ADIGRAT UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

STREAM OF POWER ENGINEERING

PROJECT TITLE: EFFECTS OF THYRISTOR CONTROLLED SERIES

CAPACITOR ON POWER TRANSFER ENHANCEMENT (TCSC)

GROUP MEMBERS ID NO RET

1. TEAME TEKLU………………………….02247/08
2. SEMERE KIROS………………………….02129/08
3. BIEMNET SYOUM………………………....00956/08
ADVISOR NAME: INS: G/MEDHIN G.

JULAY, 2019
Adigrat, Tigray, Ethiopia
 Abstract

In long transmission line there is high inductive reactance is induced in the line this highly
inductive reactance causes high reactive power in the system and active power is decreases, that
means increase power loss.in order to improve power transfer capability and also to improve the
system integrity of the given transmission facility, series compensation is introduced. Series
compensation in present day power system influences the power flow in a particular network
segment reduces active power losses and helps to improve power system stability. In power
transmission system, the power transfer capacity of a given transmission line should be
increased, so as to consume most of the power generated at power stations and at the same time
controlling of reactive power has to be employed in order to increase the power transfer
capability of a given transmission line. The maximum power that can be transfer is called
transfer capability. To operate the power system safely and to gain the benefits of the high power
transfers, the transfer capabilities must be calculated and the power system plant is operated, so
that the power transfer do not exceed the transfer capabilities. Thus, in this paper, for further
power enhancement, Available Transfer Capability has enhanced by placing TCSC FACTS
controller with the methodology using MATLAB. Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC)
is one of the series compensated FACT device which takes care of the power transfer capability
and voltage stability.

Keyword: FACT, MATLAB, TCSC

i
 Acknowledgment
Any attempt at any level cannot be satisfactorily completed without the support and guidance of
institution and experienced people. First and foremost, we take this opportunity to give glory to
the almighty God without which the completion of this work would have been impossible.
Secondly our thanks and appreciation goes for Adigrat university to done our project without
any coast for internet access to collect necessary data. Next, we would like to express our sincere
gratitude to our advisor INS. G/medhin G. (for his expert guidance, constructive comments,
suggestions and encouragement without which this work could have not been completed.

Table of Contents

ii
Abstract.......................................................................................................................................................i
Acknowledgment.......................................................................................................................................ii
List of Table..............................................................................................................................................iv
List of figure...............................................................................................................................................v
Acronyms...................................................................................................................................................vi
CHAPTER ONE........................................................................................................................................1
INTRO DUCTION....................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Background......................................................................................................................................1
1.2 Problem statement and justification of the project.......................................................................2
1.3.2 Specific Objective:....................................................................................................................2
1.4 Significant of the project;................................................................................................................2
1.5 Scope of project................................................................................................................................3
CHAPTER TWO.......................................................................................................................................4
LITRETURE REVIEW............................................................................................................................4
2.1 General Literature Review of the project......................................................................................4
2.2 FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission System)..................................................................................5
2.3 Operating Principles of a TCSC.....................................................................................................6
2.4 Modes Operation of TCSC..............................................................................................................6
CHAPTER THREE...................................................................................................................................8
Methodology..............................................................................................................................................8
CHAPTER FOUR.....................................................................................................................................9
System Design and Block Diagram..........................................................................................................9
4.1 Reactive and active power flow......................................................................................................9
4.2. Principles of AC Power Control..................................................................................................10
4.3 Thyristor control series capacitor (TCSC)...................................................................................12
4.4 System Design of the project.........................................................................................................13
CHAPTER FIVE…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………18

5.1 simulation and result………………………………………………………………………………………………………….18

5.2 conclusion and recommendation…………………………………………………………………………………………26

REFERENCE..........................................................................................................................................28

