UNIT-1

CHAPTER

3 Characteristics& Quality
Attributes of Embedded Systems

Characteristics and quality attributes of embedded systems: Characteristics,

operational and non-operational quality attributes.

Oblectives
Understand the characteristics of embedded system.
Understand the attributes related to quality of embedded system.
Understand the product life cycle.
Learn the non-functional requirements that need to address in the design of an embedded
system
Syllabu. pic:Characteristics of Embedded System

3.1 Characterlstics of Embedded System

Q List 8& explaincharacteristicsot Embedded System

Embedded system possesses some specific characteristics out of that important
characteristics are as given below :
 Characteristics of
Embedded System

1. Application and Domain specific

2. Reactive and real time

3. Operation in harsh environment

4. Distributed

Small size and weight

6 . Power concems

System
Fig. C3.1:Characteristics of Embedded

3.1.1 Application and Domain Speciflc

perform and they are develop
Each embedded system having certain functions to
such a manner to do intended functions only.
Ex. A washing machine can only wash, it cannot cook
Certain embedded systems are specific to a domain. Ex. A hearing aid is an appl.

that belongs to the domain of signal processing.

3.1.2 Reactive and Real Time

deterministic.
Thetiming behaviour of the system should be
to the events that occur in the
Some Embedded systems are designed to react
environment.
as soon as it gets a signal
Ex. An air conditioner adjusts its mechanical parts
when the user operates it using
sensors to increase or decrease the temperature
a

control.

An embedded system uses sensors which are used to take inputs and actuators are u

bring the required functionality.

In real time systems there is no deadline for any tasks.
3.1.3 Operation In Harsh Environment
in

Ihe environment in which embedded systems are designed to operate

environments such as very high temperature of the desets or very low temperarue
nountains or extreme rains.
 Intr.Intr.to Embodded Syetems(MU-B8CIT) 33 Chat,&Oualityanss of Embedded Sys.
A system needs to be deployed in a high temperaturezone. iug
it
These embedded systems have to be capable of sustainingthe environmental conditions
is designed to operate in.

3.1.4 Dletrlbuted

Distributed means that embedded systems may be a part of a larger system.

These components are independent of each other but have to work together for the larger
system to function properly.
An automatic vending machine is a typical example for this.

3.1.5 Small Slze and Welght

Most of the application demands small sized and low weight products.
Bx. Currently available cell phones. The cell phones that have the maximum features are

popular but also their size and weight is an important characteristic.

For convenience users prefer mobile phones, tablet

People believe in phrase "small is beautiful".

3.1.6 Power Concerns

Embedded systems are designed by considering the power management, is on of the

important factor
If more heat is dissipated then additional units like heat sinks or cooling fans need to be

added to the circuit.

If more power is required then a battery of higher power need to be accommodated in the
embedded system.

Syllabus Topic: Operatlonal and Non-Operational Quallty Attributes

3.2 Quallty Attributes of Embedded System

What are the Quality Attributesof Embedded Sy6tem?

Following are the attributes for deciding factors about the quality of an embedded system.
 ADd
& QUallny
Char. & Quali
3-4
3-4 Char
(MU-BSC IT)
Intr.to Embedded Systems
attributes are
There are two types of quality
Qualty Attrlbutes of
Embedded System

1.Opeatlonal quelity attrlbute

) Response

(b) Throughput

(c) Reliability

Hd) Maintainablity

0) Scheduled or periodic maintenance

faiure
LiMaintenance to unexpected
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) Securty
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(0 Safety

2. Non operational attributes

Ha) Testablity and debug-abilty

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(b) Evolvablity

(c) Portablity

(d) Time to prototype and market

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(e) Per unlt and total cost

Fig. C3.2:Types of Quality Attributes

3.2.1 Operational Quality Attributes

Following are the attributes related to operation of an embedded system.
(a) Response
Response is a measure of quickness of the system.
It gives you an idea about how fast your system is
variables. tracking the changes in the np
 a a m b e d d e d

tntr. to Embedded Systems (MU-BSCIT) 3-5 Char.& Quality Attribute

Most of the embedded system demands fast response which should beams

time
control application should respond in real time manner.
For example it demands flight
(b) Throughput

Throughput deals with the efficiency of system.

or process of a defined process over a stated
It can be defined as rate of production
period of time.
it is reference point by
Throughput is generally measured in terms of "Benchmark",
a

which something can be measured.

which can perform by card reader in a
Throughput means calculating the transactions
97
Cminute.
(Reliability
functioning
is a measure of how much percentage you rely upon the proper
Reliability
of the system.
Mean Time to
reliability uses Mean Time between failures and
In defining system
Repair.
time the system is
between failures can be defined as the average
Mean Time
functioning before a failure occurs.
as the average time
the system has spent in
Mean tinme to repair can be defïned
9Tepairs.

