VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

JNANASANGAMA, BELAGAVI-590018

A Report
On
VACUUM DEWATERED FLOORING
Submitted in Partial Fulfilment for the Award of Degree of
Bachelor of Engineering
In

Civil Engineering
(17CVS86: SEMINAR ON CURRENT TRENDS IN ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY)
SUBMITTED BY
ROHIT S REDDY
(USN:1BI17CV136)
UNDER THE GUIDENCE OF
MR PRASAD GOWDA C
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,

K.R. Road, V.V. Puram, Bengaluru-560004
2020-2021
 BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,
K.R. ROAD, V.V. PURAM, BENGALURU – 560004
Department of Civil Engineering.

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the report entitled “VACUUM DEWATERED FLOORING” is a bonafide
work carried out by ROHIT S REDDY (1BI17CV136), in partial fulfillment of the requirement
for VIII SEMESTER Bachelor of Engineering in Civil of the Visvesvaraya Technological
University, Belgaum during the year 2020-2021.
It is certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for internal assessment have been
incorporated in the report. The seminar report has been approved as it satisfies the academic
requirements in respect of project work prescribed for the award of the degree of Bachelor of
Engineering (17CVS86: SEMINAR ON CURRENT TRENDS IN
ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY).

Signature of Guide Signature of HOD Signature of Student

PRASAD GOWDA Dr. H.B. BALAKRISHNA ROHIT S REDDY
C Head of the Department (1BI17CV136)
Assistant Professor

NAME OF EXAMINERS: SIGNATURE

1.
2.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is our proud privilege and duty to acknowledge the kind of help and guidance from several
people in preparation of this report. It would not have been possible to prepare this report in this
form without their valuable help, cooperation and guidance.
Our sincere thanks to guide Mr. PRASAD GOWDA , Assistant Professor, BIT for his
valuable suggestions and guidance throughout the period of this report.
We express gratitude to Dr. H.B. BALAKRISHNA, Professor and Head, Department of
Civil Engineering, BIT for his valuable suggestions and guidance throughout the period of this
report.
We like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. M.U. ASHWATH , Principal, BIT for his
encouragement for the conduction of this project work.
The Project work on “VACCUM DEWATERED FLOORING” was very helpful to us in giving
necessary background information and inspiration in choosing this topic for the project.
Last but not the least, we wish to thank our parents for financing our studies in this college as well
as for constantly encouraging us to learn engineering. Their personal sacrifice in providing this
opportunity to learn engineering is gratefully acknowledged.

Place: Bengaluru ROHIT S REDDY

(1BI17CV136)
 CONTENTS

ABSTRACT 1

CHAPTER 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION 2
1.2 HISTORY OF VDF 3
1.3 VACCUM DEWATERING FLOORING AND BENEFIT 3

CHAPTER 2
2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW 4-7

CHAPTER 3
3.1 MATERIALS 8-9
3.1.1 VACCUM DEWATERING PUMP
3.1.2 FLOATER MACHINE
3.1.3 TREMIX SKIN
3.1.4 DOUBLE BEAM SCREED VIBRATOR
3.2 METHODOLOGY 10
3.2.1 PROCEDURE 11
3.2.2 TREMIX VACCUM SYSTEM STAGES 12

CHAPTER 4
4.1 NEED FOR VDF 13
4.2 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES 13
4.3 APPLICATIONS 14
4.4 COMPARISON 14
4.5 CONCLUSION 15

REFERENCES

LIST OF FIGURES

FIG 1.1 VDF SETUP 5

FIG 1.2 VDF PROCESS 5
FIG 1.3 CROSS SECTION OF BAR 6
FIG 1.4 NEW VDF TECHNIQUE 6
FIG 1.5 VACCUM PUMP 8
FIG 1.6 FLOATER MACHINE 8
FIG 1.7 TRIMIX SKIN 9
FIG 1.8 DOUBLE BEAM SCREED VIBRATOR 10
FIG 1.9 TRIMIX VACCUM STAGES 12
FIG 1.10 VACCUM FLOORING 12
 VACCUM DEWATERED FLOORIG SEMINAR REPORT 2021

