ISH Journal of Hydraulic Engineering

ISSN: 0971-5010 (Print) 2164-3040 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tish20

Estimation of dew point temperature using SVM

and ELM for humid and semi-arid regions of India

Paresh Chandra Deka, Amit Prakash Patil, P. Yeswanth Kumar & Sujay
Raghavendra Naganna

To cite this article: Paresh Chandra Deka, Amit Prakash Patil, P. Yeswanth Kumar &
Sujay Raghavendra Naganna (2017): Estimation of dew point temperature using SVM and
ELM for humid and semi-arid regions of India, ISH Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, DOI:
10.1080/09715010.2017.1408037

To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/09715010.2017.1408037

Published online: 27 Nov 2017.

Submit your article to this journal

View related articles

View Crossmark data

Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at

http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=tish20

Download by: [The National Library - Kolkata] Date: 27 November 2017, At: 21:04
 ISH Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2017
https://doi.org/10.1080/09715010.2017.1408037

Estimation of dew point temperature using SVM and ELM for humid and semi-arid
regions of India
Paresh Chandra Dekaa, Amit Prakash Patilb, P. Yeswanth Kumara and Sujay Raghavendra Nagannaa 
a
Department of Applied Mechanics and Hydraulics, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, India; bDepartment of Civil Engineering,
Dr. Daulatrao Aher College of Engineering, Karad, India

ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY

The dew point temperature is the temperature at which the moisture in the air begins to condense Received 2 May 2017
into dew or water droplets. The accurate estimation of the dew point temperature is very important as Accepted 18 November 2017
it controls the heat stress on humans, detects fluctuations of evaporation rates, and humidity trends. KEYWORDS
The dew point temperature is a significant parameter particularly required in various hydrological, Dew point temperature; ELM;
climatological and agronomical related researches. This study proposes Support Vector Machine
Downloaded by [The National Library - Kolkata] at 21:04 27 November 2017

humid region; SVM; semi-

(SVM) and Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) models for the estimation of daily dew point temperature. arid region
The daily measured weather data (Wet bulb temperature, relative humidity, vapor pressure and dew
point temperature) of humid and semi-arid regions of India were used for model development. The
statistical indices, namely Mean Absolute Error, Root Mean Square Error, and Nash Sutcliffe Efficiency
were adopted to evaluate the performances of these two models. The merit of the ELM model is
evaluated against SVM technique in the estimation of dew point temperature. The proposed ELM
models demonstrated much greater capability than the SVM models in the estimation of daily dew
point temperature.

1. Introduction time using relative humidity, air temperature, vapor pressure,

The dew point temperature (DPT) is the temperature at which
the atmosphere can no longer hold the water vapor, which is
suspended in the air, so a portion of the water vapor condenses
into water. The DPT is always lesser than or equal to the ambi-
ent temperature. It is believed that adjustments in the near-sur-
face energy and water balances, along with greenhouse gas
emissions, are probably going to majorly affect the long-term
trends of DPT (Robinson 2000). Hence, accurate estimation
of the DPT is very significant as it controls the heat stress on
humans, detects fluctuations of evaporation rates, and humid-
ity trends (Lawrence 2005). It is also crucial from the viewpoint
of agriculture, horticulture, and agronomy because most plant
diseases are caused by pathogens which require free moisture
to develop. The dew additionally supports vegetation of dry
zones where rain is deficient (Hill et al. 2015). Also, several
hydro-climatological models need dew point values as one of
the input variable for estimating evaporation and reference
crop evapotranspiration (Chung et al. 2012; Oudin et al. 2010).
There is a need to estimate and analyze the long-term trends
of dew point in order to uncover the impacts of global climate
change on it.
Till date, the estimation of DPT was traditionally per-
formed using empirical equations (Roberts 2003). With the
recent developments in science and technology, soft com-
puting techniques such as artificial neural network (ANN),
genetic programming (GP), support vector machine (SVM)
and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) have been
broadly applied to estimate DPT. Shank et al. (2008) devel-
oped ANN models for predicting the DPT up to 12  h lead
solar radiation, wind speed and direction as inputs. Zounemat-
Kermani (2012) considered weather-related inputs such as air
temperature, pressure, relative humidity, weather condition,
wind speed and wind direction while developing multi lin-
ear regression and Levenberg–Marquardt (LM) feed-forward
neural network models for estimating the hourly DPT. Four
models namely generalized regression neural networks model
(GRNNM) and Kohonen self-organizing feature maps neural
networks model (KSOFM), ANFIS model with sub-clustering
identification (ANFIS-SC) and ANFIS model with grid parti-
tioning identification (ANFIS-GP) were employed to estimate
daily DPT in the study carried out by Kisi et al. (2013). They
were successful in estimating DPT by using only two input
variables, viz. mean air temperature and relative humidity.
The performance of gene expression programming while esti-
mating daily DPT surpassed the ANN models in the study
by Shiri, et al. (2014). Here, the weather data of one station
was used as input to estimate the DPT of adjacent station. The
potential of Generalized Regression Neural Networks (GRNN)
and Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) in modeling daily DPT
was verified by Kim, et al. (2015). In the study carried out by
Mohammadi et al. (2015) an extreme learning machine (ELM)
based model was utilized for the prediction of daily DPT of
Bandar Abass and Tabass stations situated in different parts of
Iran. DPT prediction models based on hybrid approach com-
bining the ELM with wavelet transform (WT) algorithm was
developed by Amirmojahedi et al. (2016) in order to improve
the precision of ELM model.
The DPT has been estimated and analyzed by using a
number of input (meteorological) variables (more than 3) of