(d) Maintainability in of technical issues

maintenance to the end user case
Maintainability is support and
standproduct failures.
are as follows :
The types of Maintainability
IScheduled or Periodic Maintenence
regularly after a periodic time interval.
a

This is the maintenance that is required

Conditioners, Refilling of printer cartridges.
Example: Periodic Cleaning of Air
Malntenance to Unexpected Failure
due to a sudden breakdown
in the functioning of the
This involves the maintenance
system.
on
Example: 1. Air conditioner not powering
in spite of a full paper stack
2. Printer not taking paper
 Char. &Quality Attributes of Embedded
Intr. to Embedded Systems (MU-BSCIT) 3-6 Sys
(e) Security
three corner stone's of informatin
Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability
are
security.
unauthorized disclosure.
Confidentiality deals with protection data from
Integrity gives protection from unauthorized modification.
Availability gives protection from unauthorized user.
Users have to take care about the security measures in many embedded systems.
For example: An Electronic Safety Deposit Locker.
Safety
Safety deals with the possible damage that can happen to the operating person and
environment due to the breakdown of an embedded system or due to the emission of
hazardous materials from the embedded products.
A safety analysis is a must in product engineering to evaluate the anticipated damage
and determine the best course of action to bring down the consequence of damages to
an acceptable level.
3.2.2 Non Operational Attributes
(a) Testability and Debug-Abilit
It deals with how easily one can test his/her design, application and by which mea
he/she can test it. In hardware testing the peripherals and total hardware function i
designed manner.
Firmware testing is functioning in expected way.
Debugging the product for figuring out the probable sources that creates an
unexpected behaviour in the total system is called as "Debug-ability".
(b) Evolvability
which
For embedded system, the qualitative attribute "Evolvability" refers to ease with
the embedded product can be modified to take advantage of new firmware or hardware
technology.
(c) Portability
Portability is measure of "system independence".
1
An embedded product can be called portable if it is capable of performing
operation as it is intended to do in various environments irrespective of differe
processor, microcontroller and embedded operating systems.
 Specific
Attributelic. &Domain
tntr. to Embedded Systems (MU-BSc IT) 3-7 Char. &Quality
( d Time to Prototype and Market
of a or
pro
Time to Market is the time elapsed between the conceptualization tes and
time at which the product is ready for selling or use.
ntity
Product prototyping help in reducingg time to market.
in which important
Prototyping 1s informal kind of
rapid products development
feature of the product under consideration is developed.
e
Make use of all possible option like use of reuse, off the self-component
() Per Unit and Total Cost
Cost is an important factor which needs to be carefully monitored.
period the sales and
When the product is introduced in the market, for the initial
revenue will be low.
increase.
There won't be much competition when the product sales and revenue
revenue reaches highest point
and at
În maturing phase, the growth will be steady and
drop in sales volume.
retirement time there will be a
Review Questlons
Refer Secttons
Questions
3.1
1. Explain the characteristics of embedded systems.
3.2.1
2. Explain the Operational Quality Atributes. 3.2.2
3. Explain the Non-Operational Quality Attributes.
 CHAPTER
UNIT II
Embedded Systems Application
4 and Domain Specific

Syllabus

Embedded Systems Application and Domain Specific: Application specific -washin

machine, domain specific automotive.

Machine
Syllabus Topic : Application Specific Washing

4.1 Application Specfic

4.1.1 Washing Machine

Explain working o washing machne

machine.
Following are the various parts of washing
inportant parts
of washing machine

1. Water inlet controB valve

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|2. Water pump

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3. Tub

4. Timer

5. Agitator or rotating disc

6. Motor of the washing machine

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now*******

7.Printed Circuit Board (PC8)

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8. Drain pipe
Fig. C4.1 : Components of Washing Machine
 Intr.toEmbedded Systems (MU-BSC IT) 4-2 Emb. Sys. Applic.&Domain Specific
1 . Water Inlet Control Valve
The water inlet control valve is works as the water inlet point for the wasning.
After puting the clothes in washing machine, water inlet control valve activates and

gets opens automatically and it closes automatically depending on the total quantity
of the water required.