iii
List of figure
Figure 2.1 block diagram of thyristor series controlled capacitor …………………….6
Figure 3.1 block diagram of TCSC transmission ……………………………………...8
Figure 4.1 active and reactive power flow……………………………………………..9
Figure 4.2 single line diagram of TCSC……………………………………………...14
Figure 4.5a matlab Simulink with TCSC……………………………………………..16
Figure 4.5b matlab Simulink without TCSC……………………………………….....17
Figure 5.1 simulation result of Vin and Iin without TCSC……………………………18
Figure 5.2 simulation result of Pin without TCSC…………………………………….19
Figure 5.3 simulation result of Vout and Iout without TCSC………………………….20
Figure 5.4 simulation result of Pout without TCSC……………………………………21
Figure 5.5 simulation result of Vin and Iin with TCSC………………………………..22
Figure 5.6 simulation result of Pin with TCSC………………………………………...23
Figure 5.7 simulation result of Vout and Iout with TCSC……………………………...24
Figure 5.8 simulation result of Pout with TCSC………………………………………...25

iv
Acronyms
AC alternating current

EHV extra high voltage

FACTS flexible alternating current transmission system

HV high voltage

KM kilo meter

MOV metal oxide Varistor

MW Mega watt

MVAr Mega volt ampere reactive

𝑃𝑠 Sending power

𝑃𝑟 receiving power

𝑄𝑠 Sending reactive power

𝑄𝑟 Receiving end voltage

SC series compensation

SSR sub synchronous resonance

STATCOM static synchronous compensator

SVC static VAR compensator

𝑉𝑠 Sending voltage

𝑉𝑟 receiving voltage

TCSC thyristor controlled series capacitor

TCR thyristor controlled reactor

v
List of table

Table 1 compare and contrast parameters with and without tcsc

vi
 CHAPTER ONE
INTRO DUCTION
1.1 Background
Presently due to the deregulation of power industry and the restriction faced by power industry
due to energy, environmental and regulatory issues, the main challenge is to improve the power
transfer capability and also to improve the system integrity of the given transmission facility.
The above mentioned problem can be addressed by using series compensation. Series
compensation when introduced in power systems influences the power flow in a particular
network segment which reduces active power losses and also prevents system - sub
synchronous oscillations. FACTS device are normally used in power systems which takes care
of the power transfer capability, voltage stability and power oscillation damping [1] [3]
Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) is one of the series compensation device used.
The series inductive reactance of ac transmission lines is one of the factors which govern the
maximum amount of power that can stably be transferred by these lines under steady-state
conditions method of increasing the steady-state maximum power transfer capability of an AC
line is to reduce its net series inductive reactance, and in practice this has traditionally been
achieved by connecting a fixed capacitive compensating reactance in series with the line using
static capacitor banks. However, it has long been recognized that if the capacitive reactance
provided by such a series compensator can be dynamically controlled it is possible not only to
increase the steady- state power transfer capability of a transmission system, but also to
improve the ability of the system to retain stability . Installation of a Series capacitor is a
conventional and established method of increasing transmission line capacity, by reducing the
net series impedance, thus increasing power transmission. But, due to the limitation of its slow
switching time it is replaced by Thyristor controllers, which are fast acting devices due to
which rapid and continuous control of line compensation is possible. Thyristor Controlled
Series Capacitor (TCSC) is one of the controllers used for series compensation.

1
1.2 Problem statement and justification of the project
In long transmission line high inductive reactance is induced in the line this highly inductive
reactance cause’s high reactive power in the system and active power is decreases, that means
increase power loss. Due to this problem there is system disturbance. As a result some lines are
extremely overloaded, it causes the occurrence voltage non stability. On the other hand, power
transfer problems have occurred frequently within large variation of loads. These issues are
important in effective power supply system to ensure normal operation of the electric load.

1.3 Objective of this projects

1.3.1 General objective:
. The general objective of this project is to enhance or to improve power transfer capability.
And to stabilize sending voltage with receiving end voltage as well as to reduce power lose by
increasing active power

1.3.2 Specific Objective:

The specific object of our project is since reading different projects related our project
then after by improving those project we modeling and designing the TCSC on
transmission line. Then finally we simulate by using Matlab/Simulink software
inorderd to:
 Improve voltage regulation
 Increase active power
 Reduce power loss

1.4 Significant of the project

The significance of this project is by using TCSC on the transimition line then generally it used
to increase power transfer capability by default used to improve voltage regulation of the
system .again to improve power integrebility in addition to this used to reduce power loss since
as we know if capacitors is add to the transimition line this is used to decrease the reactive power
of the system as result it decrease the power loss of the transmissions line. Also the power
system becomes to more stable.