CONTACT  Paresh Chandra Deka  pareshdeka@yahoo.com, prof_deka@nitk.ac.in

© 2017 Indian Society for Hydraulics
 2   P. C. DEKA ET AL.
weather stations in the earlier studies. Also, the estimation of
DPT in humid and semi-arid region is very scanty in literature.
Hence, in this study, the ELM and SVM models are devel-
oped to estimate daily DPT of 3rd hour and 12th hour UTC
(Coordinated Universal Time) using three input variables viz.
wet bulb temperature, relative humidity and vapor pressure
only. Daily data of above input variables from humid (Bajpe)
and semi-arid (Hyderabad) regions of India are used in the
present study. The performance of ELM models is compared
with that of SVM models using statistical indices, such as root
mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE)
and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE).
2.  Study area and data descriptions
In the present study, a model was developed for estimating
DPT of two diverse climatic regions. The weather data of Bajpe
station 17.44° N, 78.47° E which come under humid tropical
Downloaded by [The National Library - Kolkata] at 21:04 27 November 2017
region and Hyderabad station 12.94° N, 74.82° E belonging to
semi-arid region for the years 2006–2010 was collected from
Indian Meteorological Department (IMD), India. The weather
station Bajpe is located near to south-west coast in the state of
Karnataka, India. The mean annual rainfall over this region is
around 3,500 mm. The humidity is approximately 75 percent
on average, and peaks during the months of May, June, and
July. The climate of Hyderabad weather station is characterized
by the medium level of precipitation (from 300 to 600 mm),
shorter cool season, longer warm season and scrubby vegeta-
tion. Figure 1 presents the location map of the weather stations.
The data sample comprised of daily records of measured
Wet Bulb Temperature, Vapor Pressure, Relative Humidity
and DPT at two different points of time, i.e. 3rd hour and
12th hour UTC on the same day. The data sample of Bajpe
station represents the period from January 2005 to October
2006, with a total of 669 daily observations. Out of the data
obtained, sixteen months of data between the period January
2005 to April 2006 were used for training the model and
the remaining six months data between the months of May
Figure 1. Location map of the weather stations.
2006 to October 2006 were reserved for testing of the mod-
els. Similarly, the data sample of Hyderabad station covers
a period of January 2007 to December 2009, with a total of
1047 daily observations, wherein twenty-six months of data
between the period January 2007 to February 2009 were used
for model training and the remaining ten months of data
between the period March 2009 to December 2009 were
reserved for testing of the models. After finding the correla-
tion of every influencing physical parameter (such as dry bulb
temperature, wet bulb temperature, vapor pressure, relative
humidity, average wind speed, and sunshine hours) with DPT,
only three parameters mentioned above were considered as
inputs for estimating the DPT. Table 1 presents the statistical
properties of the data-set.
3.  Methodology and model development
3.1.  Extreme learning machine
Huang et al. (2006) first proposed an algorithm called ELM
which had a better generalized performance and was much
faster than the traditional feed forward network (FFNN)
algorithms like back-propagation (BP) algorithm. The tradi-
tional FFNN needs to be tuned for different parameters and
there has always been a dependency between different layers
of parameters like weights and bias. The algorithms like BP
during training of single-layer feed forward network (SLFN)
network use some rules to adjust the weights based on the given
batch of training examples. On the other hand, the weights
are chosen randomly in ELM. On choosing the input weights
and hidden layer biases the SLFN can be considered as a lin-
ear system and the output weights are analytically determined
by simple generalized inverse operation of the hidden layer
output matrices. This simplified approach makes ELM work
faster than the feed forward algorithm. Feng, et al. (2016) and
Patil and Deka (2016) have successfully used ELM to estimate
evapotranspiration.
3.2.  Support vector machine
SVM one of the supervised learning method was introduced
in 1992 by Vladimir Vapnik and his co-workers (Vapnik 1995).
Basically, SVM is a machine learning technique for linear and
non-linear classification as well as regression. In the case of
non-linear data, SVM maps the data-sets of input space into
a higher dimensional feature space, using kernel functions
which have the ability to convert them into linear ones. In the
high dimensional feature space, simpler and linear hyper plane
classifiers that have a maximal margin between the classes are
obtained. SVM provides maximum predictive accuracy auto-
matically either by avoiding/minimizing over fitting of data.
SVM is based on Structural Risk Minimization principle and
includes convex optimization algorithm wherein the empiri-
cal risk and the confidence interval of the learning machine
are simultaneously minimized by maximizing the geometric
margin. SVM can efficiently perform nonlinear regression by
utilizing Kernel trick. The computation is critically dependent
upon the length of the training patterns / data-set, selection of
hyper-parameters and finding out their optimal values while
modeling any time series. The details regarding SVM and
its theory can be found in the following literatures (Cortes
and Vapnik 1995; Cristianini and Shawe-Taylor 2000; Vapnik
1999). A brief review of applications of SVM in the field of
 ISH JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING   3

