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Ee4128 Simulation of Electrical Systems
Ee4128 Simulation of Electrical Systems
2. Analysis of three-phase circuit representing the generator transmission line and load.
Plot three phase currents & neutral current using PSPICE.
3. Pspice simulation of single-phase full converter using RL & E loads and single-phase
AC voltage controller using RL & E loads.
4. Pspice simulation of resonant pulse commutation circuit and Buck chopper.
5. Pspice simulation of single phase Inverter with PWM control.
6. Plotting of Bode plots, root locus and Nyquist plots for the transfer functions of system
up to 5th order using MATLAB.
7. Transfer function analysis of any given system up to 3rd order using SIMULINK.
8. Power flow solution and Transient stability evaluation of Power system.
In addition to the above eight experiments, at least and two of the experiments from the
following list are required to be conducted:
1. Pspice for circuits and electronics using PSPICE – M.H. Rashid, M/s. PHI Publications.
..…
1. Aim: - The objective is to study the operation and characteristics of R-L-C series circuit for a
different input signals as stated in the problem.
Problem: - The R-L-C circuit R=2 OHM L=50UH and C=10UF use PSPICE to calculate and
plot the transient response from 0 to 400us.The capacitor voltages are the output which is to be
plotted. Simulate this for STEP, PULSE, and SINUSOIDAL inputs ant input voltage magnitude
is 10 volts for all signals.
2. Apparatus: -
Microsim Eval 8 PSPICE Software Package.
Components
I. Description
The following components are presented in this experiment Voltage Source, Resistor,
Capacitor, and Inductor.
Voltage Source: The voltage source can be any type i.e., ac, dc, pulse, etc. The initialization of
voltage sources is explained.
3. Circuit diagram: -
5. Procedure
3. Execute the program in Microsim text editor and run the program.
6. Program
7.Graphs/Expected waveforms
9. Questions
1. What is the resonance?
2. Why the resonance will occur in R-L-C circuits?
3. What is the delay time, rise time, settling time and peak overshoot?
4. In the circuit when all the devices except inductor and Dc supply is given what happens
at that time. Why it is give some explanation?
5. How you are defining the pulse input to the circuit?
6. Draw the existing sinusoidal wave form in PSPICE and define it for 230V, 50Hz.
7. Define the piecewise linear waveform at different timings with different magnitudes.
8. What is the difference between? . PLOT and .PROBE command?
9. In PSPICE programming what is the indication of first line?
10. Is .END command necessary to write PSPICE program?
11. What happens if .TRAN command is not presented in the program?
12. How can you write the comments in the program?
13. Write the program for parallel RLC circuit for a step input.
14. Write the program for parallel RLC circuit for a pulse input.
15. Write the program for parallel RLC circuit for a sinusoidal input.
16. Write the program for parallel RLC circuit for a ramp input.
17. Write the program for parallel RLC circuit square wave step input.
18. Write the program for series RLC circuit for a square wave input.
19. Write the program for series RLC circuit for a piecewise linear input.
20. Write the program for series RLC circuit for a triangle wave input.
10. Precautions
The analysis of different types of test signals is used in control systems analysis and design, and
to know the performance of the any systems.
12. Extension
Analyze the same circuit with Fourier by using PSPICE.
..…
Problem: - A BJT buck chopper is shown in fig. The dc input voltage Vs=110V. The load
resistance is 3 OHM. The filter inductor Le=681.82Uh and the filter capacitor is C=8.33UF. The
chopping frequency is 20 KHz. The inductor value L=40.91 UF then simulate the chopper for a
requirement of output voltage 60V.Plot the output voltage wave forms with respect to input
waveforms. Take diode model parameters as [IS=6.73F BF=416.4 BV 1800 TT=0] and BJT
model parameters [IS=2.2E-15 BR=0.7371 CJC=3.638P CJE+4.49P TR=239.5N TF=301.2P]
2. Apparatus: -
Microsim Eval 8 PSPICE Software Package
Components
I. Description
The following components are presented in this experiment Voltage source, Step Voltage
Source, Resistor, Capacitor, Inductor, BJT, and Diode.
