Philippine Litera

Philippine
Litera
ded from http://www.thepdfportal.com/philippineliterature-091020093804-phpapp01_11303.pdf
Part I – The Historic
Background of
Philippine Literatur

Chapter 1
Introduction to the
of Literature
Definition of Literature:
The word literature is derived from

term litera which means letter. It
defined differently by various writers.
Some loosely interpret literature

printed matter written within a
magazine or a pamphlet. Othe
literature as a faithful reproduction
manifold experiences blended
harmonious expression.
Because literature deals with ideas,

and emotions of man, literature can
be the story of man. Man’s lov
thoughts, dreams and aspirations
beautiful language is literature.

In order to know the history of
spirit, one must read its literature.
that to understand the real spirit
one must “trace the little rills as
along down the ages, broadening an
into the great ocean of thought w
the present source are presently ex
Brother Azurin, said that “literatur

the feelings of people to socie
government, to his surroundin
fellowmen and to his Divine Cre
expression of one’s feelings, accord
may be through love, sorrow,
hatred, anger, pity, contempt, or re

For Webster, literature is anythin
printed, as long as it is related to
and feelings of people, whether it
just a product of one’s imagination.
In PANITIKING PILIPINO written b

Ramos, Salazar and Nazal, it says
literature is a piece of written wor
undying. It expresses the fee
emotions of people in respons
everyday efforts to live, to be ha
environment and, after struggles,
his Creator.”

Why We Need to Study Philippine Li
We can enumerate many reasons fo

literature.
Here are but a few:
We study literature so that we c

appreciate our literary heritage. W
appreciate something that we
understand. Through a study
literature, we can trace the rich
ideas handed down to us from our
Then we can understand ourselves
take pride in being a Filipino.

Like other races of the world, w
understand that we have a great
tradition which can serve as the
assimilate other cultures.
Through such a study, we will

literary limitations conditioned b
historical factors and we can take
overcome them.
Above all, as Filipinos, who truly

take pride in our own culture, w
manifest our deep concern for
literature and this we can do by stu
literature of our country.

Of Philippine Literature in English
Frames
It can be said that Philippine

English has achieved a stature th
way, phenomenal since the in
English in our culture.
Our written literature, which is

hundred years old, is one of
evolutionary growth. Our writers
express their sentiments while stru
a foreign medium. The great mass o
in English that we have today is
tribute to what our writers have
the short span of time. What they h
can compare with some of the bes
the world.

Much is still to be achieved. O
have yet to write their OPUS
Meanwhile, history and literature
unfolding before us and we are as
in the assembly lines to an evolvin
life.
Time frames may not be necessary

of literature, but since literature a
are inescapably related it has
facilitative to map up a system whi
us in delineating certain time boun

These time boundaries are not ex
defined; very often, time frames
another in a seeming continuum
systematic discussion of the
customs, and feelings of our people
traced in our literature, we shall ad
delimitations.
These time frames are:
Time Frames of Philippine Literature
Different opinions prevail regarding

that mark the development of
literature in English. Let us take th
time frames for purpose of discussio

1. The Period of Re-orientation:
2. Period of Imitation: 1910-1925
3. Period of Self-Discovery: 1925-
4. Japanese Period: 1941-1945
5. The Rebirth of Freedom: 1946-
6. Period of Activism: 1970-1972
7. Period of the New Society: 197
8. Period of the Third Republic:
9. Contemporary Period: 1986
Literature and History
Literature and history ar

interrelated. In discovering the hi
race, the feelings, aspirations, cu
traditions of a people are sure to be
. and these feelings, aspirations, c
traditions that are written is literatu
can also be written and this too, is
Events that can be written down are
literature. Literature, therefore,
history.

Literature and history, however,
differences. Literature may be figm
imagination or events devoid of
have been written down, while histo
up of events that really happened.
Literary Compositions that Have

the World.
Among them are:
1. The Bible or the Sacred Writing

2. Koran
3. The Iliad and the Odyssey
4. The Mahab-harata
5. Canterbury Tales
6. Uncle Tom’s Cabin

7. The Divine Comedy
8. El Cid Compeador
9. The Song of Roland
10. The Book of the Dead
11. The Book of the Days
12. One Thousand and One
Night Arabian Nights
General Types of Literature
Literature can generally be divided

types; prose and poetry.