Table 1. Statistical parameters of the data-set during the study period.

3rd hour UTC

Train Test
WBT (°C) RH (%) VP (hpa) DPT (°C) WTB (°C) RH (%) VP (hpa) DPT (°C)
Bajpe station Min 15.6 39 11.7 9.3 22.6 73 25.3 22.1
Max 24.4 78 27.9 22.9 24.8 84 29.3 23.7
Mean 23.1 77 25.95 21.65 24.6 82.5 29.1 23.6
S.Dev. 1.83 1.41 2.75 1.76 0.28 2.12 0.28 0.14
Var. 3.38 2 7.60 3.12 0.08 4.5 0.08 0.02
Skew. −0.97 −0.83 −1.04 −1.46 1.17 0.72 0.18 0.19
12th hour UTC
Min 19.8 27 13.3 11.2 25 65 27.6 22.7
Max 24.8 66 27.1 22.4 25.8 82 31.3 24.8
Mean 24.3 65 26.35 21.95 25.4 73.5 29.45 23.75
S.Dev 0.70 1.41 1.06 0.63 0.56 12.02 2.61 1.48
Var. 0.5 2 1.125 0.40 0.32 144.5 6.845 2.205
Skew. −0.72 0.10 −0.86 −1.27 −0.57 −0.14 −0.18 −0.31
Hyderabad station 3rd hour UTC
Min 10.6 26 7.7 3.3 17.2 29 11.3 8.8
Max 19 73 16.5 14.5 19 86 20.8 18.1
Mean 17.7 59 16.3 14.3 18.1 57.5 16.05 13.45
S.Dev. 1.83 19.79 0.28 0.28 1.27 40.30 6.71 6.57
Downloaded by [The National Library - Kolkata] at 21:04 27 November 2017