2
 1.5 Scope of project
The performance analysis in this project work has been carried out based on simulation of the
proposed techniques using MATLAB software. Thus use of Flexible AC transmission System
(FACTS) controller has strong impact on power flow enhancement. Analyze the effect Thyristor
controlled series capacitor on transmission line from the MATLAB Simulink.

3
 CHAPTER TWO

LITRETURE REVIEW
2.1 General Literature Review of the project
Mojtaba et al., “Impact of TCSC on the protection of transmission lines”, The deregulation of
the power industry and creation of more competitive electrical energy market, have made the
growth of transmission and distribution facilities restricted because of energy, environmental,
and regulatory concerns [1]. In this project there is some limitation since he only works on
protection of transimition line but he does not considered the power lose on the transimition
line. Sarath Kapuduwage, “Fault location on the high voltage series Compensated power
transmission networks”, Thesis, December 21, 2006 Now a day’s power transmission networks
are capable of delivering interrupted power from any supplier to any consumer over a large
geographic area under market control, hence to increase the power transfer capability and
improvement to system integrity transmission lines are incorporated with series compensated
devices [2]. S. G. Srivani and K. Panduranga Vittal Series compensation (SC) plays the vital
role in modern heavily loaded grid transmission line and it influences the power flow in
particular network segment, reduces active power losses and connects more different
subsystems for stronger integrated network [3]. Protection of the parallel transmission lines is
subject to additional problems over that of single circuits TCSC advances in high-power, high-
efficiency power electronics have led to the development of thyristor-controlled series
compensators in power systems. In contrast to capacitors switched by circuit breakers, TCSC
will be more effective because Thyristor can offer flexible adjustment. Thyristor Controlled
Series Capacitor (TCSC) is increasingly applied with long transmission lines by the utilities in
modern power systems. It can have various roles in the operation and control of power systems,
such as scheduling power flow, decreasing unsymmetrical components, reducing net loss,
providing voltage support, limiting short- circuit currents, mitigating sub synchronous
resonance (SSR), damping the power oscillation, and enhancing transient stability. The TCSC
concept is that it uses an extremely simple main circuit. The capacitor is inserted directly in
series with the transmission line and the thyristor-controlled inductor is mounted directly in
parallel with the capacitor. Thus no interfacing equipment like e.g. high voltage transformers is

4
required. This makes TCSC much more economic than some other competing FACTS
technologies. The TCSC can be modeled as a variable reactance (both inductive and capacitive)
where the equivalent reactance offered by TCSC and depend firing angle of the thyristor. To
meet rising demand of power, FACTS devices are introduced in the transmission line to
enhance its power transfer capability either in series or in shunt. Series compensation will
Increase power transmission capability, Improve system stability, Reduce system losses [5]. As
we have seen from the above the first works on protection, the second works on effect of TCSC
on the fault but we try to enhance the power lose and power capability by the effect of TCSC in
addition to the above three projects.

2.2 FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission System)

The term FACTS describes a wide range of controllers, many of which incorporate large power
electronic converters that can increase the flexibility of power systems making them more
controllable. Recent development of power electronics introduces the use of flexible ac
transmission system (FACTS) controllers in power systems. FACTS controllers are capable of
controlling the network condition in a very fast manner and this feature of FACTS can be
exploited to improve the voltage stability and steady state and transient stabilities of a complex
power system. This allows increased utilization of existing network closer to its thermal
loading capacity and thus avoiding the need to construct new transmission lines.
The main objectives of FACTS controllers are the following:
➢ Regulation of power flows in prescribed transmission routes.

➢ Damping of oscillations that can threaten security or limit the usable line capacity.

FACTS controller is defined as power electronic based system and other static equipment that
provide control of one or more AC transmission system parameters. Out of numbers of FACTS
devices the one which is very efficient is the TCSC.

The FACTS technology is a collection of controllers, which can be applied individually or in

coordination with others to control one or more of the interrelated system parameters, such as
series impedance, shunt impedance, current, voltage, and damping of oscillations.

