized Bed: A bed of sand is used while air is pumped from underneath the sand. Once

the air breaks through the sand, the waste is introduced and the waste can now lay on the

fluidized bed created by the air and the fuel can be introduced and incineration can begin.

9.3b. DESCRIPTION OF SCOPE OF THE INCINERATOR IN CANAUGHT AREA

The total waste of Canaught area is 250715 ton per annum however the scope of the plant is to

deal with the 71036 ton of waste yearly. The waste component which is having high calorific value

is a goof fuel for Incinerator plant. Below, the scope of the plant is presented in terms of waste

characterization.

• Certain fibrous vegetable waste from pulp paper or paper production if it is co-incinerated

at the place of production and the heat generated is recovered;

• Certain wood waste, paper and cardboard;

• Cork waste; Plastics

• Hazardous waste;

• Animal carcasses.

The following study should be carried out in the detail project report in order to get approval in

line with EU Directives.

Permits, Delivery and reception of waste, The operating conditions, Air emissions limit values,

Residues, Monitoring and surveillance, Access to information and public participation,

Implementation reports, Penalties, Key terms of the Act.

9.3c. CASE STUDY 1: DESCRIPTION OF THE INCINERATOR AT VILLEFRANCHE - SUR-

SAONE (RHÔNE), FRANCE

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To be in safer side an example of higher capacity (88000 ton per year) Incineration has been

provided.

Figure 9.3.3. Incinerator plant VILLEFRANCHE-SUR-SAONE (Rhône), Thermal treatment plant

with energy recovery plus a wood-fired boiler plant (ISO 14001 and OHSAS 18001)

Table 9.1. Salient features of VILLEFRANCHE-SUR-SAONE (Rhône) plant

VILLEFRANCHE SUR SAONE INCINÉRATEUR

130 Rue Benoit Frachon 69400 Villefranche-sur-

Address Saone
69 Rhône - Rhône-Alpes

Opening date 01/07/1984

Type of service Incineration with energy recovery

Member SVDU Yes

Management mode Service delivery market

Regulatory capacity (tones)/year 88000

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Client Sytraival (300,000 inhabitants)

Exploiting Cideme

Specifications

Total oven (s) 2

1 furnace capacity: 6.5 ton / hour

Capacity
Oven Capacity 2: 4.5 ton / hour

Total boiler (s) 2

Type boiler 1: agrave; eauDébit boiler tubes of 1:

21 ton / hour
boiler pressure 1: 44 bar
Characteristics
Boiler type 2: Vertical
boiler flow 2: 14 ton / hour
pressure boiler 2: 44 Bar

Type of acid gas treatment Dry

Treatment of dioxins and furans Activated carbon

Treatment of nitrogen oxides (NOx) Urea-Ammonia

2011 Data

Amount of electricity sold (MWh / year) 14837

Quantity sold thermal energy (MWh / year) 21104

Existence of CLIS Yes

Residual household waste Yes

Mixed ordinary waste Yes

Other Yes

Sludge Yes

Treated waste (tons) 78,553

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Source: http://www.incineration.org/spip.php?page=article-

usinereg&article=124&regsel=23http://www.tiru.fr/english/Activities/Heat-recovery-89

9.3d. ADVANTAGES OF INCINERATION

• The steam from the boiler can be used to power a turbine to produce electricity and/or be

fed out of the facility to be used as district heating to homes and businesses. For recent

industrial incinerators, every tons of waste incinerated can produce 2 MWh of district

heating and .67 MWh of electricity. This is energy created from something that would have

otherwise been just left to decay in a landfill (Dvořák et al. 2009).

• Incinerators convert waste materials into heat, gas, steam, and ash.

• Here incineration is carried out on a large scale to minimize the size of landfill. It is used

to dispose of solid, liquid and gaseous waste. It is recognized as a practical method of

disposing of certain hazardous waste materials (such as biological medical waste).