Var. 3.38 392 0.08 0.08 1.62 162.5 45.12 43.24

Skew. −0.57 −0.35 −0.34 −0.75 −0.93 −0.3 −0.69 −1.14
12th hour UTC
Min 17.8 25 13.9 11.9 20.4 23 13.1 11
Max 21.4 40 14.8 12.8 20.6 55 19.6 17.2
Mean 19.6 32.5 14.35 12.35 20.5 39 16.35 14.1
S.Dev. 2.54 10.60 0.63 0.63 0.14 22.62 4.59 4.38
Var. −6.48 −112.5 −0.405 −0.405 0.02 512 21.12 19.22
Skew −0.32 0.63 0.19 −0.19 −0.71 0.41 −0.26 −0.65

Table 2.  Correlation coefficient of dew point temperature with model input performance. Huang and Siew (2004) shown that instead of
­parameters. tuning the centers and impact widths of RBF kernels, we may
Bajpe station Hyderabad station just simply randomly choose values for these parameters and
3rd hour 12th hour 3rd hour 12th hour analytically calculate the output weights of RBF. Radial basis
Correlation
UTC UTC UTC UTC activation function was employed for all the ELM models tested
coefficient DPT (°C) DPT (°C) DPT (°C) DPT (°C) in this study.
WBT (°C) 0.97 0.90 0.90 0.87 The SVM model was developed by means of LIBSVM soft-
RH (%) 0.75 0.80 0.69 0.83 ware version 3.21 (Chang and Lin 2011) employing RBF kernel
VP (hPa) 0.99 0.99 0.98 0.99 function. The accuracy of an RBF kernel based SVR model is
DPT (°C) 1 1 1 1
principally dependent on the selection of the model parame-
ters such as C- regularization parameter, Gamma (γ) – kernel
parameter and the epsilon parameter (ε). The V-fold cross-val-
hydrological forecasting is provided by Sujay Raghavendra and idation parameter selection method was used to search for the
Deka (2014). optimal parameters of SVM using the error computed from the
training data. The optimal values of hyper-parameters obtained
3.3.  Model development during training of RBF kernel based SVM models are as given
in Table 3.
The input–output combination devised for formulating ELM
and SVM models is based on the weather variables having a
good correlation with DPT (refer Table 2). The DPTs of both 3.4.  Performance evaluation
3rd hour and 12th hour UTC are estimated by the input-output The statistical indices assess the level of confidence that one
structure as given below. can have in the estimates of the model. The performance of
Dew point temperature  →  f [Wet Bulb Temperature ELM and SVM models were evaluated using the following
(WBT) + Relative Humidity (RH) + Vapor Pressure (VP)] statistical indices:
A three-layered architecture was adopted for ELM model Root Mean Square Error (RMSE),
development. The first layer (input layer) used different mete- �
orological parameters (refer Table 2) as inputs. The output � n �
�∑ �2
layer had one neuron representing the estimated DPT. For the �
� i=1 x i − yi
hidden layer a maximum of 200 neurons were tested for each RMSE =
model. For determining the optimum number of neurons in n
the hidden layer, initially 10 neurons were tested and subse- Mean Absolute Error (MAE),
quently the number of neurons was gradually increased to 200 n
by an interval of ten. ELM can be extended to single-hidden ∑ �y − x �
� i i�
layer feedforward neural networks with radial basis function MAE =
i=1

(RBF) kernels. The ELM algorithm with RBF kernels can com- n
plete learning at extremely fast speed and produce generalized Nash Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE).
 4   P. C. DEKA ET AL.