5
 Classification of FACTS controllers are: a) Shunt connected
b) Series connected

c) Combined series-series

d) Combined series – shunt

2.3 Operating Principles of a TCSC

The basic thyristor-controlled series capacitor scheme consists of the series compensating
capacitor shunted by a thyristor-controlled reactor. In practice, TCSC may be connected in
series to obtain the desired voltage rating and operating characteristic, shown in figure 1.

Figure 2.1 Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor

In Normal operating mode, called capacitive- boost mode, the thyristor are firing properly and
the bypass switch is open. From the system point of view, this mode inserts capacitors into the
line up to nearly three times the fixed capacitor. In capacitive boost mode of operation a trigger
pulse is supplied to the thyristor having forward voltage just before the capacitor voltage crosses
the zero line, so a capacitor discharge current pulse will circulate through the parallel inductive
branch.

2.4 Modes Operation of TCSC

By controlling the firing angle of the thyristor, the effective reactance of the TCR can be varied.
This variable TCR reactance in parallel with a fixed capacitor allows the TCSC to operate in four
different modes; blocking mode, bypass mode, capacitive boost mode and inductive boost mode.

2.4.1 Blocking Mode

When the thyristor valve is not triggered and the thyristor are kept in non-conducting state, the
TCSC is operating in blocking mode. In this mode, the TCSC performs like a fixed series
capacitor [13

6
 2.4.2 Bypass Mode
In bypass mode the thyristor valve is triggered continuously and the valve stays conducting all
the time, so the TCSC behaves like a parallel connection of the series capacitor with the
inductor, in the thyristor valve branch. In this mode, the resulting voltage in the steady state
across the TCSC is inductive and the valve current is somewhat bigger than the line current due
to the current generation in the capacitor bank [13].

2.4.3 Capacitive Boost Mode

In capacitive boost mode a trigger pulse is supplied to the thyristor having forward voltage just
before the capacitor voltage crosses the zero line, so a capacitor discharge current pulse will
circulate through the parallel inductive branch. The discharge current pulse adds to the line
current through the capacitor and causes a capacitor voltage that adds to the voltage caused by
the line current. The capacitor peak voltage thus will be increased in proportion to the charge
that passes through the thyristor branch. The fundamental voltage also increases almost
proportionally to the charge capacitor. This is the normal operating mode of TCSC [13].

2.4.4 Inductive Boost Mode

In inductive boost mode, the circulating current in the TCSC thyristor branch is bigger than the
line current. In this mode, large thyristor currents result and further the capacitor voltage
waveform is very much distorted from its sinusoidal shape. The peak voltage appears close to
the turn on. The poor waveform and the high valve stress make the inductive boost mode less
attractive for steady state operation. This mode increases the inductance of the line, so it is in
contrast to the advantages associated with the application of TCSC for increasing the line load
ability by decreasing the line impedance. Meanwhile, this mode is useful during short circuits
to decrease the fault current. This mode is normally used as a current-limiting system, helping
to reduce the voltage sag during the faults [13].

7
 CHAPTER THREE
Methodology
Since our project is considering the effect of thyristor controlled series compensation on power
enhancement. In order to design special improvement of power system transfer capability
which is using the thyristor controlled series capacitor compensator. Firstly by reading different
literatures related to our project and we analyses different components inorderd to design our
project. After that we analysis a mathematical modeling in order to determine the values of
capacitor and inductor. Then we modeling or designing the TCSC. We assume that
transmission line having 20KM. The TCSC consists of capacitor, inductor, Thyristor, after that
we use simulations MATLAB/Simulink Software. Then lastly we analyze the effect thyristor
controlled series capacitor on power enhancement and camper and contrast the load generate
from the substation with and without TCSC.

Three Mathem
phase atical TCSC MATLAB/
ac modeling
Simulink
power

Without
Load
Load
TCSC

Figure 1 block diagram of TCSC on transmission line

 Three phase Ac supply : 400 V,Freqancy 50 HZ,200KM transmission line Length

 Mathematical modeling : calculating value of inductor and capacitor
 TCSC : composed of capacitor ,inductor and thyristor
 Load : final out put