9.4 LANDFILL FACILITY

9.4a. PRINCIPLE OF LANDFILL

Nowadays, in some countries exist Sanitary landfill as a waste disposal option; sanitary landfill is

defined as an “Environmentally acceptable disposal of waste on ground. Sanitary landfills are

where non-hazardous waste is spread in layers, compacted, and covered with earth at the end of

each working day”. (Bussiness Dictionary, 2015).

However, this disposal option was not always there with the most correct design and this bring

many environmental and health impacts. For that reason landfill has changed over the years in

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order to minimize the environmental and human health impacts.

9.4b. EXISTING PRACTICE

Nowadays exist many landfill sites around the world some in better condition than others.

In Europe in 1975 the Waste Framework Directive determined that members from the EU could

establish a permitting system for recovery or disposal of waste. In 1996 The Waste Management

introduced licensing by the EPA of landfill. Following that The Landfill Directive, 1999 the main

point of this was to prevent or minimise any environmental or health impacts associated with the

landfill activity (EPA, 2010). At the same year the Council Directive obliges all Members States

to reduced biodegradable waste to Landfill to 75% by 2006, 50% by 2009 and 35% by 2016.

(MWE Waste Europe, 2015).

Figure 9.4.1. Landfills in the world (Waste Atlas, 2015)

Ireland

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After the 1990s landfilling in Ireland has changed a lot. The landfill sites have decreased from

more than 200 in the 80s to 48 in 2009. Some of them are for MSW waste and others for inert.

(EPA, 2010). However, in 2010 the number of landfills in Ireland that transformed the gas to

energy was five. (Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland, 2015)

Figure 9.4.2. LFG in Ireland (Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland, 2015)

The existed sites with recovery landfill gas generate 15MW of electricity that goes to the National

Grid. The sites are (Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland, 2015):

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Tramore Valley Landfill – Cork, with 2MW electricity production

Balleally Ladfill – Lusk – Dublin, with 5MW electricity production

Dunsink Landfill – Finglas – Dublin, with 4.8MW electricity production

Ballylogan Landfill – Dublin, with 2 MW electricity production.

Friarstown Landfill – Dublin, with 1 MW electricity production.

9.4c. PROPOSED LANDFILL

The landfill in this waste facility in Connaught province will receive 109706 ton/year of MWS

approximately, however this quantity varies depend on % of recycled, generation of MWS and

other aspects as well. The tones that finally go to the landfill, it is after the total MWS pass through

pre-treatment such as manual sorting, composting, energy recovery and anaerobic digestion. It is

important to mention that this landfill is classified as Landfill for non-hazardous waste.

The total area of the landfill will be approximately 145 (including all facilities) acres (Appendix

I), the landfill will have VI sections. They will be similar to the diagram below.

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Figure 9.4.3. Landfill’s divisions (EPA, 1999)

This landfill will work with diary cell capacity of approximately 290,558 kg/day.

Characteristic of the landfill

It is important to mention that the design of Landfill in Ireland have to follow the legislation

mentioned above.

The efficient operation of the landfill requires adequate staff, equipment and resources. In this

case is required to get a license from EPA in order to open the landfill facility in Connaught. (EPA,

2010)

* Cover and capping requirement:

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• Liner system:

Before the start of the operation the landfill is required to cover the area with a membrane in order

to avoid filtration of leachate to the ground floor or groundwater.

Figure 9.4.4. Landfill liner system (EPA, 2000)

• Diary Cover: Land fill operation required that daily cover (150mm of soil) is applied in

order to avoid dispersion of the waste on the surrounding area, smell generation and control

flies, birds or vermin. (EPA, 2010)

• Intermediate cover: It is minimum 300mm of soil in this study case. (EPA, 2010)

• Temporary capping: It is 0.5m thick and it is apply before the final capping waiting that

the waste be settled. (EPA, 2010)

• Final capping: “Final restoration involves replacing the final soil profile and carrying out

landscaping works detailed in the design of the landfill. Every effort should be made to

minimize soil compaction or contamination” (EPA, 1999)

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Figure 9.4.5. Liner system and Final Cover System (Semco, 2015)

Landfill gas:

The landfill gas is commonly called as a LFG, this gas is a mix of many gasses prevenient from

the waste decomposition. Landfill gas typically is conforming by 45% - 60% methane and 40% to

60% carbon dioxide.

