Teaching Six Sigma Quality With R: Emilio L. Cano, Javier M. Moguerza and Andres Redchuk

Teaching 6σ Using R
09/02/2011
Emilio L. Cano Teaching Six Sigma Quality

Six Sigma
Methodology
Introduction
with R
Six Sigma with R
Six Sigma Software
R Advantages
R Packages for Six Sigma Emilio L. Cano, Javier M. Moguerza and
Teaching Resources
The Book
Andres Redchuk
The package
Assessment Tools
Department of Statistics and Operations Research
University Rey Juan Carlos (Madrid)
Óbuda University, Budapest, February 2012
1st International Workshop on Teaching Decision Sciences and Technologies 1/33

09/02/2011
Outline
Emilio L. Cano
Six Sigma
1 Six Sigma Methodology
Methodology
Introduction Introduction
Six Sigma with R
Six Sigma Software
R Advantages
R Packages for Six Sigma
Teaching Resources
The Book
The package
Assessment Tools

09/02/2011
Outline
Emilio L. Cano
Six Sigma
Methodology
Six Sigma with R
Six Sigma Software
R Advantages
2 Six Sigma with R
Teaching Resources
Six Sigma Software
The Book
The package R Advantages
Assessment Tools

09/02/2011
Outline
Emilio L. Cano
Six Sigma
Methodology
Six Sigma with R
Six Sigma Software
R Advantages
2 Six Sigma with R
Teaching Resources
Six Sigma Software
The Book
Assessment Tools
3 Teaching Resources
The Book
The package
Assessment Tools

09/02/2011
Outline
Emilio L. Cano
Six Sigma
Methodology
Six Sigma with R
Six Sigma Software
R Advantages
2 Six Sigma with R
Teaching Resources
Six Sigma Software
The Book
Assessment Tools
The Book
The package
Assessment Tools

09/02/2011
The Basics
Quality
Emilio L. Cano
Six Sigma
Methodology
Introduction Classical approach
Six Sigma with R
Six Sigma Software The Key Characteristic of a
R Advantages
R Packages for Six Sigma product/service/process
Teaching Resources must be inside the
The Book
specification limits
Cost of Poor Quality

The package
Assessment Tools
LSL T USL
Observed value of the characteristic

09/02/2011
The Basics
Quality
Emilio L. Cano
Six Sigma
Methodology
Six Sigma with R
R Advantages
The Book

The package
Assessment Tools
LSL T USL
Six Sigma approach

The Key Characteristic
approximate the target,
with as less variation as Observed value of the characteristic
possible.

09/02/2011
The Basics
Quality
Emilio L. Cano
Six Sigma
Methodology
Six Sigma with R
R Advantages
The Book

The package
Assessment Tools
LSL T USL
Six Sigma approach

The Key Characteristic
approximate the target,
with as less variation as Observed value of the characteristic
possible.

09/02/2011
Why 6 and why Sigma
The Basics
Emilio L. Cano
Six Sigma
Sigma refers to the Z-Score of the process:
Methodology
Introduction (USL − x) (x − LSL)
Six Sigma with R
Z = min , ; ZLT = ZST −1.5.
Six Sigma Software
σ σ
R Advantages
Teaching Resources
The Book
The package Short Term
Long Term
Assessment Tools
> (1-pnorm(4.5))*(10^6)
Frequency
[1] 3.397673
1.5σ 4.5σ
DPMO
CTQ

09/02/2011
The Scientific Method & Six
Emilio L. Cano Sigma
Six Sigma
Methodology
Introduction
Six Sigma with R

DMAIC Cycle Scientific Method
Six Sigma Software
R Advantages Ask a question
R Packages for Six Sigma Define
Teaching Resources Do some background
research
The Book
The package Measure
Assessment Tools
Construct a hypothesis
Analyze
Test the hypothesis
with an experiment
Improve
Analyze the data and
draw conclusions
Control
Communicate results

09/02/2011
Outline
Emilio L. Cano
Six Sigma
Methodology
Six Sigma with R
Six Sigma Software
R Advantages
2 Six Sigma with R
Teaching Resources
Six Sigma Software
The Book
Assessment Tools
The Book
The package
Assessment Tools

09/02/2011
Commercial Software
State-of-the-art
Emilio L. Cano
Six Sigma
Methodology
Introduction
Six Sigma with R