4. Circuit diagram: -
In a buck regulator the average output voltage Va is less than the input voltage, Vs hence the
name buck a very popular regulator. The circuit operation can be divided into two modes.
Mode1 begins when the transistor is switched on at t=0. The input current, which rises, follows
through inductor L, capacitor C filters and load resistance R.
Mode2 begins when transistor Q1 is switched off at t=t1. The freewheeling diode Dm conducts
due to energy stored in the inductor and inductor current continues to flow through L, C, load
and diode Dm.
The inductor current falls until transistor Q1 is switching on again in the next cycle. Depending
on the switching frequency, filter inductance and capacitance, the inductor current could be
discontinues.
5. Procedure
3. Execute the program in Microsim text editor and run the program.
6. Calculations
LE 3 4 681.82UH
9. Result
Out put voltage =
10. Inference
It is observed that the buck chopper has reduced the given input to the desired output; hence it is
matching with theoretically. By doing this we can say that this buck chopper can be used to
reduce the input supply to a required value.
11. Questions
1. What is the purpose of Buck-chopper?
2. What are the types dc/dc choppers available?
3. Derive the output voltage equations with respect to duty cycle.
4. Draw the waveforms for out put voltage with respect to input voltage and gating pulses.
5. Write what are the effects while fast switching in the chopper?
6. What is the need of out put capacitor?
7. What happens if capacitor removes form the circuit?
12. Precautions
1. Initialize the nodes of the circuit correctly.
2. Use correct dot commands at the end of the program.
13. Applications
DC/DC chopper are used in high voltage dc transmission system. These are used where the dc
regulated supply is required.
14. Extension
Analyze the switching transients of buck chopper.
…..
Problem: A single-phase full converter is shown in fig. The converter is connected through a
load inductor l is 6.5mH, and the load resistor is R 0.5 OHM. The load battery voltage is
Vx=10V. The input voltage has a peak of 169.7V 50Hz. The delay angle is 30 DEG. Write
SPICE program and plot output voltage and load current.
2. Apparatus: -
Microsim Eval 8 PSPICE Software Package
3. Components
I. Description
The following components are presented in this experiment Voltage Source, Resistor,
Capacitor, Inductor, and SCR
SCR: Initialization of SCR is explained in Appendix III
Diode: Initialization of Diode is explained in Appendix III
In this experiment we have to initialize the convergence parameters this is shown in Appendix
IV
4. Circuit diagram
Vo= (2Vmcosα) /Π
6. Procedure
3. Execute the program in Microsim text editor and run the program.
7. Program
9. Calculations:
Time delay t1= (α1 / 360) * (1000 / f) * 1000=
Time delay t2= (α2 / 360) * (1000 / f) * 1000=
10. Inference
It is observed that the output of the full converter is controlled according to the requirement. It is
similar to the theoretical results.
11. Questions
1. Study the principle of operation of full converter.
2. What is the difference between full and semi converter?
3. What are the type’s converters available?
4. Derive the output voltage equations.
5. Draw the waveforms for out put voltage with respect to input voltage and gating pulses.
6. Write are the effects while fast switching in the converter?
7. What is the need of out put capacitor?
8. What happens if capacitor removes form the circuit?
12. Precautions
1. Initialize the nodes of the circuit correctly.
2. Use correct dot commands at the end of the program.
13. Applications
The single-phase full-wave controlled rectifier is used to control power flow in many
applications (e.g., power supplies, variable-speed dc motor drives, and input stages of other
converters)
14. Extension
Analyze the full converter with Fourier analysis of each component.
..…
2. Apparatus: -
Microsim Eval 8 PSPICE software Package
Components
I. Description
The following components are presented in this experiment Gate pulse, Voltage Source,
Resistor, Capacitor, SCR, and Inductor.
