Monday,

3 May 2021 11:25 AM

Density of transport networks

• A transport network refers to a system of transport routes connecting a set of nodes.

• A node refers to a place where lines in a network cross or join.
• A route refers to the connection between the two nodes
• The number of routes and nodes determines the density of transport pot networks:
the greater the number of routes and nodes, the greater the network density.

Quality of transport infrastructure

• Transport infrastructure refers to facilities such as roads , railway tracks and bus
terminals.

Traffic congestion

• Traffic congestion is a situation where there are more vehicles than the road can
handle.
• It is mainly caused by separation of work and residential areas.
• It can occur for different reasons. It can occur due to accidents on the road or road
work.
• It can occur during peak hours when a large number of people travel to and from
work at the same time.

What is peak hour ?

• Peak hour refers to a part of the day during which traffic volume is the highest.

Impact of traffic congestion on the environment

• Car emit greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide which can cause
air pollution
• People caught in traffic congestion often experience stress and anxiety, which can
negatively affect their physical and mental health.
• Drivers are more prone to losing their concentration or falling asleep , causing
accident and even death
• Noise pollution occurs when there are harmful and excessive noise that may disrupt
human and animal life

Strategies to manage traffic congestion

What are floods ?

Floods are overflows of large amount of water onto land that is normally dry.

Coastal It occurs in areas along the coast. Low lying coastal areas are especially
floods prone to coastal floods

Coastal floods are caused by intense storms such as tropical storms and
tropical cyclones. Tropical cyclones are also known as typhoons or
hurricanes
River floods
It occurs when the volume of water in a river channel increases beyond
the capacity of the channel.

Possible causes of river floods are snowmelt , heavy rainfall and dam
failure
Flash floods It takes place suddenly and lasts for a short period of time

It can be caused by heavy rainfall.Both coastal and river floods may also
caused flash floods.

Causes of floods

When flood occurs , there are overflows of large amounts of water onto land. Natural
sources of floodwater include rainfall, snowmelt and storm surge. Failure of man-made
structures such as dams can also cause floods.

• Rainfall refers to droplets of water that fall to the ground.

• Snowmelt is a surface runoff that results from melting snow.

• Storm surge is a sudden rise of the sea level in which water is piled up against a
coastline beyond normal high-tide conditions

• Failure of man-made structures such as dams and levees can result in floods.