Six Sigma Software
R Advantages
Teaching Resources
The Book
The package
Assessment Tools

09/02/2011
Commercial Software
State-of-the-art
Emilio L. Cano
Six Sigma
Methodology
Introduction
Six Sigma with R Programs

Six Sigma Software
R Advantages
Minitab
Teaching Resources
The Book
SPSS
The package
Assessment Tools StatGraphics
JMP & SAS
Any statistical
software, or even
spreadsheets

09/02/2011
Commercial Software
Trends
Emilio L. Cano
Six Sigma
Methodology
Introduction
Six Sigma with R

Six Sigma Software
R Advantages
Teaching Resources
The Book
The package
Assessment Tools

09/02/2011
Commercial Software
Trends
Emilio L. Cano
Six Sigma
Methodology
Introduction
Six Sigma with R

Internet
Six Sigma Software
R Advantages
Software as a
Teaching Resources
Service
The Book
The package Web
Assessment Tools
Applications
Everywhere
Every display

09/02/2011
Commercial Software
Trends
Emilio L. Cano
Six Sigma
Methodology
Introduction
Six Sigma with R

Internet Open
Six Sigma Software
R Advantages
Software as a Technologies
Teaching Resources
Service Linux
The Book
The package Web OpenOffice
Assessment Tools
Applications
R
Everywhere
...
Every display

09/02/2011
Introduction
R Project
Emilio L. Cano
Six Sigma
Methodology
A system for statistical computing and
Introduction
graphing
Six Sigma with R
Six Sigma Software
R Advantages
Massively used for academic and research
purposes, important Companies use R:
Teaching Resources
The Book Google, Pfizer, . . .
The package
Assessment Tools
Ross Ihaka and Robert Gentleman,
following the work at Bell Laboratories
with the S Language

09/02/2011
Free Technology
R Project
Emilio L. Cano
Six Sigma
Methodology
Introduction
Six Sigma with R

Six Sigma Software
R Advantages
Teaching Resources
Open Source
The Book
The package Freely available
Assessment Tools
Platform independent
Huge community
giving support

09/02/2011
Packages
R Project
Emilio L. Cano
Six Sigma
Methodology
Introduction
Six Sigma with R

Six Sigma Software
R Advantages
http://cran.r-project.org
Teaching Resources
3115 Contributed Packages (04/07/2011)
The Book
The package
Assessment Tools
3586 (05/02/2012)
Task views
Manuals
Publications

09/02/2011
R for Teaching
Advantages
Emilio L. Cano
Six Sigma
Methodology
Introduction
Six Sigma with R

Six Sigma Software
R Advantages
Portable (e.g. for labs)
Teaching Resources
Documentation
The Book
The package Reproducible research
Assessment Tools
Learn by code
Teacher’s packages
Assignment capabilities

09/02/2011
Packages for Six Sigma
Other authors
Emilio L. Cano
Six Sigma
Methodology
Specific
Introduction
Six Sigma with R qcc quality control charts

Six Sigma Software
R Advantages
IQCC quality control charts
Teaching Resources
The Book qualityTools Tools for the DMAIC cycle
The package
Assessment Tools
qAnalyst Control charts and capability analysis

09/02/2011
Packages for Six Sigma
Other authors
Emilio L. Cano
Six Sigma
Methodology
Specific
Introduction
Six Sigma with R qcc quality control charts

Six Sigma Software
R Advantages
IQCC quality control charts
Teaching Resources
The Book qualityTools Tools for the DMAIC cycle
The package
Assessment Tools
qAnalyst Control charts and capability analysis
Graphics
lattice Multivariate
ggplot2 Grammar of graphics
plotrix Varied charts
09/02/2011
Outline
Emilio L. Cano
Six Sigma
Methodology
Six Sigma with R
Six Sigma Software
R Advantages
2 Six Sigma with R
Teaching Resources
Six Sigma Software
The Book
Assessment Tools
The Book
The package
Assessment Tools

09/02/2011
The Book
Six Sigma with R
Emilio L. Cano
Six Sigma
Methodology
Introduction
Six Sigma with R

Six Sigma Software
R Advantages
Teaching Resources
The Book
The package
Assessment Tools

09/02/2011
The Book
Six Sigma with R
Emilio L. Cano
Six Sigma
Methodology
Introduction
Six Sigma with R