SCR: Initialization of SCR is explained in Appendix III
Diode: Initialization of Diode is explained in Appendix III
3. Circuit diagram
3. Execute the program in Microsim text editor and run the program.
.SUBCKT SCR 1 3 2
S1 1 5 6 2 SMOD;SWITCH
RG 3 4 50
VX 4 2 DC 0V
VY 5 2 DC 0V
RT 2 6 1
CT 6 2 10UF
F1 2 6 POLY (2) VX VY 0 50 11
7. Graphs/Expected waveforms
Vm=
Time delay t1 =
Time delay t2 =
9. Inference /Result
From the simulation of single-phase ac voltage regulator it is observed that the regulator is able
to control ac voltage in both the half cycles at desired range. From this we can say that the
voltage regulators can be used where variable voltage is required.
10. Questions
12. Precautions
1. Initialize the nodes of the circuit correctly.
2. Use correct dot commands at the end of the program.
13. Applications
The single-phase ac voltage controller is used to control power flow in many applications (e.g.,
industrial and induction heating, pumps and fans, light dimmers, and food blenders)
14. Extension
Analyze the ac regulator with THD and Fourier analysis.
..…
Problem: A single-phase bridge inverter is shown in fig. The dc input voltage is 100V. It is
operated at an output frequency of fo=60Hz with a PWM control and four pulses per half-cycle.
The modulation index M=0.6. The load is purely resistive with R=2.5 OHM. Write SPICE
program and plot output voltage, the instantaneous carrier and reference voltages, and to
calculate Fourier coefficients of output voltage vo Use voltage-controlled switches to perform the
switching action.
2. Apparatus: -
Microsim Eval 8 PSPICE Software Package
Components
I. Description
The following components are presented in this experiment Voltage Source, Resistor,
Capacitor, and Inductor.
3. Circuit diagram
3. Execute the program in Microsim text editor and run the program.
6.Program
*PWM CONTROL OF INVERTER
Vs 1 0 DC 100V
Vr 17 0 PULSE(50V 0V 0 833.33US 833.33US 1NS 16666.67US)
Rr 17 0 2MEG
VC1 15 0 PULSE(0 -30V 0 1NS 1NS 8333.33US 16666.67US)
RC1 15 0 2MEG
VC3 16 0 PULSE(0 -30V 8333.33US 1NS 1NS 8333.33US
16666.67US)
RC3 16 0 2MEG
R 4 5 2.5
L 5 6 10MH
VX 3 4 DC 0V
VY 1 2 DC 0V
D1 3 2 DMOD
D2 0 6 DMOD
D3 6 2 DMOD
8. Calculations
Vc = M*Vr
Time period t1 =
Time period t2 =
9. Inference /Result
It is observed that the simulation of PWM inverter is giving output according to theoretical. By
giving DC input it is converting to ac in square waveform.
10. Questions
2. Apparatus:
MATLAB/SIMULINK Software package
Problem
1. k/s(s+1)(s+2)
2. k(s+3)/s(s+3)(s^2+2s+3)
3. Theory:
Frequency response is the steady state response of a system when the input to the system is a
sinusoidal signal. Consider a LTI system H . let x (t) be an input sinusoidal signal. The response
or output of the system is also a sinusoidal signal of the same frequency, but with different
magnitude and phase angle.
Frequency domain specifications:
1) Resonant peak, mr
2) Resonant frequency, wr
3) Band width
4) Cutoff rate
5) Gain margin
6) Phase margin
Resonant peak:
The max. Value of the magnitude of the closed loop transfer function is called the resonant
peak. A large resonant peak corresponds to a large overshoot in the transient response.
Resonant frequency:
The frequency at which the resonant peak occurs is called resonant frequency
Bandwidth:
Cutoff rate:
The slope of the log magnitude curve near the cutoff frequency is called Cutoff rate. The
Cutoff rate indicates the ability of the system to distinguish the signal from the noise.
Gain margin:
The gain margin, kg is defined as the reciprocal of the magnitude of open loop transfer
function at the phase cross over frequency
Kg=1/(G (jwpc)
Phase margin:
The phase margin is that amount of additional phase log at the gain cross over frequency
require to bring the system to the verge of the stability.