Prose consists of those written
common flow of conversation in sen
paragraphs, while poetry refers
expressions in verse, with measure
line and stanza and has a more melo
I. PROSE
There are many types of prose. Th

the following:
a. Novels. A long narrative d

chapters and events are taken from
stories.

Example:WITHOUT SEEING THE
Stevan Javellana
b. Short story. This is a narrative

one or more characters, one plot
single impression.
Example:THE LAUGHTER OF MY
Carlos Bulosan
c. Plays. This is presented on

a divided into acts and each
act scenes.

Example: THIRTEEN PLAYS by
Guerrero
d. Legends. These are fictitious

usually about origins.
Example: THE BIKOL LEGEND by
e. Fables. These are also fictitiou

deal with animals and inanimate
speak and act like people and thei
to enlighten the minds of childre
that can mold their ways and attitu
Example: THE MONKEY AND THE

f. Anecdotes. These are merely
the writer’s imagination and the m
to bring out lessons to the reader.
Example:THE MOTH AND THE LAM
g. Essay. This expresses the vie

opinion of the writer about a
problem or event. The best examp
is the Editorial page of a newspaper
h. Biography. This deals with th

person which may be about hi
autobiography or that of others.

Example: CAYETANO ARELLANO
O. Albert
i. News. This is a report of everyda

society, government, science and in
accidents, happening nationally or
n
j. Oration. This is a formal trea

subject and is intended to be spoke
It appeals to the intellect, to the wi
emotions of the audience.
II. POETRY
There are three types of poetry an

the following:
A. Narrative Poetry. This form
important events in life either
imaginary.
The different varieties are:
1. Epic. This is an extended narra
heroic exploits often under su
control.
Example:THE HARVEST SONG OF
translated in English by
Daguio
2. Metrical Tale. This is a narrativ
written in verse and can be classif
as a ballad or a metrical romance.

Examples: BAYANI NG BUKID by Al
HERO OF THE FIELDS b
3. Ballads. Of the narrative poe
considered the shortest and simple
simple structure and tells of a sing
There are also variations of these:
war ballads, and sea ballads, humo
and historical or mythical ballads.
time, this referred to a song acco
dance.
B. Lyric Poetry. Originalaly, this re

kind of poetry meant to be su
accompaniment of a lyre, but now,
to any type of poetry that express
and feelings of the poet. They
short, simple and easy to understan

1. Folksongs (Awiting Bayan). Thes
poems intended to be sung. Th
theme is love, despair, grief, doubt
and sorrow.
Example: CHIT-CHIRIT-CHIT
2. Sonnets. This is a lyric poem

dealing with an emotion, a feeling,
These are two types: the Italia
Shakespearean.
Example: Santos SANTANG BUDS by

3. Elegy. This is a lyric poe
expresses feelings of grief and
and whose theme is death.
Example:THE LOVER’S DEATH by

Demetillo
4. Ode. This is a poem of a nob

expressed with dignity, with no
number of syllables or definite
lines in a stanza.
5. Psalms (Dalit). This is a son

God or the Virgin Mary and con
philosophy of life.

6. Awit (Song). These have measure
syllables (dodecasyllabic) and slowl
the accompaniment of a guitar or ba
Example: FLORANTE AT LAURA

b
Balagtas
7. Corridos (Kuridos). These have

eight syllables (octosyllabic) and re
martial beat.
Example: IBONG ADARNA
C. Dramatic Poetry
1. Comedy. The word comedy co

the Greek term “komos” meaning
revelry. This form usually is
written with the purpose of amu
usually has a happy ending.
2. Melodrama. This is usually

musical plays with the opera. Tod
related to tragedy just as the fa
comedy. It arouses immediate an
emotion and is usually sad but
happy ending for the principal char

3. Tragedy. This involves
struggling mightily against dynam
he meets death or ruin without su
satisfaction obtained by the protag
comedy.
4. Farce. This is an exaggerated

seeks to arouse mirth by laugha
situations are too ridiculous to be
characters seem to be caricature
motives undignified and absurd.
5. Social Poems. This form is eit

comic or tragic and itpictures t
today. It may aim to bring about
the social conditions.