ABSTRACT

A flooring work for civil structure that is both time efficient and medium to high workability process to create
a facility that is safe, healthy and comfortable concrete flooring to be done by used of vacuum dewatering
concrete flooring (VDF) technology. This process is a means to efficiently remove excess water from newly
placed, compacted and levelled concrete surfaces. Vacuum treatment of concrete has been refined to specially
address concreting of large exposed surfaces in hot weather conditions. Vacuum dewatering greatly improves
the abrasion and impact resistance of the concrete surface. The vacuum dewatering results in coarse aggregate
in the fresh mix being drawn to the top surface a further contributing factor in achieving wear-resistant
concrete surfaces the surface of vacuum treated concrete is free of pitting, an important consideration for
abrasion resistance and the exposure to a continuous flow of liquid over the member. Technologies applied in
concrete flooring will improve concrete flooring physical behaviour. This method used like concrete flooring
in warehouse, concrete road, parking area, production area in industrial buildings. Nowadays this vacuum
dewatering technique for concrete flooring is excessively using by various contractors & builders in order to
get good quality & to achieve speed in construction of concrete floors. This paper provides a review on a new
way of concrete flooring by the used of vacuum dewatering concrete technique/remix method in the area of
concrete flooring in civil structure with its advantages & dis-advantages of VDF system.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL 1
ENGINEERING, RNSIT
 VACCUM DEWATERED FLOORING SEMINAR REPORT| 2021

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION TO VACUUM DEWATERED FLOORING

Tremix vacuum flooring method can be defined as Vacuum Dewatered Flooring, it is a special type of Flooring
Technique to achieve High Strength, Longer Life, Better Finish and Faster Work. Tremix System also known
as Dewatering System is used in making Industrial Floors, Concrete Roads, Runways, Railways Platforms,
Warehouse container Yards, Canal Lining, Pathways, Bridges, RCC Roads, etc .The key is Dewatering of
Concrete by Vacuum Process wherein surplus water from the concrete is removed immediately after placing
and vibration, thereby reducing the water cement ratio to the optimum level. Tremix Flooring increases the
Compressive Strength, Tensile Strength, and Abrasion Resistance and minimizes the Shrinkage and Floor
Wraps. This type of floor is suitable for high abrasion & heavy traffic movement areas .Floor in factories and
industries have concrete being the most versatile of flooring material, has been in use for a long time. To
overcome the deficiencies of concrete a system was devised to improve the properties of such concrete floors.

Tremix flooring is a special type of flooring mostly being done in the industrial sector. It is generally used for
industrial purposes, where rigid surface necessary for machine foundation, light load carrier vehicle and light
weight cranes. By this method economic high quality concrete floors can be laid. This method improves the
properties of concrete floors. Tremix flooring is also known as vacuum dewatering flooring, since in this
method vacuum treatment is done to remove the surplus water from the concrete. With the industrial revolution
all over the world, the floor construction has been on the serious concerns of Architect, Engineers and users.
A high quality concrete floors not only be levelled perfectly but also it should have high compressive strength
with minimum cost. In this flooring the water/cement ratio is drastically reduced after placing. A lowered
water/cement ratio automatically leads to noticeable improvement of almost all properties of concrete. This
technique is effectively used in industrial floors, parking lots and deck slabs of bridges etc. By the adoption
of Tremix vacuum flooring, more workable concrete floors can be done than the normal flooring.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL 2
ENGINEERING, RNSIT
 VACCUM DEWATERED FLOORING SEMINAR REPORT| 2021

1.2 History of vacuum dewatered concrete flooring

The vacuum dewatering process, patented in the United States, nearly half a century ago, has attracted
increased interest in recent years after several Scandinavian firms simplified the equipment enough to make
it practical for almost any builder Vacuum dewatering is used widely throughout Europe today, and in Sweden
the method is used for 40 to 50 percent of all concrete floors. Basically, the process improves strength,
durability, and other properties of concrete by reducing the water-cement ratio immediately after the mix is
placed, usually in floors and other flatwork. Tremix or vacuum dewatering flooring is popularly known in
India, is actually Vacuum dewatering process of concrete. It was originally invented by Tremix AB, Sweden
many years ago. This process was introduced in India by Aquarius Technologies in 1987. In 1991 to start
production of Vacuum System in India. It became so popular in India that almost everybody related to concrete
flooring industry, may be manufacturers / contractors / consultants started calling this process by the name of
its inventor.