Phase margin =180+φgc φgc=angle
4. Procedure
1. Open the MATLAB M-file editor and write the program then save it.
5. Program
%Root locus of 5th order system
num=[-3]
den=[1 13 54 82 60 0]
rlocus(num,den)
subplot(226)
6. Expected waveforms
7. Inference
It is observed from this simulation we can find the system stability and different time response
just by using mouse. And it is also observed we can find the system response for any order easily
by using this simulation.
..…
2. Apparatus
MATLAB/SIMULINK Software package
Problem: Construct a SIMULINK block diagram for a given system shown in fig and find the
time specifications of a system. Then if any steady state error is presents apply PI too reduce
steady state error.
The system parameters are
The time constant of speed governor T g =02.sec.
The time constant of turbine is T t =0.5.sec
And the transfer function of generator is =1/10s+0.8
1/R=20
PI gain=7.
Take incremental step load change ∆PD=0.2.
3. Circuit diagram
4. Theory:
The time specifications of a system are delay time, rise time, peak overshoot, settling time and,
steady state error.
Delay time: It is the time required for the response to rise from 0% to 10% of the signal value.
Rise time: It is the time required for the response to rise from 10% to 90% of the signal value.
Peak overshoot: It indicates the normalize difference between the time response peak and the
steady output and is defined as
= C(tp )-C(∞)/C(∞) * 100
Settling time: This the time where the response settles within the specified error.
5. Procedure
1. Open the SIMULINK browser window and drag the required blocks.
8. Questions
1. What is the steady state error limit?
2. How can analyze the system stability by using time specifications?
3. What is purpose of PI controller?
4. What is the purpose of PD controller?
5. What is the purpose of PID controller?
6. Obtain the response with out step load change?
7. Add the PD controller and observe the output?
8. Add PID and observe the output?
9. How can we reduce the steady state error?
10. How can we reduce the Peak overshoot?
11. How can you add disturbance or noise to the system?
12. Can you explain how can we change simulation properties?
13. Where can we change simulation stop time?
14. How can you initialize two, three, four axes in scope to see the graphs?
15. Simulate the system with only step response.
16. Simulate the system with unity feedback.
17. Reduce the peak overshoot of the system.
18. How can set the gain of integrator?
19. Make the step change zero and simulate the system.
20. Can we reduce the disturbance? If not why?
10. Applications
Transfer function analysis used to find the performance analysis of physical systems e.g.,
Generators, Motors, and many more which has been using in electrical an d electronics
application.
11. Extension
The problem which is stated above is practical model of speed governing system used at
generating stations here we restricted only with PI controller, but we can model with PD and PID
You may see some error simulating the model at that time go to help menu you can solution for
that.
..…
2. Apparatus:
MATLAB/SIMULINK Software package
Problem: Write a MATLAB program for a given system shown in fig and find the time
specifications of a system. Then if any steady state error is presents apply PI too reduce steady
state error.
The system parameters are
The time constant of speed governor T g =02.sec.
The time constant of turbine is T t =0.5.sec
And the transfer function of generator is =1/10s+0.8
1/R=20
PI gain=7.
Take incremental step load change ∆PD=0.2..
3. Circuit diagram
4. Theory:
The time specifications of a system are delay time, rise time, peak overshoot, settling time and,
steady state error.
Delay time: It is the time required for the response to rise from 0% to 10% of the signal value.
Rise time: It is the time required for the response to rise from 10% to 90% of the signal value.
Peak overshoot: It indicates the normalize difference between the time response peak and the
steady output and is defined as
= C(tp )-C(∞)/C(∞) * 100
Settling time: This the time where the response settles within the specified error.