8
 CHAPTER FOUR
System Design and Block Diagram

4.1 Reactive and active power flow

Figure 4.1 active and reactive flow diagrams

Where,
𝐼𝑠= Sending end current
𝐼𝑟 = Receiving end current
𝐸𝑠 = Sending end voltage
𝐸𝑟= Receiving end voltage
R=Transmission line resistance
X= Transmission line reactance Transmission line impedance
Transmission line impedance Z = R + jX = ǀzǀ∠𝛼
Sending end current

……………………………………………4.1

𝑆𝑠 = Sending end complex power = 𝑉𝑠𝐼𝑠 ∗ ………4.2

………………………………………4.3

9
Real power or active power flow from sending end is

…………………………………4.4
Reactive power at sending end is

…………………………………..4.5
Power system transmission lines have small resistance compared to the reactance i.e. R/X ratio
is very small. Also power loss in the transmission line is negligible.

R=0; Z= ǀX ˂90
I.e. α=90°

………………………………………………………………4.6
If 𝐸𝑠 leads𝐸𝑟, then load angle δ is positive and real power flows from sending end to receiving
end.

If 𝐸𝑠 lags 𝐸𝑟, then load angle δ is negative and power flows from receiving end to sending end.
If resistance R = 0, then maximum real power flow from sending end occurs at δ = 90°
the maximum power flow is given by.

…………………………………………………………4.7
4.2. Principles of AC Power Control
Applying a voltage in series with the line, and in phase quadrature with the current flow, can
increase or decrease the magnitude of current flow. As the current flow lags the voltage by 90°,
there is injection of reactive power in series. If a voltage with variable magnitude and a phase
is applied in series, then varying the amplitude and phase angle can control both active and
reactive power. This requires injection of both active power and reactive power in series.
Increasing and decreasing the value of the reactance X can also decrease and increase the
power height of both active and reactive power.

Power flow can also be controlled by regulating the magnitude of sending and receiving end
voltages 𝑉𝑠 and 𝑉𝑟. This type of control has much influence on reactive power flow than active
power flow.

10
 ……………………………………………………….4.8

…………………………………………………4.9

Power Transfer
SC transmission lines utilize series capacitors to reduce the net series inductive reactance of the
line in order to enhance the power transfer capability of the line. The power transfer along a
transmission line is often explained in terms of the simple two-source power system shown in
figure 3a without series capacitor and figure 3b with series capacitor. The active power P
transferred by the uncompensated and compensated transmission lines are computed.

P= ………………………………………………………………4.10

P= sin δ ……………………………………………………………....4.11

Figure 4.2 voltage profiles for a radial circuit (a) without SC and (b) with SC

11
4.3 Thyristor control series capacitor (TCSC)
Several power electronics equipments have been proposed for improving power system
behavior in recent decades. These equipments are in series and shunt, active and passive,
controlled and switched categories. Each of them is used for one or some purposes like reactive
power compensation, voltage control, dynamic stability improvement and power oscillation
damping

[10]. Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) consists of a series compensating capacitor
shunted by a Thyristor controlled reactor (TCR). TCSC is one of the Flexible AC Transmission
Systems (FACTS) devices which are used for all mentioned purposes [9-10]. TCSC has
advantages of using Thyristor (with firing angle) and low frequency switching. Therefore its
cost, complexity and power loss have reduced. A capacitive reactance compensator which
consists of series capacitor bank shunted by a thyristor controlled reactor in order to provide a
smoothly variable series capacitive reactance. Installation of a series capacitor is a conventional
and established method of increasing transmission line capacity, by reducing the net series
impedance, thus increasing power transmission.

Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) is one of the controllers used for series
compensation. TCSC is a FACT device which is a combination of thyristor-controlled reactor
(TCR) parallel with capacitor. TCR is a variable inductive reactor (α) controlled by firing angle
α. TCSC is one of the most important and best known FACTS devices, which has been in use
for many years to increase line power transfer as well as to enhance system stability. . The
TCSC consists of three main components: capacitor bank C, bypass inductor L and
bidirectional thyristor SCR1 and SCR2. The firing angles of the thyristor are controlled to
adjust the TCSC reactance in accordance with a system control algorithm normally in response
to some system parameter variations [11] [12].