1.3 Vacuum dewatering concrete flooring and its benefit

A high quality concrete floor or pavement requires not only to be level, but it should also have high wear
resistance, high compressive strength, reduced shrinkage and minimum water permeability.

The Vacuum Dewatered (VD) Flooring method is a system for laying high quality concrete floors with
superior cost-effectiveness. The key to the use of this method is the dewatering of concrete by vacuum process.
Surplus water from the concrete is removed immediately, after placing and vibration, reducing the water-
cement ratio to an optimum level.

1) Adopting the VD flooring method facilitates use of concrete with better workability than what is normally
possible.

2) A lowered water to cement ratio due to vacuum dewatering leads to improvement in each of theproperties
of concrete like wear resistance, compressive strength, less shrinkage and minimum water permeability.

3) Through the vacuum treatment, it is possible to reduce the water content in the concrete by 15-25% which
greatly increase the compressive strength.

4) By lowering the water-cement ratio, the tendency of shrinkage and subsequent cracking is greatly reduced.

5) Since the water-cement ratio is lowered through vacuum dewatering, concrete of high initial slump can be
used while pouring.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL 3
ENGINEERING, RNSIT
 VACCUM DEWATERED FLOORING SEMINAR REPORT| 2021

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 D. Subhash, “Estimating the compressive strength of concrete, using vacuum

dewatering Technique”, (2019)
 Investigate the potential of vacuum dewatering process of on three different grades of concrete namely
M20, M30 and M40 to evaluate its compressive strength.
 The application of vacuum dewatering technique gives a freedom to use as much of water cement ratio as
required for desired workability without inducing any adverse effect on the performance of hardened
concrete.
 The effect of the technique on early compressive strength of the concrete was found very significant. The
early increase in strength was of the order of about 60%, 57% and 54% for M20, M30 and M40 grades of
concrete mixes respectively. So, formwork and shuttering may be removed earlier and working time is
also reduced. It all results in cost optimization of concrete construction.
 The increase in 28 days compressive strength was observed about 40%, 36% and 32% for M20, M30 and
M40 grades of concrete mixes respectively. Being this an appreciable increment of compressive strength
if taken in account in the design, the thickness/size of the element will be reduced, the application
technique was found very useful.

Curing M20 M30 M40

Sl time
. (No. of Controlled VDC Controlled VDC Controlled VDC
No days)
1 3 14.85 23.5 20.90 32.5 26.40 40.5
0 3 3
2 7 21.15 30.9 30.06 43.3 37.90 53.5
0 0 3
3 14 23.50 33.4 33.40 47.13 42.13 58.0
0 3
4 21 25.53 36.3 36.60 49.8 46.10 62.17
0 0
5 28 27.60 38.4 39.20 53.3 49.40 65.1
0 0 6

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL 4
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2.2 Vivekkumar Patel , “Vacuum dewatering: new way for concrete flooring by tremix
method” (2015)
 This paper provides a review on a new way of concrete flooring by the used of vacuum dewatering concrete
technique/remix method in the area of concrete flooring in civil structure with its advantages & dis-
advantages of VDF system.
 Vacuum treatment of concrete based on Portland cement results in a marked increase in compressive
strength. In general, compressive strength of vacuum dewatering processed concrete is 25-45% higher at
28 days after casting. Increased flexural strength as well as a higher dynamic modulus of elasticity is
measured.
 Vacuum treatment of concrete based on Portland cement results in a marked increase in compressive
strength. In general, compressive strength of vacuum dewatering processed concrete is 25-45% higher at
28 days after casting. Increased flexural strength as well as a higher dynamic modulus of elasticity is
measured.
 Durability considerations include the improved impermeability, higher density, lower Member
absorptiveness and reduced shrinkage