Exercises
1. Deals with ideas, thoughts, and e

man. It is said to be the story of m
2. Literature as a faithful reprod

man’s manifold blended
harmonious expression.
3-5. Three reasons why do we need

Philippine Literature.
6. Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe

This depicted the sad fate of sl
became the basis of democracy la
7. This was written by Confucius of C
became the basis of Roman
Calenda
8. This deals with the life of a pers

may be about himself, his autobio
that of others.
9. These have been the source of

legends of Greece. They were
Homer.
10. This is a lyric poem of 14 lines de

an emotions, a feeling, or idea.
Chapter 2
The Pre-Spanish Peri
Historical Background
Long before the Spaniard a

foreigners landed on Philippine sh
forefathers already had their own
stamped in the history of our race.
Our ancient literature shows our

and traditions in everyday life as tr
folk stories, old plays and short sto
Our ancestors also had their own

which was different from that brou
Spaniards. The first alphabet us
ancestors was similar to that of th
Polynesian alphabet.

Whatever record our ancestors left
burned by the Spanish friars in the
they were works of the devil or were
materials that easily perished, like
trees, dried leaves and bamboo cylin
could not have remained undestro
efforts were made to preserve them.
Other records that remained showed

that proved existence of a native c
our own. Some of these were pa
word of mouth till they reached th
some publishers or printers who to
in printing the manuscripts of t
Filipinos.

The Spaniards who came to the
tried to prove that our ancestors w
fond of poetry, songs, stories, ri
proverbs which we still enjoy
which serve to show to generation
culture of our people.
Pre-Spanish Literature is characteri
A. LEGENDS. Legends are a form

the common theme of which is
origin of a thing, place, location
The events are imaginary, devoid
and unbelievable. Old Filipino cu
reflected in these legends. Its
entertain. Here is an example of a
THE LEGEND OF THE TAGALOGS.

B. FOLK TALES. Folk tales are
stories about life, adventure, love,
humor where one can derive lessons
These are useful to us because th
appreciate our environment, ev
personalities and improve our pers
life. An example of this is THE
THE SUN.
C. THE EPIC AGE. Epics are lon

poems in which a series
achievements or events, usually of
dealt with at length. Nobody can
which epics are the oldest becau
translations from other language
English and Spanish. We can only
their origins from the time mentio
said epics.

Aside from the aforementioned epic
still other epics that can be read
like the following epics.
a. Bidasari-Moro epic
b. Biag ni Lam-ang-Ilokano epic
c. Maragtas-Visayan epic
d. Haraya-Visayan epic
e. Lagda-Visayan epic
f. Hari sa Bukid-Visayan epic
g. Kumintang-Tagalog epic
h. Parang Sabir-Moro epic
i. “Dagoy” at “Sudsod”-Tagbanua ep
j. Tatuaang-Bagobo epic
k. Indarapatra at Sulayman

l. Bantugan
m. Daramoke-A-Babay – Moro
“Darangan”
D. FOLK SONGS. Folk songs are

oldest forms of Philippine litera
emerged in the pre-Spanish perio
songs mirrored the early forms o
Many of these have 12 syllables. He
examples:
Kundiman
Kumintang o Tagumpay
c. Ang Dalit o Imno
d. Ang Oyayi o Hele
e. Diana
f. Soliraning
g. Talindaw
OTHER FORMS OF PRE-SPANISH
E. Epigrams, Riddles, Chants, Maxi

Proverbs or Sayings
1. Epigrams (Salawikain). These

customarily used and served as laws
good behavior by our ancestors.
these are like allegories or parables
lessons for the young.

