Science

endeavour
Wednesday, 25 March 2020 8:39 PM

Science
• Science is the study of natural things around us
• There are various branches of Science: chemistry( regarding
chemistry), physics ( regarding the nature of matter), biology ( about
living things) and life sciences(includes the study of genes)

Gathering scientific knowledge by scientific method

• It is the way go about finding out the things by
—systematic collections of observation using sense of sight,touch,smell
taste and hearing ; taking measurements.
—applying systematic thinking to make inferences from experimental
evidence.
—recording information accurately and analysing the results
—drawing possible conclusions based on results.

Essential scientific inquiry skills to have

— asking questions
—good planning and execution of investigation
—evaluating the experimental results
—communicating the conclusions

Laboratory safety rules

Teacher will go through with pupils a comprehensive list of rules but some
of the basic rules often overlooked by pupil are:

• Always wear goggles before handling chemicals or doing heating of

chemicals.
• Point the mouth of the test tube away from yourself or people
around you.
• Leftover chemicals should not be poured back into their bottles ,
dispose them.
• Do not eat food or drink the water from tap in the laboratory .
• Report all breakages ,spillages and accident immediately to
teacher .
• Read instructions carefully before doing the experiment but do ask
your teacher if still in doubt

Important symbols of danger

• Toxic (poisonous ) substance — substance that is poisonous

• Flammable substances — substance that catches fire easily

• Corrosive substance — substance that itches and burn skin

• Radioactive substance — substance that gives off harmful radiation

• Irritable substance — substance that may cause irritation to the eyes , noses and throats

Laboratory apparatus
• Common laboratory apparatus and their outline/section diagrams (do not draw 3-dimensional
diagram - use single clear lines).

The Bunsen burner

A)Parts of a Bunsen burner and their functions

Parts Functions
Barrel To raise the flame to a suitable height for burning to take place
Collar To control the amount of air entering the barrel
Air-hole To allow air to enter the barrel
Jet To allow the gas to rush into the barrel
Base To support the Bunsen burner
Gas tap To control the amount of gas entering the barrel

Differences between Luminous and Non-luminous flame:

Luminous flame Non-luminous flame
Orange flame , not very hot Blue flame , very hot
Produces soot No soot is produced
Unsteady flame Steady flame
Not suitable for heating Suitable for heating

C) A strike back occurs when there is too little gas and too much air, and the gas burns at the jet of
on top of the barrel of the burner . It cause the burner to becomes very hot and dangerous