Fig 1.1 VDF Setup

Fig 1.2 VDF process

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL 5
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2.3. Haitham H. Saeed ,“Study a new technique for producing Vacuum-dewatered

concrete”, (2014)
 In this work, investigate a new technique for producing vacuum-dewatered concrete. Perforated PVC pipes
incased in cotton cloth are used in this technique to dewater concrete from inside of concrete volume,
rather than from the surface, as is the case in the conventional vacuum dewatering method.
 These pipes are laid In position inside concrete forms, a nd a vacuum pump is connected to the dewatering
pipes, which is operated After casting of fresh concrete to remove the excessive water .
 In this method vacuum dewatering is processed from inside of the freshly placed concrete rather than the
surface, through perforated PVC pipes encased in moslin (cotton cloth) to prevent the removal of cement
and other fine particles with water.
 These pipes are embedded and fastened in place in forms via reinforcement bars or any other means, a
steel bar or wire can be inserted in the PVC pipes to give the required stiffness, keep alignment, facilitate
bending and prevent pipes from clogging due to external pressure during vacuum process.

Muslin

Steel bar or

wire

Fig 1.3 cross section of bar -

Fig 1.4 Diagrammatic representation for new vacuum dewatering technique

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL 6
ENGINEERING, RNSIT
 VACCUM DEWATERED FLOORING SEMINAR REPORT| 2021

CONCLUSION FROM THE PAPER

 The new technique is a good alternative to the conventional vacuum dewatering technique, and is suitable
and more convenient for concrete of high thickness and large dimensions
 Perforated PVC pipes of 10mm outside diameter enclosed in cotton cloth can be used as practical artificial
drains to consolidate concrete and improve concrete properties by vacuum process.
 Vacuum duration depends on spacing of dewatering pipes and cement/aggregate ratio, for spacing of 200-
250mm, vacuum processing during 40 minutes is convenient.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL 7
ENGINEERING, RNSIT
 VACCUM DEWATERED FLOORING SEMINAR REPORT| 2021

CHAPTER 3
MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY

3.1 MATERIALS
3.1.1 Vacuum de-watering Pump:

Vacuum Pump is used to reduce water content in the concrete by 15-25%. The dewatered concrete is
compacted and dried. Vacuum Pump is used to suck all the air bubbles that may have trapped during the laying
of the concrete. It allows the cement to come up to upper layers and hence gives a superior strength to the
floor. The three mats: filter mat, suction mat and top mat, these mats do not allow cement to come up but only
sucks the extra water. Top mat size is 4.5 m x 5.5 m During working, it eludes a vacuum pressure of 450-500
mm/Hg . Maximum pump pressure which can be developed is 650 mm/Hg. It is powered by 7.5 HP motor

Fig 1.5: pump

3.1.2 Floater machine:

Floating & Troweling take place right after dewatering. Floating operation is done with Floating disc. This
makes the cement more compact and enabling to generate a very smooth finish. Trowelling is done with
Trowel blades in order to further improve the wear resistance, minimize dusting and obtain smoother finish.
 Two speed operation for electric version.
 Dead man’s grip for operator safety
 Adjustable and foldable handle .
 Dual function – floating and trowelling
 Easy change-over from disc to blades
 Blade angle adjustable while machine is in operation

Fig 1.6 floater machine

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL 8
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3.1.3 Tremix skin:

Vacuum is immediately created between the filter pads and the top cover. Atmospheric pressure compresses
the concrete and the surplus water is squeezed out. Suction Mat of special grade multi-layered polymer sheets
along with reinforced distance cushions on the Filter Pads ensure sufficient cross-sectional area to squeeze out
and remove excess water from the concrete. This design is a prerequisite for effective dewatering.