2. Riddles (Bugtong) or Palaisipan.
made up of one or more measured
rhyme and may consist of four to 12
3. Chant (Bulong). Used in wi

enchantment.
4. Maxims. Some are rhyming co

verses of 5, 6 or 8 syllables, each
the same number of syllables.
5. Sayings (Kasabihan). Often used

or to comment on a person’s actuati
6. Sawikain (Sayings with no hidden

Exercises
1. The first alphabet used by our

was similar to that of the .
2. What does Maria shouted to Ilog so

would cut the snake?
3. In certain wide region of Luzon, the

village frequented by young men. T
was full of trees, beautiful flower
river where clear waters flowe
attracted the young men more
scenery?
4. The writer of BIAG-Ni Lam-Ang
5. Also known as Lullaby

6. These have been customarily
served as laws or rules on good
our ancestors
7. Sayings with no hidden Meanings
8. Some are rhyming couplets with

5,6, or 8 syllables, each lines
same number of syllables.
9. Used in witchcraft or enchantmen
10. These are med up of one or more

lines with rhyme and may consist
twelve syllables.

Chapter 3
The Spanish Period
(1565
It is an accepted belief that t

colonization of the Philippines star
during the time of Miguel Lopez
the first Spanish governor-gener
Philippines. Literature started
during his time. This spurt
unabated until the Cavite Revolt in
Spaniards colonized the Philippine
than three centuries.
During these times, many changes

the lives of Filipinos. They em
Catholic religion, changed their
were baptized.

Their lifestyles changed too. T
houses mad of stones and bri
beautiful furniture like the piano
kitchen utensils. Carriages, trains
were used as means of travel.
fiestas to honor the saints, the pop
governors. They had cockfights, h
and the theater as means of recreat
This gave rise to the formatio

different classes of society like th
the landlords. Some Filipinos
courses like medicine, law, agricu
teaching. Many Filipinos finis
schooling already had been establis
•

A. SPANISH INFLUENCES ON
LITERATURE
Due to the long period of coloniza

Philippines by the Spaniards,
exerted a strong influence on our lit
1. The first Filipino alphabet calle

was replaced by the Roman alphabet
2. The teaching of the Christia

became the basis of religious
practic
3. The Spanish language which

literary language during this time le
its words to our language.
4. European legends and tradition
here became assimilated in o
corridos, and moro-moros.
5. Ancient literature was colle

translated to Tagalog and other dial
6. Many grammar books were

Filipino, like Tagalog, Ilocano and
7. Our periodicals during these tim

a religious tone.
B. THE FIRST BOOKS
1. ANG DOCTRINA CRISTIANA (THE

DOCTRINE). This was the first book
the Philippines in 1593 in xylograp
written by Fr. Juan de Placenci
Domingo Nieva, in Tagalog and
contained the Pater Noster (Out
Maria (Hail Mary), Regina Coeli
Queen), the Ten Commandments o
Commandments of the Catholic
Seven Mortal Sins, How to Confes
Cathecism. Three old original cop
book can still be found at the Vati
Madrid Musem and at the US Co
contains only 87 pages but costs $5,0

2. Nuestra Señora del Rosario.
book printed in the Philippines was
Fr. Blancas de San Jose in 1602, an
the UST Printing Press with the help
Vera, a Chinese mestizo. It co
biographies of saints, novenas, an
and answers on religion.
3. Libro de los Cuatro Postprimeras

(in Spanish and Tagalog). This is th
printed in typography.
4. Ang Barlaan at Josephat. This i

story printed in the Philippines and
to Tagalog from Greek by Fr. Antoni

It is believed to be the first Taga
published in the Philippines even if
a translation. The printed transl
only 556 pages. The Ilocano tran
poetry was done by Fr. Agustin Meji
5. The Pasion. This is the book
life and sufferings of Jesus Christ.
only during Lent. There were 4
this in Tagalog and each version is
to the name of the writer.
These are the Pilapil version (by
Pilapil of Bulacan, 1814), the
version (by Gaspar Aquino de Belen
1704), the de la Merced (by Anic
Merced of Norzagaray, Bulacanin
the de Guia version (by Luis de
1750).