The variation of (α) with respect to α can be calculated by:

………………………………………………………..4.12

12
The controlled reactor is placed across the series capacitor, so that TCSC can be modeled as a
variable parallel LC circuit, made of a fixed capacitive impedance 𝑋𝐶, and a variable inductive
impedance𝑋𝐿 (α), as follows,

……………………………………………………………………..4.13

Where α is the delay angle measured from the peak of the capacitor voltage (or, equivalently, the
zero-crossing of the line current). For α is 0 up to 90 degree, 𝑋𝐿(α) is varied from minimum value
(ωL) to its maximum (infinity), hence effective reactance of TCSC starts increasing from its

minimum value of at α=0, to till occurrence of parallel resonance condition at , 𝑋𝐿 = 𝑋𝐿

α), theoretically 𝑋𝑇𝐶𝑆𝐶 is infinite which is known as inductive region. Still increasing of (α) gives
capacitive region. (α) Starts decreasing from infinity point to minimum value of capacitive
reactance𝑋𝐶. In practical scheme, the TCSC is usually made with a Metal Oxide Varistor (MOV)
and a bypass switch used as protective devices. MOV, which is a nonlinear resistor, protects the
TCSC against high capacitor overvoltage by providing alternate path.

4.4 System Design of the project

The system design has 400V, 50 Hz power system consisting of two sources representing two
areas connected by a transmission line of 2 km. The transmission system is compensated with
TCSC at the sending end of line as shown in figure 4.3.

In our project we select the aluminum (Al) stranded conductor means moving different single
conductor in group with area of 25mm2 each from this consideration the standard value of
parameters of the transmission line are the following:

 Resistance(R)=28.132mΩ/Km
 Inductance(L)=0.09937 H/Km

Then from this we can find the impedance of the transmission.

13
Then after we design the parameters of TCSC (L (hennery), C (farad)) by considering the
following basic requirements: Requirements in Selection of C & L

Requirment-1: XL must be smaller than XC. Proportion of the inductor impedance to the
capacitor impedance. KLC=XL/XC<1

Requirement-2: The resonance frequency ω =must be away enough from power frequency
(ω1=2π*50 Rad/sec). It means that reversing polarity of the capacitor voltage must be fast as it
longs smaller than half cycle of power frequency period.

Requirement-3: The value of XC must be sufficient to have proper line series compensation
(typically until 70% compensation). The TCSC impedance never is equal to zero. The TCSC
impedance is between XLmin and XLmax in the inductive mode and between -XCmin and
-XCmax in the capacitive mode.This boundary must be coordinated with practical requirements
like the transmission line impedance and its thermal capacity.

In addition to these requirements, some notes are useful in TCSC designing.

(Note-1): If XL is very smaller than XC then TCSC acts as thyristor series switched capacitor
(Note-2): The small value for XL has this benefit that duration of the hale cycle resonance will be
short and reversing process of capacitor voltage will be fast and good.

In Some protection schemes, the thyristor of TCR branch will be fired to operate in fully
conducted mode to perform the bypass operation. In this case, the inductive impedance of TCSC
will partly limit the fault current. Therefore, small value for X L is an advantage. Then in our
project we select KLC=0.022 and we have selected 60% compensation for AB line with firing
angle of 700. We have designed three phase TCSC for A to B transmission line. Since our
project is showing the effect of thyristor controlled series capacitor on transmission line.

Figure 4.3 Single-line diagram of test system

14
 4.4.1 Design parameters of TCSC

Calculation of capacitor and inductor for design TCSC parameters:

The impedance of transmission line for AB section 2 km is calculated as bellow:

L=0.9337*10−1H/Km

L=0.9337*10−1H/Km 2km

L=0.1867H

Resistance(R) =28.132mΩ/Km

R=28.132*10-3Ω*2 km=0.0562Ω

𝑋𝐿=2𝜋𝑓L=2*3.14*50*0.1867=58.628Ω

Z= R+j XL= 0.0562+j58.628 =58.620026Ω

When BC line is compensated 60% then the XTCSC impedance is calculated as bellow:

…………………..4.4.1

XL (𝑎)=13.8𝑋𝐿 B ut the standard ratio of is less than 1 and we are taken 0.022 [9].