n �
∑ �2 4.  Results and discussion
yi − xi
NSE = 1 −
i=1
This part of the paper focuses on evaluating the performance of
n
∑�
xi − x̄
�2 proposed SVM and ELM models for estimating the daily DPT
i=1 of 3rd and 12th hour UTC, respectively. Basically, the ability
of any model or technique to provide a precise estimation is
where, xi – true value; yi – model estimated value; x̄ – mean of
dependent on the appropriate selection of input parameters.
true values; ȳ – mean of model estimated values; n – number
For this study, three meteorological variables namely, WBT,
of data points.
RH and VP were selected as inputs considering the correlation
Table 3. Optimal values of RBF kernel-based SVM hyper-parameters. between these inputs with the DPT (refer Table 2). The results
of the SVM and ELM models of the humid Bajpe weather sta-
No. of support
SVM models C γ ε vectors tion for 3rd hour and 12th hour UTC are presented in Table 4.
Bajpe station 3rd hour model 22 8 0.01 235 The results presented here are with respect to the performance
12th hour model 28 7 0.01 254 of the models in the testing phase. The 3rd hour SVM model
Hyderabad 3rd hour model 37 12 0.01 262 performed poorly with RMSE, MAE and NSE of 0.48 (°C), 0.21
station 12th hour model 41 14 0.01 269
(°C) and 0.52, respectively. However, the performance of 3rd
hour ELM model is satisfactory with RMSE, MAE and NSE of
Table 4. Testing performance of the SVM and ELM models at the Bajpe station. 0.38 (°C), 0.04 (°C), and 0.69, respectively. The performance
Model Model parameters RMSE (°C) MAE (°C) NSE of both SVM and ELM models are better while estimating the
Downloaded by [The National Library - Kolkata] at 21:04 27 November 2017

3rd hr. SVM 28, 8, 0.01 0.48 0.21 0.52 12th hour DPT as compared to 3rd hour DPT. Also, it can
3rd hr. ELM 3-40-1 0.38 0.04 0.69 be observed that the performance of ELM models is better
12th hr. SVM 28, 7, 0.01 0.52 0.28 0.62
12th hr. ELM 3-90-1 0.10 0.02 0.90
than the SVM models for estimating both 3rd hour and 12th
hour DPT. The 3rd hour ELM model used forty neurons in the

Figure 2. Scatter plot for the proposed models at Bajpe station.

 ISH JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING   5

hidden layer and presented a better performance than the SVM
model. However, there is a drastic variation in the performance
of SVM and ELM models while estimating 12th hour DPT. It
can be observed that the 12th hour ELM model with ninety
neurons in the hidden layer delivered the best performance
amongst all the models tested at the Bajpe station.
To graphically analyze the capability of the developed ELM
and SVM models for Bajpe station, the predicted values are
plotted against the measured data. The scatter plots of predicted
daily DPTs by ELM and SVM against the measured data for the
testing phase are illustrated in Figure 2. There exists a favorable
correlation between the measured and predicted values by the
ELM models for both stations; the dispersion degree of the
Table 5. Testing performance of the SVM and ELM models at the Hyderabad sta-
tion.
Model Model parameters RMSE (°C) MAE (°C) NSE
3rd hr. SVM 28, 8, 0.01 2.36 1.04 0.63
Downloaded by [The National Library - Kolkata] at 21:04 27 November 2017
data points in the scatter plots of the ELM model is substan-
tially lower than that of the plots of SVM models. This clearly
indicates the high potential of ELM to predict daily DPT. It
can be observed from the scatter plots that the SVM model
underestimated the DPT values.
A similar analysis was also carried out for the semiarid
Hyderabad weather station to evaluate the performance
of the proposed models. The results of the models tested at
Hyderabad station are presented in the Table 5. The results of
the Hyderabad station are also in line with the results at the
Bajpe station. The minimum RMSE and maximum NSE were
found by ELM models with respect to both 3rd hour and 12th
hour DPT estimations. The 12th hour ELM and SVM mod-
els performed better than the 3rd hour UTC models. Further,
based on all indices it can be inferred that the ELM models have
performed better than the SVM models. This performance may
be because of the less parameter optimization needed for the
ELM models. The 12th hour ELM model with RMSE of 0.59 °C

3rd hr. ELM 3-50-1 0.63 0.32 0.95 is the best model for estimating DPT at the Hyderabad station.
12th hr. SVM 28, 7, 0.01 1.98 1.05 0.82 This model used seventy nodes in the hidden layer.
12th hr. ELM 3-70-1 0.59 0.14 0.97

Figure 3. Scatter plots for the proposed models at Hyderabad station.