Critics are not agreed whether it is th
the de la Merced version which is
popular.
6. Urbana at Felisa. A book by

Castro, the so called Father of Class
Tagalog. These are letters between
Urbana at Felisa and have influenced
behavior of people in society because
dealt with good behavior.
7. Ang Mga Dalit kay Maria (Psalm

A collection of songs praising the V
Fr. Mariano Sevilla, a Filipino priest,
in 1865 and it was popular especially
Maytime “Flores de Mayo” festival.

C. LITERARY COMPOSITIONS
1. Arte y Reglas de la Lengua Tagal

rules of the Tagalog language).
Fr. Blancas de San Jose and tra
Tagalog by Tomas Pinpin in 1610.
2. Compendio de la Lengu
(Understanding the Tagalog
Written by Fr. Gaspar de San
1703.
3. Vocabulario de la Lengua Tagal

vocabulary). The first Tagalog
written by Fr. Pedro de San Buena
1613.

4. Vocabulario de la Lengua
(Pampanga vocabulary). The firs
Pampanga written by Fr. Diego in 17
5. Vocabulario de la Lengua Bisa

vocabulary). The best language book
by Mateo Sanchez in 1711.
6. Arte de la Lengua Ilokana (The

Ilocano language). The first Ilocan
book by Francisco Lopez.
7. Arte de la Lengua Bicolana (The

Bicol language). The first book in
language and written by Fr. Marco
1754.

D. FOLK SONGS. Folk son
widespread in the Philippines. Each
its national song from the lowla
mountains of Luzon, Visayas and Mi
Folk songs truly manifest the artis

of the Filipinos. They show th
innate appreciation for and love of
examples are Leron-Leron Sinta,
Dandansoy, Sarong Banggi and At
Singsing.
E. RECEREATIONAL PLAYS. Ther

recreational plays performed b
during the Spanish times. Almost
were in poetic form. Here are exam
1. Tibag – the word tibag means to
This ritual was brought here by the
to remind the people about the sea
Helena for the Cross on which Jesu
2. Lagaylay – this is a special oc

the Pilareños of Sorsogon during
get together.
As early as April, the participating

chosen and sometimes, mothers
their girls in order to fulfill a
during an illness or for a favor recei

In some parts of Bicol, a different
is made but the objective is the sa
respect and offering of love to the Bl
by St. Helen on the mound she had
3. The Cenaculo – this is

performance to commemorate the
death of Jesus Christ. There are tw
Cantada and Hablada. In the Habla
are spoken in a more delibera
showing the rhythmic measure of
and the rhyming in each stanza a
dignified in theme; the Cantada is
the Pasion.

The Cenaculo is written in octosylla
with 8 verses to the stanza. The
versions take about 3 nights o
Performers come in costumes with
performers are carefully chosen
virtuous life. One performs the rol
Christ and another the role of t
Mary. Many famous Cenaculo pla
from the Tagalog regions although
also those from Ilocos, Pampanga,
both Sibulanon and Hiligaynon.
4. Panunuluyan – this is present

12:00 on Christmas Eve. T
presentation of the search of the Vi
and St. Joseph for an inn wherein
the baby Jesus.

5. The Salubong (or Panubong) - Th
is an Easter play that dramatizes t
of the Risen Christ and his Mother
presented in many Philippine towns
6. Carillo (Shadow Play) – this is

dramatic entertainment perform
moonless night during a town fiesta
nights after a harvest. This shad
made by projecting cardboard figur
lamp against a white sheet. The
moved like marionettes whose di
produced by some experts.
The dialogues are drawn from a Corr

or some religious play interspersed
These are called by various names
places:
Carillo in Manila, Rizal and Bata
Laguan; TITRES in Ilocos Norte,
Bataa, Capiz and Negros; TITIRI in
GAGALO or KIKIMUT in Pamp
Tarlac; and ALIALA in La Union.
7. The Zarzuela – considered the

the drama; it is a musical co
melodrama three acts which d
man’s passions and emotions like
revenge, cruelty, avarice or some
political proble.
•