The landfill gas is produced by bacterial when they decompose landfill waste. This occurs in four

phases of decomposition. (Department of Health and Human Services, 2001)

In order to calculate the quantity of LFG and the methane the Surroop and Moheel 2011 is used.

Assuming that 1 ton of MWS produced 119.8 m3 LFG from this 49% is methane (Surrop, 2011)

thus in this case study the LFG is:

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MWS Ton per day: 300 ton/day

300 MWS ton/day = 35,940 m3 LFG/day

Estimating the Methane production from the Connaught would be:

35,940 m3 LFG/day * 0.49 = 17,610 m3 CH4/day

The electricity generated by this amount of CH4 will be: (Idehai , 2015)

In this case: LHV CH4 = 37.5 x 10 6 J/kg, D= 0.056 Kg/m3, R = 75% and n = 30%.

Substituting values:

E = 17,610 m3 CH4/day * 37.5 x 10 6 J/kg * 0.056 Kg/m3 * 0.75 * 0.30

E = 9.74714E+10 J

E = 0.00112 GWh

E = 1.11 MW

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The appreciable production of gas in landfill occurred between 1 to 3 years. The highest gas

production occurs between 5 to 7 years. Almost all gas is produced within 20 years after waste is

dumped. However, it is important to still controlling the gas emission because small quantity of

gas continue to be emitted for more than 50 years. (Department of Health and Human Services,

2001)

In order to manage the gas produced by waste decomposition in this landfill. The following items

are required:

• Build a gas infrastructure and maintain this in a good condition.

• In this case, because the gas is in the first year will not be methane. The gases produced

during the first year, it will be flared. This structure is enclosed flare with a burn chamber

residence time of minimum 0.3 seconds and burn temperature of minimum 1000 oC (EPA

2010). It will be used in any case that the principal structure for gas utilization requires

maintenance or repair.

• Monitory of landfill gas.

• Be under emission’s limit values.

9.4d. ENERGY SYSTEM IN CONNAUGHT PROVINCE

Figure 9.4.6. Gas to energy process (Wakegov, 2015)

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Electricity generated by gas in this landfill is 1, 1 MW, this is because 109706 ton/year of MWS

approximately goes to landfill in Connaught province. Department of Trade And Industry Staff

1995 mentioned, “A minimum of 200,000 tons of waste is needed to sustain a commercially viable

gas electricity scheme”. Therefor for the first years any energy will be generated from landfill and

the gas have burned. However, because this waste facility has other technologies such as compost,

anaerobic digester and incineration, it is possible when the production of methane getting more

stable to join other gasses from anaerobic digestion in order to generate electricity and convert the

gas produced from those technologies in economic sustainable.

Mentioned it, the gas collected system will be confirmed by:

• Gas collection wells:

The vertical extraction wells will be used at the landfill. Assuming one well is installed per acre.

In this case a total of 131 wells will be installed.

Figure 9.4.7. Vertical Well (EPA, 2010)

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• Condense collection: In this part the gas that is captured by the wells and transported to

condenser that its principal function is clean the gas from some particulars and take some

water out from the gas.

• Blower: The blower applies the required vacuum on the LFG collection system and

supplies the required discharge pressure for the flare.

• Flare: In this landfill, enclosed flares will be used and in this kind of flare LFG and airflows

are controlled.

Figure 9.4.7. Landfill Gas Flare (The landfill gas expert, 2012)

* Control of leachate in the landfill

One of the most significant impacts from landfill is the generation of the leachate, it is a liquid

percolating though the deposited waste and emitted from or constrained within a landfill. (EPA,

1999)

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The Landfill will have some leachate monitoring points, leachate pumps, leachate lagoons; and

treatment plant. (EPA, 1999)

In order to minimize deposit of leachate at the bottom of the landfill a drain system will be use.