 6   P. C. DEKA ET AL.
Downloaded by [The National Library - Kolkata] at 21:04 27 November 2017
Figure 4. Box plots for Bajpe station.
Scatter plots for the Hyderabad station also depict the supe-
riority of ELM models in estimating the DPT for both 3rd
hour UTC and 12th hour UTC as evident from Figure 3. It can
be further observed that the both the SVM models underesti-
mated the smaller values and overestimated the larger values
of DPT. Whereas, the dispersion degree of the scatter plots of
the ELM models is lower than the plots of the SVM models.
This demonstrates the higher degree of linear relationship
between the estimated values of ELM models and the meas-
ured values.
Further box plots were also used to analyze the spread
of the data points estimated by the models. Figures 4 and 5
presents the box plots for the models tested at the Bajpe and
Hyderabad station. The box plots clearly present the superiority
of the ELM models in estimating the DPT of both Bajpe and
Hyderabad stations. For both Bajpe and Hyderabad station, it
can be observed that the SVM model has underestimated the
smaller values of DPT. However, similar patterns of data spread
can be seen between the observed data-set and the ELM model
at both the stations. The analysis clearly demonstrates that the
ELM model has high capabilities to estimate daily DPT in both
humid and semiarid regions.
5. Conclusions
Accessibility of reliable and accurate estimates of DPT is of
immense importance in many fields like hydrology, climatology
and agriculture. Artificial intelligence techniques like ELM and
SVM possess particular features that are instrumental to pro-
vide reliable and accurate DPT estimates. The present study
investigated the applicability of ELM and SVM models to esti-
mate the DPT of humid and semiarid regions of India and were
compared to each other’s. The performance of the models was
evaluated using different statistical parameters, scatter plots
and box plots.
From the analysis of the results, it is evident that both the
SVM and ELM perform well in the estimation of DPT. Based
on the performance indices, the ELM models were found to
perform better than the SVM models. For instance, the ELM
models at Bajpe and Hyderabad stations had NSE = 0.90 and
0.97, respectively. Further, it was observed that these models
were more efficient in modeling 12th hour DPT at both humid
and semi-arid regions. The forecasting efficiency of SVM is
dependent over the optimal choice of C, ε and kernel parameter
(γ) and subsequently the performance of the ELM is governed
by the optimum number of neurons in the hidden layer. These
models are particularly effective for estimating the missing
DPT records due to faulty equipment or routine maintenance
schedules. The suggested strategy can be adopted to model
other weather parameters of similar statistical behavior.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the Indian Meteorological Department
for providing the necessary data required for research and the