Fig 1.7 Trimix skin

3.1.4 Double beam screed Vibrator:

Double beam screed vibrator consists of a Beam unit and a vibrator unit. Double beam screed vibrator is used
to vibrate the concrete to give a compact and levelled surface. These vibrators are self-travelling and only
require guiding along the form work, dragged at ends by two operators without working in the concrete. To
get a really levelled & durable concrete surface , the concrete should be compacted and levelled with Double
Beam Screed Vibrator.
 Made from light weight, hollow, Aluminium alloy beams.
 Vibrations adjustable from 30% to 100%.
 Suitable for concrete depths up to 300 mm in conjunction with poker vibrators.
 Tensioning device for level correction.
 Specially designed vibrator motor and switches for operator safety.
 Sacrificial End Ties for longer beam life.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL 9
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 VACCUM DEWATERED FLOORING SEMINAR REPORT| 2021

Fig 1.8 Double beam screed vibrator

3.2 METHODOLOGY

 Tying Line Threads as per the slope requirements

 Laying Guide Rails to every 4 meters using MS Channels or as required in straight lines along the Line
thread, taking levels as per the slope and fixing them using concrete also called grouting and left to set for
a minimum of 24 hours
 Pouring the concrete in between the channels and spreading using Shovel or Hoe
 Vibrating the concrete with a poker vibrator especially to the sides of the panels
 Surface Vibration the concrete using Double Beam Screed Vibrator running over the guide rails twice to
achieve maximum compaction for RCC with double mats
 Final leveling of the concrete using the Straight Edge. • De-watering by vacuum pump.
 Application of Power Floater on the surface until the surface is sufficiently compacted & levelled with no
major lines appearing any more
 Final finishing using Power Trowel and trowelling until the required finish is achieved. Finish could be
any of the Smooth Finish, Sand Finish or Line Finish.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL 10
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3.2.1 PROCEDURE

 Generally the mix of concrete used for Tremix is 1:1:5:3 (1 cement: 1.5 sand and: 3 stone aggregates),
mostly rich mix of 1:1:2 preferred for better wear and tear.
 In this flooring necessary reinforcement provides depending upon the thickness of the flooring, whereas
the thickness of concrete is decided from 100 to 200 mm over PCC (1:4:8) and well prepared stone soling
base ranging from 230 to 300 mm. In industrial flooring PCC base should be kept up to 100 mm and same
as floor concrete 150 mm,may be satisfactory for heavy duty areas such as warehouses, garage and
machine shops.
 The key of the method is dewatering concrete by the vacuum process. Through vacuum dewatering ,the
surplus water is removed from the concrete, which means that the water/cement ratio automatically leads
to a noticeable improvement of almost each of the concrete properties.
 Immediately after vacuum dewatering the flatness of the concrete surface is checked and adjusted with a
control tool, and the finishing operation with a power-trowel can start.
 Vacuum pump is used for the dewatering process, a top cover and filter pads .The top cover is made of
special reinforced, airtight plastic sheet, with a suction channel on the bottom side.
 It is provided with two lifting tubes which makes it easier to unroll the top cover to the required length.
The filter pad is made of perforated plastic sheet with distance cushions on the top side. It acts as a filter
between the fresh concrete and the top cover.
 After compaction by surface vibrator, filter pad are placed leaving all sides. The top cover is then placed on the filter pads and
rolled out till it covers the strips of exposed concrete on all sides. The Top Cover is then connected to the vacuum pump through a
suction hose and the pump is started. Vacuum is immediately created between the filter pads and the top cover.
 Atmospheric pressure compresses the concrete and the surplus water is squeezed out. Water content in the concrete is reduced by
15-20% during vacuum dewatering process.Usually it takes about 1.5 – 2 mins for de watering process for one centimetre
thickness of slab.This is the indication of concrete being properly de watered and ready for finishing.
 The finishing operations Floating & Trowelling take place right after de watering. Floating operation is done with Floating disc.
This ensures after mixing of sand & cement particles, further compaction and closing the pores on the surface. Floating operation
generates skidfree finish. Trowelling is done with Trowelling blades in order to further improve the wear resistance, minimize
dusting and obtain smoother finish.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL 11
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 VACCUM DEWATERED FLOORING SEMINAR REPORT| 2021

3.2.2 TREMIX VACUUM SYSTEM STAGES

Fig 1.9 tremix vacuum stages

By observing this fig:11 we could know easily the procedure of the tremix vacuum system. Construction is
divided in to different stages like clearing, placing of reinforcement, placing of concrete, levelling and
compacting by using double beam screed vibrator, placing of filter mats, de-watering is done by vacuum de
watering pump and top mat (Tremix skin). Finishing works are to carried out by using Floater machine(power
floater), Trowelling machine(power trowel).