Figure 9.4.8. Drain system (EPA, 1999)

* Landfill monitoring:

Landfill requires a monitoring program in order to minimize environmental impacts related with

different environmental aspects associates from the construction, operation and closed of the

landfill. Some of the principal elements to monitoring are:

Surface water monitoring: The main point to do this monitoring is to know if is any contamination

prevenient from the landfill that could affect the surface water.

Ground water monitoring: This will help us to identify if the environmental controls are working

properly. Knowing the quantity and quality of the groundwater is possible to identify any

contamination that could pass from the landfill to the groundwater.

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Leachate monitoring: It helps to know the characteristic or composition of the leachate in order to

check the efficiency of the wastewater treatment plant.

Landfill gas monitoring: it is important to monitoring all the well points in order to know quantity

and emission to the atmosphere.

9.4e. CONTRIBUTION OF OUR PROJECT

The principal contribution from the landfill to the waste facility in Connaught is to provide last

disposal of some waste from the other processes incineration, anaerobic digester and compost such

as ash and dust from incineration, discard material from the compost and others.

The landfill will contribution with be almost 8,447,362 NM3 methane/ year that could be transform

to energy join other outputs from the other processes.

10. LIMITATIONS

Disadvantages of in vessel composting -

• High capital cost is required to build the setup

• Skills and expenses are necessary for operation and mechanism of plant

• System may need to shut down for maintenance and emptying of vessel

• Operational cost may increase due to high level mechanization

Disadvantages of incineration - case study 2: description of the incinerator at Reggio Emilia, Italy

for similar capacity, after decades of harmful emissions, and the incinerator in Reggio Emilia

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(Italy) has been finally shut down in 2012 (source:

http://www.ping.be/~ping5859/Eng/ChlorineRegEm.html.)

Figure 10.6. Map of exposure to polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/F)

in the city of Reggio Emilia, northern Italy, around the municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI).
Source: Vinceti et al. 2009.

• Harmful materials released into the air can include lead, mercury,

cadmium, and acid gases. The amount of these materials can be can very significant before

they are put through the flue gas cleaning system, which is used to reduce such pollutants.

• Odor pollution is another pollutant that is a problem for older incinerators but not so much

for newer style incinerators.

• Overall, the pollutants produced by waste incineration processes are regulated and kept

within an acceptable range however the plant was shut down in 2012due to health safety

issues.

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• Anti-incineration plant campaign is a burning issue for establishment of the plant, hence

there is a few opportunities of public cooperation in this context (Leonard et al. 2009)

11. CONCLUSION

In the scope of this project, an integrated waste management facility is described. First the

calculations of waste amount and the method is presented. Then, each of the plants are individually

described. The utilization of the plants in an integrated way has various advantages. Integration of

such a facility increases the overall plant capacity with minimal footprint since overall one total

site is employed, which means one receiving building, one weighbridge, one administrative

building etc. An integrated facility ensures that the output of one system is used as input to other

system. An example to this is shown in Figure 11.1.

Figure 11.1. Inputs and outputs for integrated AD and composting system
(Kraemer and Gamble 2014)
Integrating AD and composting systems provides:

• Reduction in the AD digester effluent since it is used in composting

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• A higher value for the digestate since composting treats effluent from digestion, and

therefore effluent nutrients is conserved.

• Direct onsite use of biogas energy in operating the composting system (avoiding grid

electricity costs)

• During start-up and shutdown periods of the AD system, food waste can be diverted to the

composting system.

Also, there are some advantages of having Incineration plant inside the integrated waste

management system such as,

• The bottom or fly ash can be used as a filling material in Landfill design.

• The volume of landfill can be minimized easily with the establishment of incinerator plant.

• As a part of Combined Heating and Power (CHP) the heat can be utilized in composting,

Anarobic digestion plants or the office/ administrative buildings.

Figure 11.2. Typical process of Combined Heating and Power (CHP) concept from Incinerator

plant

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To conclude up, the whole system in integrated in a way that the operation capacities of systems

are maximized, and the impacts are minimized. AD facility generates 2.4 MW, landfill gas

generates 1.1 MW, and incinerator generates 1.7 MW electricity. Assessing and evaluating the

integrating facility as a system of systems, such a facility will not be easy to operate, however it is

the ultimate plant for waste management. A schematic, depicts the whole system, is shown in

Figure 11.3.