Features
Six Sigma Software
R Advantages
Title:
Six Sigma with R
Teaching Resources
The Book
The package
Due June 2012
Assessment Tools
Wide background
scope
Examples, a Case
Study and
practices

09/02/2011
R: SixSigma Package
Focus in Applications
Emilio L. Cano
Six Sigma
Methodology
Introduction
Six Sigma with R

Version History Functions
Six Sigma Software ss.pMap
R Advantages
1 0.2.1 April 2011
R Packages for Six Sigma ss.ceDiag
Teaching Resources 2 ... ss.rr
The Book
The package ss.ci
Assessment Tools 3 0.5.0 Jan 2012 ss.study.ca
(current) ss.ca.yield
ss.ca.z
Data ss.ca.cp
ss.data.rr, ss.data.ca, ss.ca.cpk
ss.data.bolts, ss.heli
ss.data.pastries. ss.lf
ss.lfa
09/02/2011
Helicopter
Training Stuff
Emilio L. Cano
Six Sigma
Methodology
Introduction
Six Sigma with R Template in pdf format to build paper

Six Sigma Software
R Advantages
helicopter prototypes (?)
Teaching Resources
The Book
The package
Assessment Tools
> ss.heli()
null device
1
> #vignette("HelicopterInstructions") for instructions

Six Sigma with R | Paper Helicopter template
max
(9.5cm)
std
(8cm)
min
(6.5cm)
← wings length →
cut
?
pe
fold ↑ fold ↓
ta
cut
cut cut
← body length →
tape?
tape?
min
(6.5cm)
std
fold ↓ ↓
fold ↑ ↑
(8cm)
clip? max
max min ← body width → min max (9.5cm)
(6cm) (4cm) (4cm) (6cm)
09/02/2011
Diagrams
SixSigma Package
Emilio L. Cano
Six Sigma Cause-and-effect Diagram

Methodology
Introduction
Six Sigma with R

Six Sigma Software
R Advantages > example(ss.ceDiag)
ss.cDg> #Data
Teaching Resources
The Book
ss.cDg> effect<-"Flight Time"
The package ss.cDg> causes.gr<-c("Operator", "Environment", "Tools", "Design",
Assessment Tools ss.cDg+ "Raw.Material","Measure.Tool")
ss.cDg> causes<-vector(mode="list", length=length(causes.gr))
ss.cDg> causes[1]<-list(c("operator #1", "operator #2", "operator #3
ss.cDg> causes[2]<-list(c("height", "cleaning"))
ss.cDg> causes[3]<-list(c("scissors", "tape"))
ss.cDg> causes[4]<-list(c("rotor.length", "rotor.width2", "paperclip
ss.cDg> causes[5]<-list(c("thickness", "marks"))
ss.cDg> causes[6]<-list(c("calibrate", "model"))
ss.cDg> ss.ceDiag(effect, causes.gr, causes, sub="Paper Helicopter P

09/02/2011
Cause-and-Effect Diagram
SixSigma Package
Emilio L. Cano
Six Sigma
Methodology Six Sigma Cause−and−effect Diagram
Introduction
Six Sigma with R

Six Sigma Software
R Advantages Operator Environment Tools
R Packages for Six Sigma operator #1 height scissors
operator #2 cleaning tape
Teaching Resources operator #3
The Book
The package
Assessment Tools
Flight Time
paperclip
model marks rotor.width2
calibrate thickness rotor.length
Measure.Tool Raw.Material Design
Paper Helicopter Project

09/02/2011
Diagrams
SixSigma Package
Emilio L. Cano
Six Sigma Process Map

Methodology
Introduction
Six Sigma with R > example(ss.pMap)

Six Sigma Software
R Advantages
ss.pMp> inputs.overall<-c("operators", "tools", "raw material", "fac
R Packages for Six Sigma ss.pMp> outputs.overall<-c("helicopter")
ss.pMp> procs<-c("INSPECTION", "ASSEMBLY", "TEST", "LABELING")
Teaching Resources
The Book
ss.pMp> input.output<-vector(mode="list",length=length(procs))
The package ss.pMp> input.output[1]<-list(c("sheets", "..."))
Assessment Tools . . .
ss.pMp> x.parameters<-vector(mode="list",length=length(procs))
ss.pMp> x.parameters[1]<-list(c(list(c("width", "NC")),list(c("opera
ss.pMp+ list(c("Measure pattern", "P")), list(c("discard", "P"))))
. . .
ss.pMp> y.features<-vector(mode="list",length=length(procs))
ss.pMp> y.features[1]<-list(c(list(c("ok", "Cr"))))
. . .
ss.pMp> ss.pMap(procs, inputs.overall, outputs.overall,
ss.pMp+ input.output, x.parameters, y.features,
ss.pMp+ sub="Paper Helicopter Project")