Fig 1.10 vacuum flooring

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL 12
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 VACCUM DEWATERED FLOORING SEMINAR REPORT| 2021

CHAPTER 4
CONCLUSIONS

4.1 NEED OF VACUUM DEWATERED CONCRETE FLOORING

 The mixing water added to a concrete mix exceeds the amount of water required to fully hydrate the
cement constituent.
 The additional water functions as a lubrication medium to allow mixing, placing, levelling and
consolidation. In conventional concreting practice, an important challenge is the prevention or limiting
of evaporation of mixing water out of the freshly placed concrete.
 The uncontrolled removal of water from the concrete matrix can result in adverse effects such as plastic
shrinkage cracking. Excessive bleeding of concrete can negatively interfere with surface characteristics
such as resistance to wear. Thus the durability and service life of the flooring element is in question.
Concreting in areas exposed to the elements, specifically in hot and windy conditions poses even higher
demands in order to produce quality, durable concrete.

4.2 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

 Advantages of vacuum dewatering concrete flooring method

 Reduction in W/C ratio leads to early setting and high strength.

 This system removes the excess water after pouring of the concrete & thus an ideal water
cement ration can be achieved

 Increase in compressive strength of concrete by 40-70%.

 The surface hardness of the slab increases by 130%.

 Water absorption is reduced enormously.

 Minimum dusts.

 Level floor, high flatness accuracy.

 Minimized crack formation, Shrinkage reduced by 50%.

 Improved wear resistance.

 Elimination or minimization of overtime.

 High and early strength, minimize damage to newly cast floors.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL 13
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 Disadvantage of vacuum dewatering concrete flooring method

 High initial cost.

 Need trained labor for the vacuum dewatering process.

 Need specific equipment for vacuum dewatering like vacuum pump.

 Need power consumption during dewatering process

4.3 APPLICATIONS
 Industrial floor sheds like cold Storage, etc.
 Workshops.
 Railway goods, Platforms.
 Godowns, Warehouse etc.
 Canals.
 Hydropower plant.
 Airport runway / Hangers
 Bridge port and Harbor.

4.4 COMPARISON

 The final strength achieved by ordinary concrete on 28 day will be achieved by tremix concrete by
initial day itself.
 On further curing the vacuum concrete achieves compressive strength far more than ordinary concrete.
 All layers of the concrete achieve the strength uniformly during curing.
 Since the surface is of high strength they are abrasive resistant and non corrosive
 Less cement consumption compared to ordinary concrete

Fig 1.1 comparison graph

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL 14
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4.5 CONCLUSIONS
 Vacuum Dewatering process is very important modern construction work in the context of economy,
facility, modern technology and comfort.
 It is very useful for special purpose projects like for the use of wear house, parking area, industrial
flooring like flooring of large area.
 200 sqm – 250 sqm of concrete flooring can be done in 8-10 hrs.
 Good quality of floors and pavements can be obtained.
 The compressive Strength can be increased by 25-45%.
 Durability of the floor can be increased.
 15-25% of water can be extracted out.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL 15
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 VACCUM DEWATERED FLOORING SEMINAR REPORT| 2021

REFERENCES

1. Vivekkumar patel, Jayeshkumar Pitroda ,J.J.Bhavsar, (April 2015), “Vacuum dewatering: new way for
concrete flooring by tremix method”.
2. Anlit kumar Singh,Akhilesh Bahadur, Chandra Prakash Pandey , Mohd.Sadique Khan, Mr.Ankit
Srivastav,(March 2019), “A Study Of Concrete On The Application Of Vacuum Dewatering” Volume
07, Issue 03.
3. Tophan T. E., (2013), "Vacuum dewatered flooring in durable construction", International Journal of Civil
Engineering Research Vol. 4, No 1.
4. Neha Meshram, Prof. Dilip Budlani ,(March 2020), “Solid Flooring by using Tremix Method-Literature
Review”.
5. Haitham H. Saeed ,Anas A. Ezzulddin,(October 2014), “Study a new technique for producing Vacuum-
dewatered concrete”, Vol. 3 Issue 10.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL 16
ENGINEERING, RNSIT