Mating of two non-related individuals from

different breeds
Breed A are homozygous recessive at the B locus
(bb)
Breed B are homozygous recessive at the B locus
(BB)
Crossing breed A and B lead to heterozygosity at
locus B (Bb)
Creates hybrid vigour (heterosis)
Hybrid vigour or heterosis
The increase in size, vigour or productivity of a hybrid
organism over the average or mean of its parents.
 Greatest in traits associated with reproduction, survival
and fitness (survivorship, reproductive success)
 Opposite of inbreeding depression
 Crossbreeding creates animals which are heterozygous at
more loci
Heterosis (hibrid vigor)
 Adalah kejadian dalam persilangan dimana performans
hasil silangannya melampaui rata-rata performan kedua
bangsa tetuanya. Tetapi tidak melebihi tetua yang
terbaik. Heterosis diduga karena peranan gen non
aditif yang dapat menyebabkan peristiwa
dominansi, overdominansi dan epistasis. Tidak
semua sifat menimbulkan heterosis, biasanya sifat dg
angka pewarisan rendah mis sifat reproduksi akan
menimbulkan heterosis tinggi.
 hybrid vigour the increase in such characteristics as
size, growth rate, fertility, and yield of a hybrid organism
over those of its parents. Plant and animal breeders
exploit heterosis by mating two different pure-bred lines
that have certain desirable traits
 Hybrid Vigour= extra performance
above mid-parent mean
Performance

Breed A AxB Breed B

Heterosis
Genetic basis of heterosis
1. Heterosis dominan : heterosis
 Three possible disebabkan oleh pengaruh
genetic causes: kumulatif alel dominan pd
banyak lokus yang
 Partial to complete mempengaruhi sifat
2. Heterosis over dominan : genotip
dominance yang superior adalah
menguntungkan pada kondisi
 Overdominance heterosigot
3. Heterosis epistasi : terutama
 Epistasis yang menyangkut pengaruh
gen dominan, dapat pula
menimbulkan heterosis
Genetic basis of heterosis
 Deleterious recessive genes
Genetic basis of heterosis
avoidance hypothesis.
Scenario A. Less genes are
under expressed in the
homozygous individual. As
well, gene expression in the
offspring is equal to the
expression of the best parent.
Over dominance hypothesis.
Scenario B. Over expression
of certain genes in the
homozygous. Legend 0 = low
or no expression of gene A 1 =
normal expression of gene A
2 = over expression of gene A
Two leading hypotheses explain the genetic basis for fitness
advantage in heterosis.

(scenario A)
The hypothesis involves avoidance of deleterious recessive genes
(also called the general dominance hypothesis), such that
heterozygous individuals will express less deleterious recessive
alleles than its homozygous counterpart

(Scenario B)
The overdominance hypothesis implies that the combination of
divergent alleles at a particular locus will result in a higher fitness
in the heterozygote than in the homozygote. Take the example of
parasite resistance controlled by gene A, with two alleles A and a.
The heterozygous individual will then be able to express a broader
array of parasite resistance alleles and thus resist a broader array of
parasites. The homozygous individual, on the other hand, will only
express one allele of gene A (either A or a) and therefore will not
resist as many parasites as the heterozygous.
Dominance Hypothesis

 Davenport (1908)
 Hybrid vigor is due to action and interaction of favorable
dominant alleles
 Hypothesizes decreased homozygosity for unfavorable
recessive alleles (covering up)
 Conversely, inbreeding depression is due to exposure of
these recessive alleles during inbreeding
Dominance Hypothesis
Example

• Model AA = Aa > aa - AA=10 Aa=10 and aa=0

Parent 1 Parent 2
aaBBccDDee = 20 AAbbCCddEE = 30
F1
AaBbCcDdEe = 50

Also note that AABBCCDDEE = 50

Overdominance
 Superiority of heterozygotes may exist at the molecular
level, if the products of two alleles have different
properties, e.g. heat stability, or advantages at different
environments or maturities - thus may result in stability.
 “single locus heterosis” difficult to observe and detect if
populations are not in linkage equilibrium.
Epistasis
 Epistasis - interaction among loci, may also
contribute to heterosis
Internode
Generation No. nodes length Height
Parent 1 3 1 3
Parent 2 1 3 3
Hybrid ( add) 2 2 4
Hybrid ( Dom) 3 3 9
Measurement of Heterosis

 Mid-parent heterosis
 Hybrid performance is measured relative to mean of the
parents (MP)
 (F1 - MP) / MP * 100
 High-parent heterosis
 Comparison of hybrid to performance of best parent
(HP)
 (F1 - HP) / HP * 100
 Koefisien heterosis :
 %H = P silangan - P tetua x 100 %
 P tetua
Contoh :
Pertumbuhan bobot harian (ADG) sapi hereford
0.8/kg/hari. Sapi PO ADG 0.2 kg/hari. Sapi silangan
antara hereford dan PO 0.65 kg/hari
% H = 0.65 – 0.5 x 100% = 30 %
0.5
Effect of breed type on level of heterosis
Bos taurus x Bos indicus
Bos taurus x Bos taurus
Individual heterosis
Birth weight 2.4 11.1
Weaning weight 3.9 12.6
ADG 2.6 16.2
Maternal heterosis
Calving rate 3.7 13.4
Calf survival 1.5 5.1
Birth weight 1.8 5.8
Weaning weight 3.9 16.0
 Secara genetika kuantitatif
besarnya heterosis dari F1
dinyatakan :
%HF1=Σdy2
%HF1=koefisien heterosis
pd silangan pertama
d = faktor dominan
y = perbedaan frekuensi
gen antara kedua
tetuanya
 Besarnya heterosis
tergantung pada rerata
derajat dominansi dari
semua pasangan gen yang
mempengaruhi dan rata-
rata perbedaan frekuensi
gen antara kedua tetuanya.
Dengan demikian semakin
jauh perbedaan frekuensi
gen antara kedua tetua
akan semakin tinggi
heterosis.