09/02/2011
Process Map Diagram
SixSigma Package
Emilio L. Cano
Six Sigma
Methodology Six Sigma Process Map
Introduction
operators
Six Sigma with R INPUTS
tools
Six Sigma Software X raw material
R Advantages
facilities
INSPECTION ASSEMBLY TEST LABELING
Teaching Resources sheets sheets helicopter helicopter
The Book ...
INPUTS
INPUTS
INPUTS
INPUTS
The package
Assessment Tools
Param.(x): width NC Param.(x): operator C Param.(x): operator C Param.(x): operator C

operator C cut P throw P label P
Measure pattern P fix P discard P Featur.(y): label
discard P rotor.width C environment N
Featur.(y): ok rotor.length C Featur.(y): time
paperclip C
tape C
Featur.(y): weight
LEGEND
helicopter
(C)ontrollable OUTPUTS
(Cr)itical
(N)oise
Y
(P)rocedure
Paper Helicopter Project

09/02/2011
Gage R&R Study
Measurement System Analysis
Emilio L. Cano
Six Sigma
Methodology > #... Some theme instructions
Introduction
> ss.rr(time1, prototype, operator,
Six Sigma with R + data=ss.data.rr, sub="Helicopter Project")
Six Sigma Software
R Advantages Analysis of Variance Table
Teaching Resources Response: var

The Book Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
The package part 2 1.20072 0.60036 28.0396 2.952e-06
Assessment Tools
appr 2 0.05294 0.02647 1.2363 0.3140
part:appr 4 0.08339 0.02085 0.9737 0.4462
Repeatability 18 0.38540 0.02141
VarComp %Contrib
Total Gage R&R 0.0220358 25.50
Repeatability 0.0214111 24.77
Reproducibility 0.0006247 0.72
appr 0.0006247 0.72
part:appr 0.0000000 0.00
Part-To-Part 0.0643901 74.50
Total Variation 0.0864259 100.00
. . .
Six Sigma Gage R&R Study
Components of Variation Var by Part
1.8
●
80 ●
●
●
●
1.6
60
●
●
Percent
1.4
var
40 ●
●
●
● ●
●
1.2
20 ●
●
●
● ●
1.0 ●
0
●
G.R&R Repeat Reprod Part2Part
prot #1 prot #2 prot #3
%Contribution %Study Var
R Chart by appraiser Var by appraiser

1.8
● ●
op #1 op #2 op #3 ●
0.5 ●
● ●
● ●
1.6
0.4 ●
● ●
● 1.4
var
0.3 ●
var
●
● ● ●
● ● ●
●
0.2 1.2
● ● ● ●
●
● ● ●
0.1
● ● 1.0 ●
●
prot #1 prot #2 prot #3 prot #1 prot #2 prot #3
op #1 op #2 op #3
part
x Chart by appraiser Part*appraiser Interaction

1.7 ●
op #1 op #2 op #3
1.7 ●
1.6 ●
1.6 ● ● 1.5
var
1.5 1.4
var
1.4 ●
1.3
● ●
1.3
● 1.2
1.2 ●
● ●
1.1 ● ● 1.1 ●
●
prot #1 prot #2 prot #3 prot #1 prot #2 prot #3
op #1 op #3
part op #2
Helicopter Project
09/02/2011
Further Development
On the Way
Emilio L. Cano
Six Sigma
Methodology
Introduction
Six Sigma with R

Functions for a wide range of tools along
Six Sigma Software
R Advantages
all the DMAIC phases.
Teaching Resources
The Book
The package
Assessment Tools

09/02/2011
Further Development
On the Way
Emilio L. Cano
Six Sigma
Methodology
Introduction
Six Sigma with R

Six Sigma Software
R Advantages
Teaching Resources Improved graphics

The Book
The package
Assessment Tools

09/02/2011
Further Development
On the Way
Emilio L. Cano
Six Sigma
Methodology
Introduction
Six Sigma with R