5. Procedure
1. Open the MATLAB M-file editor and write the program then save it.
7. Graphs/Expected waveforms
9. Questions
1. What is the steady state error?
2. What are the specifications required to find the stability of the system?
3. What is purpose of actuator?
4. What is the purpose of amplifier in control systems?
5. What is the purpose sensor?
6. Obtain the response with out step load change?
7. Add the PD controller and observe the output?
8. Add PID and observe the output?
9. How can we reduce the steady state error?
10. How can we reduce the Peak overshoot?
11. How can you add disturbance or noise to the system?
12. Can you explain how can we change simulation properties?
13. Where can we change simulation stop time?
14. How can you initialize two, three, four axes in scope to see the graphs?
10. Applications
Transfer function analysis used to find the performance analysis of physical systems e.g.,
Generators, Motors, and many more which has been using in electrical an d electronics
application.
11. Extension
The problem which is stated above is practical model of speed governing system used at
generating stations here we restricted only with PI controller, but we can model with PD and PID
..…
1. Open the SIMULINK browser window and drag the required blocks.
7. Expected graphs
7. Inference
We can see the variation of a system by changing the operating conditions of the system. In this
simulation it is shown the transient response of a system by closing and opening the breaker so at
2. Apparatus
MATLAB/SIMULINK Software package
Problem:
A 60 –Hz synchronous generator having inertia constant H=9.94 MJ/MVA and a transient
reactance X’d=0.3 per unit is connected to an infinite bus through, a purely reactive circit as fi.
Reactance is marked on the diagram on a common system base. The generator is delivering real
power of o.6 per unit, 0.8 power factor lagging to the infinite bus at a voltage of V=1 per unit.
Assume the per unit damping power coefficient is D=0.138. Consider a small disturbance of
∆δ=10 deg=0.1745 radian.
3. Circuit diagram
4. Theory:
The tendency of a power system to develop restoring forces equal to or greater than the
disturbing forces to maintain the state of equilibrium is known as stability. If the forces tending
to hold machines in synchronism with one another are sufficient to overcome the disturbing
forces, the system is said to be remain stable (to stay in synchronism).
The stability problem is concerned with the behavior of the synchronous machines after a
disturbance. For convenience of analysis, stability problems are generally divided into two major
categories-steady state stability and transient stability. Steady state-state stability refers to the
1. Open the MATLAB M-file editor and write the program then save it.
8. Inference
Form the simulation it is observed that the stability of a machine in steady state.
9. Questions
1. Why the power will disturb?
2. On which factors the stability of system depends?
3. Do the same for ‘ T ’ network.
4. Change the load with only resistive.
5. What is importance of transient response?
6. How can you model RLC parameters in MATLAB?
7. What is the value of inductor to remove it from series RLC block?
10. Applications
Dynamic stability analysis is very important in power flow solutions by using this analysis we
can understand the dynamic behavior of the system.
11. Extension
We can use this analysis for real time models.
..…
2. Apparatus
MATLAB/SIMULINK Software package
3. Theory
A fault in a circuit is any failure, which interferes with the normal flow of current. Faults are
caused the system accidentally through insulation failure of equipment or flash over of lines
initiated by lighting stoke or through accidentally faulty operation. The system must be protected
against flow of heavy short circuit currents by disconnecting the faulty part of the system by
means of circuit breakers.
4. Procedure
1. Open the MATLAB M-file editor and write the program then save it.
6. Expected results
Zbus1 =
Enter Fault Impedance Zf = R + j*X in complex form (for bolted fault enter 0). Zf = 0.1+1i
Line-to-line fault at bus No. 1
Total fault current = 1.3387 per unit
Bus Voltages during the fault in per unit
Bus -------Voltage Magnitude-------
No. Phase a Phase b Phase c
9. Applications
Transmission lines.
10. Extension
Do the simulation for symmetrical faults by considering bounded fault
You may see some error simulating the model at that time goes to help menu you can find
solution for that.
Problem:
2. Apparatus: -
Microsim Eval 8 PSPICE software Package
Components
I. Description
The following components are presented in this experiment Voltage Source, Resistor,
Capacitor, and Inductor.