2. Water Pump
The water pump is used to circulate the water through the washing machine.
Re-circulating the water during wash cycle and draining the water during the spin
cycle are the two directions of the water pump.
3 . Tub
Inner and outer tub having the washing machine.
The clothes are washed, rinsed and dried with the help of inner tub. It has small holes
for draining the water.
The use of external tub is to cover the inner tub.
4. Timer
The timer helps to set the wash time for the clothes manually.
The time is set automatically and it depends upon the number of clothes inside the
washing machine.
FontPar

o
Wari

DOM

Fig. 4.1.1: Parts of a Washing Machine

 Intr. to Embedded Systems (MU-BSC IT) 4-3 Emb. Sys. Applic. &Domain Specifi
5 . Agitator or Rotating Disc
The Rotating disc is located inside the tub of the washing machine.
With the help of this disc performs the cleaning operation of the clothes.
The
rotates continuously and produces strong
disc
due to which the clothes also rotate inside the tub.
rotating currents within the a
The rotation of the clothes contains the detergent and it removes the dirt particle.
from the fabric of the clothes.
Rubbing the clothes with each other as well as with water with the help of Rotatin
Disc.
Some washing machines contain blades on its upper side in place of Disc.
6. Motor of the Washing Machine
The motor is attached to the disc and produces it rotator motion.
The speed will be changed as per the condition because it has multispeed motors
In the fully automatic washing machine the speed of the motor is
change
automatically.
7 . Printed Cireuit Board (PCB)
In the PCB the condition and the amount of
clothes loaded in the washing machine.
They are sort of
artificial intelligence devices that sense the various
conditions and take the decisions exten
accordingly.
PCB is also called as fuzzy logic systems.
PCB will calculate the total
weight of the clothes, and find out the quantity of wat
and detergent required, and the total time
required for washing the clothes after t
they will decide the time required for washing and
The entire processing is done on a
rinsing.
kind of processor which be a
or microcontroller. may microprocess
8 . Drain Pipe
The drain pipe works as removing the dirty water.
The drain pipe also forces
the water out from the hole
which is known pipe.
Syllabus Topic: Domain Specific
- Automotive
4.2 Automotive - Domain Specific
Example of Embedded System
Q. Explain Inner working of Automotive
Embedded Sate
Syst
 Intr.ntr. toEmbedded Systems(MU-BSCcIm 4-4
Emb. Sys. Appllc, &Domain Specifi
4.2.1 tnner working of Automotive Embedded Systems
(A) High
speed Electronlc Control Units
These are used in
(HECUs)
critical control units
requiring fast
response.
This systenm contains fuel
injection systems, antilock brake
steering control, transmission control unit and system, engine control,
central control unit.
LOw speed Electronic Control Units (LECUs)
These are used in application where
response time is not so critical.
They built low cost
microprocessor/microcontrollers and digital signal processor.
Examples: Audio
controllers, passengers and driver door locks, power windows,
wipe control, mirror control head-tail
lamp control.
Comfort and
convenience Voice
recognition Driver
Internet Audio assistance
access systems
GPS system
DVD
players Digital
Telematics radio Mobile
Rear-seat phones
entertainment
Night vision and
Lane warning
Multimedia
systems Adaptive cruise
control and
Head up collision waming
display Display Tire pressure
Games systems monitoring
consoles
Park/reverse
assist Instrument Reconfigurable
clusters instrument clusters
Fig. 4.2.1: Embedded system in automotive domain

4.2.2 Automotive Communication Buses

Automotive application use of serial buses for communication.

The different types of serial interface buses which is used in automotive embedded

applications are as follows

(A) Controller Area Network (CAN)
transfer is supports to Controller Area Network
Medium speed and high speed data
(CAN).
used CAN which is an event-driven protocol
For error handling in data transmission
interface.
 Intr. to Embedded Systems (MU-BSC Emb. Sys. Applic. & Domain
Speci
IT) 4-5

It is generally employed in safety system like airbag control, power train system like

engine control, and navigation system like GPS.

(B) Local Interconnect Network (LIN)
It is a single master multiple slave communication interface
It is a low speed, single wire communication interface with supports for data rates up

to 20 kbps and is used for sensor/actuator interfacing.

Applications of the LIN are mirror controls, farn controls, seat positioning controls,
windows controls.
(C) Media-Oriented System Transport (MOST) Bus
It is targeted for automotive audio/video interfacing, used primarily in European cars
A MOST bus is a multimedia fiber-optic point-to-point network used in a star, ring
topology over optical fiber cables.

Review Questions
QNo nestons Refer Sections
1. Explain the working of washing machine in embedded 4.1.1
system.
2. Explain the inner working of automotive embedded 4.2.1
system.

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