Six Sigma Software
R Advantages

The Book
The package
Assessment Tools
Tackle Further methodologies (DFSS,
Lean, . . . )

09/02/2011
Further Development
On the Way
Emilio L. Cano
Six Sigma
Methodology
Introduction
Six Sigma with R

Six Sigma Software
R Advantages

The Book
The package
Assessment Tools
Lean, . . . )
Non-normal / Non-linear methods

09/02/2011
Further Development
On the Way
Emilio L. Cano
Six Sigma
Methodology
Introduction
Six Sigma with R

Six Sigma Software
R Advantages

The Book
The package
Assessment Tools
Lean, . . . )
Bayesian perspective

09/02/2011
Further Development
On the Way
Emilio L. Cano
Six Sigma
Methodology
Introduction
Six Sigma with R

Six Sigma Software
R Advantages

The Book
The package
Assessment Tools
Lean, . . . )
Bayesian perspective
Maybe a GUI

09/02/2011
Further Projects
Platform
Emilio L. Cano
Six Sigma
Methodology
Introduction
Open Platform for Quality
Six Sigma with R
Six Sigma Software
Methodologies
R Advantages
R Packages for Six Sigma Improving the European Factory (link)
Teaching Resources
The Book
The package
FP7 PPP Funding Scheme
Assessment Tools
Proposal submitted
The project will also benefit teaching

09/02/2011
Package exams
Teaching with R
Emilio L. Cano
Six Sigma
Methodology
Introduction
Six Sigma with R

Six Sigma Software
R Advantages
Automatic generation of exams
Teaching Resources
The Book
Customized assignements
The package
Assessment Tools Solutions document
http://cran.r-project.org/web/
packages/exams/

09/02/2011
Package RGIFT
Teaching with R
Emilio L. Cano
Six Sigma
Methodology Open format GIFT
Introduction
Six Sigma with R Integration with Moodle

Six Sigma Software
R Advantages
Automatic correction
Teaching Resources
The Book
http://cran.r-project.org/web/
The package
Assessment Tools
packages/RGIFT/

09/02/2011
Generating Documentation
Teaching with R
Emilio L. Cano
Six Sigma
Methodology
Introduction
Six Sigma with R

Six Sigma Software
Sweave: R + LATEX
R Advantages
Literate programming
Teaching Resources
The Book
The package
Reproducible research
Assessment Tools
Merge materials into different formats:
presentations, lecture notes, assignments.
Extended packages: pgfSweave and
knitr

09/02/2011
Summary
Emilio L. Cano
Six Sigma
Methodology
R is becoming a real alternative to
Introduction
commercial software for Six Sigma.
Six Sigma with R
Six Sigma Software
R Advantages
Teaching Resources
The Book
The package
Assessment Tools

09/02/2011
Summary
Emilio L. Cano
Six Sigma
Methodology
Introduction
Six Sigma with R
Six Sigma Software
R Advantages
R provides innovative ways of teaching
Teaching Resources
and assessment.
The Book
The package
Assessment Tools

09/02/2011
Summary
Emilio L. Cano
Six Sigma
Methodology
Introduction
Six Sigma with R
Six Sigma Software
R Advantages
Teaching Resources
and assessment.
The Book
The package R allows being more productive and have
Assessment Tools
less errors

09/02/2011
Summary
Emilio L. Cano
Six Sigma
Methodology
Introduction
Six Sigma with R
Six Sigma Software
R Advantages
Teaching Resources
and assessment.
The Book
Assessment Tools
less errors
Further steps

09/02/2011
Summary
Emilio L. Cano
Six Sigma
Methodology
Introduction
Six Sigma with R
Six Sigma Software
R Advantages
Teaching Resources
and assessment.
The Book
Assessment Tools
less errors
Further steps
SixSigma package development

09/02/2011
Summary
Emilio L. Cano
Six Sigma
Methodology
Introduction
Six Sigma with R
Six Sigma Software
R Advantages
Teaching Resources
and assessment.
The Book
Assessment Tools
less errors
Further steps
Publications in preparation

09/02/2011
Summary
Emilio L. Cano
Six Sigma
Methodology
Introduction
Six Sigma with R
Six Sigma Software
R Advantages
Teaching Resources
and assessment.
The Book
Assessment Tools
less errors
Further steps
Publications in preparation
Six Sigma platform?