3. Circuit diagram
5. Procedure
3. Execute the program in Microsim text editor and run the program.
6.Program
* THEVININ EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
VIN 1 0 DC 1V
RS 1 2 500
R1 2 0 15K
RP 2 3 1.5K
RE 4 0 250K
* CURRENT CONTROLLED
F1 5 4 VX 100
R0 5 4 50K
RL 5 6 10K
VX 3 4 DC 0V
VY 6 0 DC 0V
7. Expected results
VOLTAGE SOURCE CURRENTS
NAME CURRENT
VS 5.000E-01
VX -1.125E+00
TOTAL POWER DISSIPATION -5.00E+00 WATTS
**** SMALL-SIGNAL CHARACTERISTICS
V(2,4)/VS = 6.250E-01
INPUT RESISTANCE AT VS = 2.000E+01
OUTPUT RESISTANCE AT V(2,4) = 1.094E+01
JOB CONCLUDED
TOTAL JOB TIME .11
Rth = 10.94 OHM
Vth = 0.625*10 = 6.25
8. Inference
By using SPICE it is possible to find the thevinin equivalent and it is giving the total input
resistance and output resistance.
9. Questions
11.Extension
…..
1.Aim: The objective is to find the response of a RLC series circuit using parametric values by
giving step input signal
Problem: - The R-L-C circuit R=1, 2, 8 OHM L=50UH and C=10UF use PSPICE to calculate
and plot the transient response from 0 to 400us.The capacitor voltages are the output which is to
be plotted. Simulate this for STEP input by using parametric values, the input voltage magnitude
is 10 volts for all signals
2. Apparatus
Microsim Eval 8 PSPICE software Package
Components
I. Description
The following components are presented in this experiment Voltage Source, Resistor,
Capacitor, and Inductor.
3.Circuit diagram
2. Execute the program in Microsim text editor and run the program.
Components
I. Description
The following components are presented in this experiment Voltage Source, Resistor,
Capacitor, and Inductor.
3. Theory
Differentiator
As the name implies the circuit performs the mathematical operation of differentiation; that is the
output waveforms is the derivative of the input waveform.
Integrator
A circuit in which the output voltage waveform is the integral of the input voltage waveform is
the integrator such a circuit is obtained by using a basic inverting amplifier configuration if the
feedback resistor Rf is replaced by a capacitor Cf.
Integrator
Differentiator
4. Procedure
2. Execute the program in Microsim text editor and run the program.
.ENDS OPAMP
.TRAN 50US 4MS
.PROBE
.END
*INTEGRATOR
VS 1 0 PULSE (0 10 0 500US 500US 1NS 100MS)
R1 1 2 2.5K
RF 2 4 1MEG
RX 3 0 2.5K
RL 4 0 100K
C1 2 4 0.1UF
.ENDS OPAMP
.TRAN 50US 4MS
.PROBE
.END
6. Expected results
7.Inference
From the simulation of OPAMP based integrator and differentiator is working properly as we did
in theoretically. When the square wave is given to the integrator it is generating triangle wave
output. And when the triangle wave is giving to differentiator itt is generating square wave
output.
8. Questions
1. What is the common mode rejection ratio of op-amp?
2. Draw the ideal characteristics of op-amp.
3. Can we use for integrator instead of op-amp?
4. How op-amp acts as integrator?
5. How op-amp acts as differentiator?
6. What is the difference between op-amp and BJT?
7. Define CMRR.
8. Draw the output of integrator when the input is step.
9. Write the expression for voltage gain of inverting op-amp.
10. Draw the op-amp circuit for an integrator using inductor.
9. Applications
10. Extension
Design op-amp based integral and differential amplifier circuits
…..
Here the field labeled model_ name is the model name, and the field labeled type is one of the
following eight device types:
Type Description
D Diode model
NPN npn BJT model
PNP pnp BJT model
NJF N-channel JFET mode
PJF P-channel JFET model
NMOS N-channel MOSFET model
PMOS P-channel MOSFET model
GASFET N-channel MESFET model
The next field, labeled parameter_.list, describes a set of parameters that characterize the
semiconductor device. A discussion of these parameters is the focus of this appendix.
In the following discussion we shall outline all the parameters that make up the various models
of Spice. This includes a description of the model parameters for semiconductor diodes, bipolar
transistors (BJTs), and junction and metal-oxidesemiconductor field-effect transistors (JFETs
and MOSFETs). Finally, we conclude with a description of the model parameters that make up
the metal-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MESFET) found in PSpice.