Figure 11.3. Schematic of the whole system

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12. REFERENCES

Introduction

United States Environment Protection Agency (2002), ‘Solid waste and emergency response’.

Avaible at: http://www3.epa.gov/climatechange/wycd/waste/downloads/overview.pdf

(Accessed 21 Novmeber 2015)

M.A. Memon, ‘Integrated solid waste management (ISWM)’. United Nations environment

program Avaible at http://www.unep.or.jp/ietc/SPC/news-

oct09/Guidelines_ISWM_Plan.pdf

Composting

Rynk, R. (1992), On farm composting handbook. Avaible at:

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Calculation of waste management plant area
Note : Please put input in highlighted cells only Geometrical increase method

Some assumptions In this method, the percentage increase is assumed as the rate of growth and the average of the percentage increase is used
population growth rate = 1.77 % to determine the increment in future population. This method gives a much higher value and is applicable to growing towns
The method for calulating the population projection = Geometrical increase method and cities having a vast scope of expansion. The general form of a geometric sequence is
Base year = 2011
Operating time of waste management plant = 2020
Closing time of waste management plant = 2034 (year end) Where r ≠ 0 is the common ratio and ‘a’ is a scale factor, equal to the sequence’s start value.
Total numbers of year served = 15 The n-th term of a geometric sequence with initial value a and common ratio r is given by
Waste generation @ = 580 kg/ person/ year
% of waste going to landfill = Variable equation 1
Year Letting ‘a’ be the first term and ‘m’ be the number of terms (here 5), and r be the constant that each term is multiplied
2020 = 32 % by to get the next term, the sum is given by:
2021 = 30.584 %
2022 = 29.168 %
2023 = 27.752 % equation 2
2024 = 26.336 %
2025-2034 = 25 %
Percentage of covered material used in landfill = 20 %
Height of landfill is assumed as = 10 m
The shape factor to calculate area taken as = 10 %
Compacted density of landfill after stabilization = 0.6ton/m3
1m2 = 0.000247 acre
The area for composting and anaerobic digestion plant = 4.7 acre
The area required for incineration plant = 2.6 acre
Base year of population after 2024 = 2025
FACTOR, FINAL AREA TO BE MULTIPLIED = 1.5