Let

𝑋𝐿=0.022𝑋𝐶 from the above equation (4.4.1)

15
𝑋𝐶=158Ω then the value of capacitor will be

From this C=1/2Πf*XC

C= F and XL=0.022XC

𝑋𝐿=0.022*158=3.476Ω

𝑋𝐿=2πfL, then L= =0.01107H

4.5 matlab Simulink of with TCSC and without TCSC

Figure 4.5 a with TCSC

16
Figure 4.5 b without TCSC

17
 CHAPTER FIVE
5 .1 Simulation and result

Figure 5.1 simulation result of input voltage and input current without TCSC respectively

18
1000

800

600

400

200

-200
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2

19
 Figure 5.3 simulation result of output voltage and current without TCSC respectively

300

200

100

-100

-200

-300

-1

-2

-3
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18
20
Figure 5.4 power output without TCSC

21
Figure 5.5 input voltage and current with TCSC respectively

22
Figure 5.6 simulation result of input power with TCSC

23
Figure 5.7 simulation result of output voltage and current respectively with TCSC

24
25
Now from the matlab Simulink the sending and receiving ends parameters with TCSC and
without TCSC can summarized by the following table.

No Sending Without With Resaving Without With

values TCSC TCSC end part TCSC TCSC

1 Vs (v) 398.7 400 Vr 266 365

2 Is (A) 2.72 3.5 Ir 2.72 3.5

3 PS (W) 800 1250 Pr 650 120

Table 1 simulation results

5.2 conclusion and recommendation

5.2.1 Conclusion
The introduction of TCSC has advantages like improvement in stability, enhanced active
power transfer capability. The results are obtained from simulation of three phase transmission
line with firing angles α = 70° of TCSC and without TCSC for sections of lines AB. Thyristor
Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) is a variable impedance type series compensator and is
connected in series with the transmission line to increase the power transfer capability reduce
transmission losses. In this project three phase system is taken into consideration to observe the
effects of TCSC for enhancement of Available Transfer Capability. Load flow studies were
conducted on given system to find the power flow and system losses. The MATLAB program is
run with and without incorporation of TCSC. From the result it has been observed the power
transfer is enhanced. Generally, when using a thyristor controlled series capacitor the active and
reactive power is increased from the original active and reactive power value. This implies
TCSC increase the power transfer capability and stabilize the voltage.

26
 5.2.2 Recommendation

Based on the result of this project work, it is strongly recommended a long transmission line
has to consider the integration of TCSC from source to load in order to enhance overall system
power transfer capability, improving the network voltage and reduce voltage losses across the
line in the system.

5.3 Suggestions for Future Works

Further study can be made on the influence of TCSC on fault component distance protection
and impact of TCSC on the protection of transmission lines. Thus TCSC can be used in many
fields. For the future it is possible to do the effect of FACT device (TCSC) analysis the distance
where the fault occurs.

27
REFERENCE
[1] Mojtaba Khederzadeh and T. S.Sidhu, “Impact of TCSC on the protection of transmission
lines”, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Volume 21 January 2006, pp.87

[2] Sarath Kapuduwage, “Fault location on the high voltage series Compensated power
transmission networks”, Thesis, December 21, 2006.

[3] S. G. Srivani and K. Panduranga Vittal, “Integrated adaptive reach setting of distance
scheme in series compensated lines”, International Journal on Electrical Engineering and
Informatics - Volume 2, no. 4, 2010, pp.291-297.

[4] Alirezas Solat, and Ali Deihimi, “A novel scheme for distance protection of series
compensated transmission lines with TCSC using artificial neural networks”, 20th Iranian
Conference on Electrical Engineering, (ICEE2012), May 15-17, 2012.

[5] M. Khederzadeh and T. S. Sidhu, “Impact of TCSC on the protection of transmission lines,”
IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 80–87, Jan. 2006.

[6] R. J. Marttila, “Performance of distance relay MHO elements on MOV,protected series

compensated transmission lines,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 7,no. 3, pp. 1167–1178, Jul.
1992.

[7] K. Satyanarayana, B. K. V. Prasad and K. Saikrishna, “Effect of Series FACTS Devices on

Distance Protection”, International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Intelligent Systems,

pp. 36 –41, July 2011.

[8]. Daniela Proto, “Impact of innovation technology on complex systems: the electrified railway
supply system,” via Claudio 21 – 80125 Napoli

28