Table .1
Spice
Name Model Parameter Units Default
Diode Model
The DC characteristics of the diode are determined by the parameters IS and N. A resistor RS
accounts for the series ohmic resistance of the diode. Charge storage effects are modeled by a
transit time TT and a nonlinear depletion-layer capacitance. The parameters that affect the
depletion layer capacitance are CIa, VI, M, and Fe. The temperature dependence of the saturation
current is defined by the parameters EG and XTI. The flicker noise behavior of the diode is
defined by the parameters KF and AF. Reverse breakdown is modeled by an exponential
increase in the reverse diode current and is determined by the parameters BV and IBY.
The parameters used to model a semiconductor diode in Spice are listed in Table I.
The forward static current gain characteristic of the BJT is defined by the parameters IS, BE NF,
ISE, IKF, and NE. The corresponding reverse current gain characteristic of the BJT is defined by
the parameters IS, BR, NR, ISC, IKR, and NC. Theoutput conductances of the forward and
reverse regions of the transistor are determined by VAP and VAR, respectively. Resistors RB,
RC, and RE represent an ohmic resistance in series with each terminal of the BJT. The current
dependence of RB can be modeled by the parameters IRB and RBM. Base charge storage is
modeled by forward and reverse transit times, TF and TR. The nonlinear depletion-layer ca-
IS A 1X 1.0 X 10-15
Transport saturation current
11*10-16
BF Ideal maximum forward beta - 100 100
NF Forward current emission coefficient - 1 1.0
VAF Forward Early voltage V 00 200
IKF Comer for forward beta high-current A 00 0.01
roll-off
ISE B-E leakage saturation current A 0 1.0 X 10-13
NE B-E leakage emission coefficient - 1.5 2.0
BR Ideal maximum reverse beta - 1 0.1
NR Reverse current emission coefficient - 1 1.0
VAR Reverse Early voltage V 00 200
IKR Comer for reverse beta high-current A 00 0.01
roll-off
ISC B-C leakage saturation current A 0 1.0 X 10-13
NC B-C leakeage emission coefficient - 2 1.5
RB Base ohmic resistance n 0 100
IRB Current where base resistance falls A 00 0.1
halfway to its minimum value
JFET Model
The JFET model in Spice is derived from the FET model of Shichman and Hodges. The DC
characteristics are defined by the parameters VTO, BETA, LAMBDA, and IS. Two ohmic
resistances RD and RS are included in series with the drain and source terminals of the JFET.
Charge storage is modeled by a nonlinear depletion-layer capacitance for both gate junctions
using parameters CGS, CGD, PB, and Fc. The flicker noise behavior of the JFET is defined by
the parameters KF and AF.
The JFET model parameters are listed in Table 3.
MOSFET Model
Table 3
Spice
Model Parameter Units Default
Name
VTO Threshold voltage V -2.0
BETA Transconductance parameter AN2 I X 10-4
LAMBD Channel length modulation
IN 0
A parameter
RD Drain ohmic resistance n 0
RS Source ohmic resistance n 0
CGS Zero-bias G-S junction capacitance F 0
MOSFET Model
Spice provides three MOSFET device models that have different large-signal i-v characteristics.
The variable LEVEL specifies the model that is to be used to represent a particular MOSFET:
LEVEL = 1 Shichman-Hodges
LEVEL = 2 MOS2, an analytical model (as described in [A. Vladimirescu et aI., 1981])
LEVEL = 3 MOS3, a semi-empirical model (see [A. Vladimirescu et aI., 1981])
The DC characteristics of the MOSFET are defined by the device parameters VTO, KP,
LAMBDA, PHI, and GAMMA. These parameters are computed by Spice if process parameters
(NSUB, TOX,. . . ) are given and user-specified values are not given instead. Two ohmic
resistances RD and RS are included in series with the drain and source terminals of the
MOSFET. Charge storage is modeled by a nonlinear thinoxide capacitance, several nonlinear
depletion-layer capacitances, and overlap capacitances. There are two built-in models of the
charge storage effects associated with the thin-oxide. The flag/coefficient XQC determines
which of the two models will be used; a voltage-dependent or a charge-controlled capacitance
model [A. Vladimirescu et aI., 1981]. Other parameters of the MOSFET model that determine
the charge storage effects are CBD, CBS, CJ, CJSW, MJ, MJSW, PB, and FC. The overlap
capacitances are set by the parameters CGSO, CGDO, and CGBO. The flicker noise behavior of
the diode is defined by the parameters KF and AF.