8. The Sainete – this was a sho
comedy popular during the 18th cen
were exaggerated comedies show
acts of long plays and were mostly
by characters from the lower classe
were taken from everyday life scena
F. THE MORO-MORO. Like the Ce

Moro-moro is presented also on a sp
This is performed during town
entertain the people and to remin
their Christian religion. The plot is
same that of a Christian prin
nobleman’s daughter who is captu
Mohammedans. The father organiz
party where fighting between the
the Christians ensue.
The Mohammedans are defeated
miracle or Divine Intercession
Mohammedans are converted to Ch
In some instances, the whole ki
baptized and converted. One exam
is Prinsipe Rodante.
G. KARAGATAN. This is a poetic v

socio-religious nature celebrated
death of a person. In this contest
less formal, a ritual is performed
legend about a princess who droppe
into the middle of the sea and w
here hand in marriage to anyone
retrieve it.

A leader starts off with an exte
poem announcing the purpose. He
a “lumbo” o “tabo” marked with a
Whoever comes in the direction o
line when the spinning stops gets
“go into the sea to look for the
means a girl will ask him a riddle
able to answer, he will offer the
girl.
H. DUPLO. The Duplo replace the
This is a poetic joust in spe
reasoning. The roles are taken fro
and from proverbs and saying. It
played during wakes for the dead.
I. THE BALAGTASAN. This is a poe
a contest of skills in debate on a
topic or issue. This is replaced the
is held to honor Francisco “Balagtas
J. THE DUNG-AW. This is a chant i
by a bereaved person or his rep
beside the corpse of the dead.
meter or rhyming scheme is used.
chanting it freely recites in poe
according to his feelings, emo
thoughts. It ispersonalized and u
with the life, sufferings and sacrif
dead and includes apologies for his
K. THEAWITandtheCORRIDO.
thesetwointerchangeablybecause is not clear.
Exercises
1. The first spanish governor-gener

Philippines.
2-3 What are the changes occured in

of the Filipinos during the
Period?
4. The first Filipino Alphabet.
5. This was the first book printe

Philippines in 1593 in xylography
6. This is a book about the life and

of Jesus Christ.

7. A book by Modesto de Castro, the
Father of Classic Prose in Tagalog
8. This is a presentation of the sea

Virgin Mary and St. Joseph fo
therein to deliver the baby Jesus
9. This is a short musical comed

during the 18th century.
10. It is a personalized and usually

the life, sufferings and sacrific
deed and includes apologies
misdeeds

Chapter 4
The Period of Enlighten
(1872-1898)
After 300 years of passivity unde

rule, the Filipino spirit reawakened
3 priests Gomez, Burgos and
Zam guillotined without
sufficient ev guilt. This
occurred on the 17th of This was
buttressed with the liberalism
when the Philippines doors
to world trade and with the
a liberal leader in the person of
Carlos Maria de la Torre.
The Spaniards were unable to sup

tide of rebellion among the Filipino
The once religious spirit transfor
into one of nationalism and the
demanded changes in the governm
the church.
A. The Propaganda Movement (187
This movement was spearheaded

the intellectual middle-class like J
Marcelo del Pilar; Graciano Lop
Antonio Luna, Mariano Ponce,
Panganiban, and Pedro Patern
objectives of this movement wer
reforms and changes like the follow

1. To get equal treatment for the
the Spaniards under the law.
2. To make the Philippines a colon
3. To restore Filipino representa

Spanish Cortes.
4. To Filipinize the parishes.
5. To give the Filipinos freedom of

the press, assembly and for
grievances.

