15 b i)Spread spectrum

In telecommunication and radio communication, spread-spectrum techniques are

methods by which a signal (e.g., an electrical, electromagnetic, or acoustic signal)
generated with a particular bandwidth is deliberately spread in the frequency domain,
resulting in a signal with a wider bandwidth.

Telecommunications[edit]
Spread spectrum generally makes use of a sequential noise-like signal structure to spread the
normally narrowband information signal over a relatively wideband (radio) band of frequencies. The
receiver correlates the received signals to retrieve the original information signal. Originally there
were two motivations: either to resist enemy efforts to jam the communications (anti-jam, or AJ), or
to hide the fact that communication was even taking place, sometimes called low probability of
intercept (LPI).[1]

 Techniques known since the 1940s and used in military communication systems since
the 1950s "spread" a radio signal over a wide frequency range several magnitudes
higher than minimum requirement. The core principle of spread spectrum is the use of
noise-like carrier waves, and, as the name implies, bandwidths much wider than that
required for simple point-to-point communication at the same data rate.
 Resistance to jamming (interference). Direct sequence (DS) is good at resisting
continuous-time narrowband jamming, while frequency hopping (FH) is better at resisting
pulse jamming. In DS systems, narrowband jamming affects detection performance
about as much as if the amount of jamming power is spread over the whole signal
bandwidth, where it will often not be much stronger than background noise. By contrast,
in narrowband systems where the signal bandwidth is low, the received signal quality will
be severely lowered if the jamming power happens to be concentrated on the signal
bandwidth.
 Resistance to eavesdropping. The spreading sequence (in DS systems) or the
frequency-hopping pattern (in FH systems) is often unknown by anyone for whom the
signal is unintended
 Resistance to fading. The high bandwidth occupied by spread-spectrum signals offer
some frequency diversity; i.e., it is unlikely that the signal will encounter
severe multipath fading over its whole bandwidth. In direct-sequence systems, the signal
can be detected by using a rake receiver.
 Multiple access capability, known as code-division multiple access (CDMA) or code-
division multiplexing (CDM). Multiple users can transmit simultaneously in the same
frequency band as long as they use different spreading sequences.

15 B ii)What Does Direct Sequence Spread

Spectrum (DSSS) Mean?
Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) is a transmission technology used
in local area wireless network transmissions. In this technology, a data
signal at the sending station is combined with a high data rate bit sequence,
which divides user data based on a spreading ratio.

The benefits of using DSSS are resistance to jamming, sharing single

channels among multiple users, less background noise and relative timing
between transmitter and receivers.

This term is also known as direct sequence code division multiple access.

Techopedia Explains Direct Sequence Spread

Spectrum (DSSS)
DSSS is a spread spectrum modulation technique used for digital signal
transmission over airwaves. It was originally developed for military use, and
employed difficult-to-detect wideband signals to resist jamming attempts. It
is also being developed for commercial purposes in local and wireless
networks.

The stream of information in DSSS is divided into small pieces, each

associated with a frequency channel across spectrums. Data signals at
transmission points are combined with a higher data rate bit sequence,
which divides data based on a spreading ratio. The chipping code in a DSSS
is a redundant bit pattern associated with each bit transmitted. This helps to
increase the signal's resistance to interference. If any bits are damaged
during transmission, the original data can be recovered due to the
redundancy of transmission.

The entire process is performed by multiplying a radio frequency carrier and

a pseudo-noise (PN) digital signal. The PN code is modulated onto an
information signal using several modulation techniques such as quadrature
phase-shift keying (QPSK), binary phase-shift keying (BPSK), etc. A doubly-
balanced mixer then multiplies the PN modulated information signal and the
RF carrier. Thus, the TF signal is replaced with a bandwidth signal that has a
spectral equivalent of the noise signal. The demodulation process mixes or
multiplies the PN modulated carrier wave with the incoming RF signal. The
result produced is a signal with a maximum value when two signals are
correlated. Such a signal is then sent to a BPSK demodulator. Although
these signals appear to be noisy in the frequency domain, bandwidth
provided by the PN code permits the signal power to drop below the noise
threshold without any loss of information.