09/02/2011
Acknowledgements
Emilio L. Cano
Six Sigma
Methodology R people
Introduction
Six Sigma with R

Kurt Hornik, R Core Team
Six Sigma Software
R Advantages
Teaching Resources
Springer
The Book
The package
Marc Strauss. Springer
Assessment Tools
This work has been partially funded by VRTUOSI

project, www.vrtuosi.org, within the Virtual Campus
methodological framework of the EU Lifelong Learning
Programme (LLP, code
502869-LLP-1-2009-ES-ERASMUS-EVC) and
AGORANET project (IPT-430000-2010-32)

09/02/2011
Discussion
Emilio L. Cano
Six Sigma
Methodology
Introduction
Thanks for your
Six Sigma with R
Six Sigma Software
R Advantages
attention !
Teaching Resources
The Book
The package
Assessment Tools
Any question?
emilio.lopez@urjc.es
@emilopezcano

Teaching Six Sigma Quality With R: Emilio L. Cano, Javier M. Moguerza and Andres Redchuk

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Teaching 6σ Using R

Emilio L. Cano Teaching Six Sigma Quality

Óbuda University, Budapest, February 2012

1st International Workshop on Teaching Decision Sciences and Technologies 1/33

1st International Workshop on Teaching Decision Sciences and Technologies 2/33

1st International Workshop on Teaching Decision Sciences and Technologies 2/33

1st International Workshop on Teaching Decision Sciences and Technologies 2/33

1st International Workshop on Teaching Decision Sciences and Technologies 3/33

Cost of Poor Quality

Observed value of the characteristic

1st International Workshop on Teaching Decision Sciences and Technologies 4/33

Cost of Poor Quality

Six Sigma approach

1st International Workshop on Teaching Decision Sciences and Technologies 4/33

Cost of Poor Quality

Six Sigma approach

1st International Workshop on Teaching Decision Sciences and Technologies 4/33

1st International Workshop on Teaching Decision Sciences and Technologies 5/33

Six Sigma with R

1st International Workshop on Teaching Decision Sciences and Technologies 6/33

1st International Workshop on Teaching Decision Sciences and Technologies 7/33

Six Sigma with R

1st International Workshop on Teaching Decision Sciences and Technologies 8/33

Six Sigma with R Programs

1st International Workshop on Teaching Decision Sciences and Technologies 8/33

Six Sigma with R

1st International Workshop on Teaching Decision Sciences and Technologies 9/33

Six Sigma with R

1st International Workshop on Teaching Decision Sciences and Technologies 9/33

Six Sigma with R

1st International Workshop on Teaching Decision Sciences and Technologies 9/33

1st International Workshop on Teaching Decision Sciences and Technologies 10/33

Six Sigma with R

1st International Workshop on Teaching Decision Sciences and Technologies 11/33

Six Sigma with R

1st International Workshop on Teaching Decision Sciences and Technologies 12/33

Six Sigma with R

1st International Workshop on Teaching Decision Sciences and Technologies 13/33

Six Sigma with R qcc quality control charts

qAnalyst Control charts and capability analysis

1st International Workshop on Teaching Decision Sciences and Technologies 14/33

Six Sigma with R qcc quality control charts

qAnalyst Control charts and capability analysis

1st International Workshop on Teaching Decision Sciences and Technologies 15/33

Six Sigma with R

1st International Workshop on Teaching Decision Sciences and Technologies 16/33

Six Sigma with R

1st International Workshop on Teaching Decision Sciences and Technologies 16/33

Six Sigma with R

Six Sigma with R Template in pdf format to build paper

> #vignette("HelicopterInstructions") for instructions

1st International Workshop on Teaching Decision Sciences and Technologies 18/33

Six Sigma Cause-and-effect Diagram

Six Sigma with R

1st International Workshop on Teaching Decision Sciences and Technologies 20/33

Six Sigma with R

Measure.Tool Raw.Material Design

Paper Helicopter Project

1st International Workshop on Teaching Decision Sciences and Technologies 21/33

Six Sigma Process Map

Six Sigma with R > example(ss.pMap)

1st International Workshop on Teaching Decision Sciences and Technologies 22/33

Param.(x): width NC Param.(x): operator C Param.(x): operator C Param.(x): operator C