Population Waste generated Final area

Accumulated Waste Factored
Name of Area Area required
Place 2025 base 2025 - waste weight volume volume
province (km2) 2011 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 - 2034 (m2) (acre) FOR
year 2034 (ton) (m3) (m3)
SITE
Connaught Total area 17704 542547 635353 646599 658044 669691 681545 693608 7515442 117921585 114698408 111324187 107794584 104105157 1089739083 1645583 2742638 3620283 362028 145
Galway 6148 250653 293529 298724 304012 309393 314869 320442 3472083 54478965 52989879 51431012 49800360 48095870 503451997 760248 1267080 1672546 167255 73
Leitrim 1588 31798 37237 37896 38567 39250 39944 40652 440471 6911236 6722330 6524571 6317706 6101473 63868242 96446 160743 212180 21218 19
Mayo 5585 130638 152985 155692 158448 161253 164107 167011 1809617 28393927 27617830 26805363 25955482 25067118 262394473 396234 660390 871715 87172 43
Roscommon 2547 64065 75024 76352 77703 79078 80478 81903 887438 13924409 13543810 13145375 12728593 12292938 128678500 194314 323856 427490 42749 27
Sligo 1836 65393 76579 77934 79314 80718 82146 83600 905834 14213047 13824559 13417865 12992443 12547758 131345870 198342 330569 436351 43635 27
Leinster Total area 19756 2504816 2933282 2985201 3038039 3091812 3146537 3202231 ####### 544417117 529536441 513958429 497663057 480629811 5031077291 7597282 12662137 16714021 1671402 630
Carlow 896 54614 63956 65088 66240 67413 68606 69820 756521 11870252 11545799 11206143 10850845 10479459 109695584 165648 276080 364426 36443 24
Dublin 921 1273069 1490836 1517224 1544079 1571409 1599223 1627529 ####### 276699189 269136107 261218606 252936507 244279385 2557037537 3861307 6435512 8494876 849488 326
Kildare 1693 210312 246287 250647 255083 259598 264193 268869 2913273 45710924 44461497 43153519 41785310 40355147 422424612 637891 1063152 1403360 140336 63
Kilkenny 2061 95419 111741 113719 115732 117780 119865 121986 1321758 20739143 20172275 19578843 18958084 18309216 191654942 289413 482354 636708 63671 35
Laois 1719 80559 94339 96009 97708 99438 101198 102989 1115915 17509349 17030762 16529748 16005662 15457845 161807716 244341 407235 537550 53755 31
Longford 1091 39000 45671 46480 47302 48140 48992 49859 540234 8476578 8244886 8002336 7748617 7483409 78333903 118290 197150 260237 26024 21
Louth 820 122897 143919 146467 149059 151698 154383 157115 1702388 26711435 25981326 25217002 24417481 23581757 246846198 372755 621259 820061 82006 41
Meath 2342 184135 215633 219449 223333 227286 231309 235404 2550665 40021401 38927487 37782310 36584399 35332244 369846494 558494 930824 1228688 122869 56
Offaly 1999 76687 89805 91394 93012 94658 96334 98039 1062280 16667777 16212193 15735260 15236363 14714877 154030565 232597 387662 511713 51171 30
Westmeath 1838 86164 100903 102689 104507 106356 108239 110155 1193557 18727586 18215700 17679827 17119277 16533345 173065704 261341 435569 574951 57495 32
Wexford 2352 145320 170178 173190 176256 179375 182550 185781 2012994 31585033 30721712 29817934 28872538 27884333 291884175 440766 734610 969685 96968 47
Wicklow 2024 136640 160013 162845 165728 168661 171646 174685 1892758 29698451 28886696 28036902 27147974 26218795 274449860 414439 690731 911765 91177 45
Munster Total area 24176 1246088 1459240 1485068 1511354 1538105 1565330 1593036 ####### 270834918 263432126 255682426 247575855 239102210 2502844536 3779472 6299120 8314839 831484 319
Clare 3147 117196 137243 139672 142145 144661 147221 149827 1623416 25472333 24776092 24047224 23284792 22487836 235395388 355464 592439 782020 78202 40
Cork 7457 519032 607816 618574 629523 640666 652005 663546 7189709 112810644 109727165 106499189 103122566 99593045 1042507756 1574260 2623767 3463373 346337 139
Kerry 4746 145502 170391 173407 176476 179600 182779 186014 2015515 31624590 30760188 29855279 28908698 27919256 292249733 441318 735530 970899 97090 47
Limerick 2686 191809 224619 228595 232641 236759 240950 245214 2656967 41689331 40549827 39356924 38109088 36804749 385260196 581770 969617 1279894 127989 58
Tipperary 4303 158754 185910 189201 192549 195958 199426 202956 2199084 34504888 33561758 32574431 31541639 30462080 318867192 481512 802520 1059326 105933 50
Waterford 1837 113795 133260 135619 138020 140463 142949 145479 1576305 24733132 24057096 23349380 22609073 21835244 228564270 345148 575247 759326 75933 39
Ulster Total area 8066 294803 345231 351342 357560 363889 370330 376885 4083655 64074886 62323513 60490067 58572191 56567473 592129992 894158 1490264 1967148 196715 84
Cavan 1931 73183 85701 87218 88762 90333 91932 93559 1013742 15906189 15471422 15016281 14540180 14042521 146992565 221969 369949 488332 48833 29
Donegal 4841 161137 188701 192041 195440 198899 202419 206002 2232094 35022828 34065542 33063394 32015099 30919335 323653594 488740 814566 1075228 107523 51
Monaghan 1294 60483 70829 72083 73359 74657 75978 77323 837820 13145868 12786549 12410392 12016913 11605616 121483833 183449 305749 403588 40359 26