Downloaded by [The National Library - Kolkata] at 21:04 27 November 2017
Figure 5. Box plots for Hyderabad station.
Department of Applied Mechanics & Hydraulics, National Institute of
Technology Karnataka for the necessary infrastructural support.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
ORCID
Sujay Raghavendra Naganna   http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0482-1936
References
Amirmojahedi, M., Mohammadi, K., Shamshirband, S., Seyed Danesh,
A., Mostafaeipour, A., and Kamsin, A. (2016). “A hybrid computational
intelligence method for predicting dew point temperature.” Environ.
Earth Sci., 75(5), 415. doi:10.1007/s12665-015-5135-7.
Chang, C.-C., and Lin, C.-J. (2011). “LIBSVM: a library for support
vector machines.” ACM Trans. Intell. Syst. Technol., 2, 27:1–27:27.
doi:10.1145/1961189.1961199
Chung, C.H., Chiang, Y.M., and Chang, F.J. (2012). “A spatial neural fuzzy
network for estimating pan evaporation at ungauged sites.” Hydrol.
Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 255–266. doi:10.5194/hess-16-255-2012.
Cortes, C., and Vapnik, V. (1995). “Support-vector networks.” Mach.
Learn., 20(3), 273–297. doi:10.1007/BF00994018.
Cristianini, N., and Shawe-Taylor, J. (2000). An introduction to support
vector machines and other kernel-based learning methods, Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge.
ISH JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING   7
Feng, Y., Cui, N., Zhao, L., Hu, X., and Gong, D. (2016). “Comparison of
ELM, GANN, WNN and empirical models for estimating reference
evapotranspiration in humid region of Southwest China.” J. Hydrol.,
536, 376–383. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.02.053.
Hill, A.J., Dawson, T.E., Shelef, O., and Rachmilevitch, S. (2015). “The
role of dew in Negev Desert plants.” Oecologia, 178(2), 317–327.
doi:10.1007/s00442-015-3287-5.
Huang, G. B., & Siew, C. K. (2004). “Extreme learning machine: RBF
network case.” Control, automation, robotics and vision conference,
2004. ICARCV, Vol. 2, 1029–1036. IEEE. <http://citeseerx.ist.psu.
edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.217.2036&rep=rep1&type=pdf>
Huang, G.-B., Zhu, Q.-Y., and Siew, C.-K. (2006). “Extreme learning
machine: Theory and applications.” Neurocomputing, 70(1–3), 489–501.
doi:10.1016/j.neucom.2005.12.126.
Kim, S., Singh, V.P., Lee, C.-J., and Seo, Y. (2015). “Modeling the physical
dynamics of daily dew point temperature using soft computing
techniques.” KSCE J. Civ. Eng., 19(6), 1930–1940. doi:10.1007/s12205-
014-1197-4.
Kisi, O., Kim, S., and Shiri, J. (2013). “Estimation of dew point temperature
using neuro-fuzzy and neural network techniques.” Theor. Appl.
Climatol., 114(3–4), 365–373. doi:10.1007/s00704-013-0845-9.
Lawrence, M.G. (2005). “The relationship between relative humidity
and the dewpoint temperature in moist air: A simple conversion and
applications.” Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 86(2), 225–233. doi:10.1175/
BAMS-86-2-225.
Mohammadi, K., Shamshirband, S., Motamedi, S., Petković, D., Hashim,
R., and Gocic, M. (2015). “Extreme learning machine based prediction
of daily dew point temperature.” Comput. Electron. Agric., 117, 214–225.
doi:10.1016/j.compag.2015.08.008.
 8   P. C. DEKA ET AL.
Oudin, L., Moulin, L., Bendjoudi, H., and Ribstein, P. (2010). “Estimating
potential evapotranspiration without continuous daily data: possible
errors and impact on water balance simulations.” Hydrol. Sci. J., 55(2),
209–222. doi:10.1080/02626660903546118.
Patil, A.P., and Deka, P.C. (2016). “An extreme learning machine approach
for modeling evapotranspiration using extrinsic inputs.” Comput.
Electron. Agric., 121, 385–392. doi:10.1016/j.compag.2016.01.016.
Roberts, J.S. (2003). “Dew point temperature.” Encyclopedia of agricultural,
food and biological engineering, D.R. Heldman, eds., CRC Press, Boca
Raton, FL, 186–191. http://doi.org/10.1081/E-EAFE120007052
Robinson, P.J. (2000). “Temporal trends in United States dew point
temperatures.” Int. J. Climatol., 20(9), 985–1002. doi:10.1002/1097-
0088(200007)20:9<985::AID-JOC513>3.0.CO;2-W.
Shank, D.B., McClendon, R.W., Paz, J., and Hoogenboom, G.
(2008). “Ensemble artificial neural networks for prediction
of dew point temperature.” Appl. Artif. Intell., 22(6), 523–542.
doi:10.1080/08839510802226785.
Downloaded by [The National Library - Kolkata] at 21:04 27 November 2017
Shiri, J., Kim, S., and Kisi, O. (2014). “Estimation of daily dew point
temperature using genetic programming and neural networks
approaches.” Hydrol. Res., 45(2), 165. doi:10.2166/nh.2013.229.
Sujay Raghavendra, N., and Deka, P.C. (2014). “Support vector machine
applications in the field of hydrology: a review.” Appl. Soft. Comput.,
19, 372–386. doi:10.1016/j.asoc.2014.02.002.
Vapnik, V.N. (1995). The nature of statistical learning theory. Springer, New
York (Vol. 8). doi:10.1109/TNN.1997.641482
Vapnik, V.N. (1999). “An overview of statistical learning theory.” IEEE.
Trans. Neural. Netw., 10(5), 988–999. doi:10.1109/72.788640.
Zounemat-Kermani, M. (2012). “Hourly predictive Levenberg–Marquardt
ANN and multi linear regression models for predicting of dew point
temperature.” Meteorol. Atmospheric. Phys., 117(3–4), 181–192.
doi:10.1007/s00703-012-0192-x.