The MOSFET parameters used for the three different MOSFET models in Spice are listed in
Table 4. There are 42 parameters associated with the three models of the MOSFBT. I
THYRISTOR (SCR)
A thyristor can be turned on by applying a pulse of short duration. Once the
thyristor is on, the gate pulse has no effect, and it remains on until its current is reduced to zero.
It is a latching device.
1. It should switch to the on state with the application of a small positive gate voltage,
provided that the anode-to-cathode voltage is positive.
2. It should remain in the on-state as long as the anode current flows.
3. It should switch to the off-state when the anode current goes through zero in the
negative direction.
The switching action of the thyristor can be modeled by a voltage-controlled switch and a
polynomial current, source. This is shown in Fig. (b). The following steps can explain the turn-
on process:
1. For a positive gate voltage VRbetween nodes 3 and 2, the gate current is Ig = I(VX) =
Vg/Rg.
2. The gate current Ilf activates the current-controlled current source F1 and Produces a
current of value Fg=P1Ig =P1 x I(VX),such that F1 = Fg+ Fa.
3. The current source FIfproduces a rapidlyrising voltage VRacross resistance RT.
4. As the voltage VR increases above zero, the resistance Rs of the voltage controlled switch
S, decreases from ROFF toward RON.
5. As the switch resistance Rs decreases, the anode current Ia = leVY) increases, Provided
that the anode-ta-cathode voltage is positive. This increasing Anode current Ia produces a
current Fa= P2Ia= P2X I(Vy).' This Causes an increased value of voltage VR'
6. This then produces a regenerative condition with the switch rapidly being driven into low
resistance (the on-state). The switch remains on if the gate Voltage VIfis removed.
7. The anode current Ia continues to flow as long as it is positive and the switch remains in
the on state.
This model works well with a converter circuit in which the thyristor current falls to zero itself:
for example, in half-wave controlled rectifiers and ac voltage controllers. But in full-wave
converters with a continuous load current, the current of a thyristor is diverted to another
thyristor, and this model may not give the true output. This problem can be remedied by adding
diode DT as shown in Fig.(b). The diode prevents reverse current flow through the thyristor
resulting ring of another thyristor in the circuit.
Spice Options
Spice allows the user to reset program control and specify user options for various simulation
purposes. This is accomplished using an .OPTIONS statement in the Spice input file. The syntax
of the .OPTIONS statement has the following form:
Table 1.
Options Effects
ACCT Causes accounting and run time statistics to be printed.
LIST Causes the summary listing of the input data to be printed.
NOMOD Suppresses the printout of the model parameters
NOPAGE Suppresses page ejects
NODE Causes the printing of the node table.
OPTS Causes the options values to be printed
GMIN=x Sets the value of GMIN, the minimum conductance
allowed by the program. The default value is 1.0 X 10-12
RELTOL=x Resets the relative error tolerance of the program. The
default value is 0.001.
ABSTOL =x Resets the absolute current error tolerance of the program.
The default value is 1 pA.
VNTOL=x Resets the absolute voltage error tolerance of the program.
The default value is lILY
TRTOL=x Resets the transient error tolerance. The default value is
7.0. This parameter is an estimate of the factor by which
Spice overestimates the actual truncation error.
CHGTOL=x Resets the charge tolerance of the program. The default
value is 1.0 X 10-14.
PIVTOL=x Resets the absolute minimum value for a matrix entry to be