B. Highlights of the Propaganda Mo
There were three principal leade

Propaganda movement. They wer
Rizal, Marcelo H. del Pilar and
Lopez Jaena. Here are highlights a
and what they have done for our co
DR. JOSE P. RIZAL
Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado

Realonda was born on June 19,
Calamba, Laguna. His first teache
mother Teodora Alonozo. He stud
Ateneo de Manila, started medicin
and finished at the Universidad
Madrid. He also studied at the Un
Berlin, Leipzig and Heidelberg.
He died by musketry in the ha
Spaniards on December 30, 1896 on
sedition and rebellion against the
His pen-name was Laong Laan and
His books and writings:
1. NOLI ME TANGERE. This was

that gave spirit to the propaganda
and paved the way to the revolut
Spain.
In this book, he courageously expos

in the Spanish-run governmen
Philippines.

The Spaniards prohibited the read
novel but a lot of translations we
enter stealthily in the country even
death to those caught in possession
The NOLI gave Philippineliter

immortal characters Maria Cl
Crisostomo Ibarra, Elias, Sisa,
Tasio, Doña Victorina, Kapitana Ma
and Crispin, Rizal had a powerful
delineation of these characters.
2. EL FILIBUSTERISMO. This is a
the NOLI.

While the NOLI exposed the evils i
the FILI exposed those in the
and in the church. However, the
been dubbed the novel of society
of FILI is that of politics.
3. MI ULTIMO ADIOS (My Last

This was a poem by Rizal whil
incarcerated at Fort Santiago and i
can compare favorably with the b
world. It was only after his death
name was affixed to the poem.

4. SOBRE LA INDOLENCIA DE LOS
(On the Indolence of the Filipinos).
the so-called Filipino indolence and a
of the reasons for such allegations.
5. FILIPINAS DENTRO DE CIEN

Philippines within a Century). An essa
the increasing influence of the
Philippines and the decreasing interes
here. Rizal predicted that if there i
colonizer of the Philippines in the futu
be the US.
6. A LA JUVENTUD FILIPINA (To

Youth). A poem Rizal dedicated to
youth studying at UST.

7. EL CONSEJO DE LES DIO
Council of the Gods). An allego
manifesting admiration for
Cervant
8. JUNTO AL PASIG (Beside the Pa
Written by Rizal when he was 14
age.
9. ME PIDEN VERSOS (You aske
Verses); 1882 and A LAS FL
HEIDELBERG (To the Flowers of
Two poems manifesting Rizal’s
depth of emotion.
10. NOTAS A LA OBRA SUCESO
FILIPINAS FOR EL DR. ANTONIO D
(Notes on Philippine Events by Dr
de Morga): 1889
11. P. JACINTO: MEMORIA
ESTUDIANTE DE MANILA (P. Jacint
of a Student of Manila) 1882
12. DIARIO DE VIAJE DE NORT

(Diary of a Voyage to North America
MARCELO H. DEL
PILAR
Marcelo H. del Pilar is popularly kn

pen name of Plaridel, Pupdoh, Pipin
Dolores Manapat. He was born at
Nicolas, Bulacan on August 30, 185
His parents were Julian H. del P
Filipino writer and Biasa Gatma
brother was the priest Fr. Toribio de
was banished to Marianas in 1872
there were many children in t
Marcelo gave up his share of his
for his other brothers and sisters.
Marcelo started schooling at the sc

Flores and then transferred to that
before UST. His last year in law
interrupted for 8 years after he h
with the parish priest during a bapt
Miguel, Manila in 1880.

He established the Diariong Tagalo
where he exposed the evils of th
government in the Philippines and
to avoid the false accusations hurri
by the priests. To avoid banishme
forced to travel to Spain in 1888.
He was assisted by Fr. Serrano

publishing a different Cathecism an
Book wherein they made fun of th
They also made the DASALAN AT
and KAIINGAT KAYO taken from
IGAT, a kind of snake fish caught in
•

Upon his arrival in Spain, he
Graciano Lopez Jaena as edit
SOLIDARIDAD, a paper which b
vehicle thru which reforms in the
could be worked out. This did no
for he got sick and even to reach
from where he could arouse his
He died of tuberculosis in Spain bu
died, he asked his companions to t
and children that he was sorry he
to bid them goodbye; to tell others
fate of our countrymen and to
helping the country.

Plaridel has truly earned a nich
history of our nation. Even today,
streets have been named after h
former Kingwa has been named Pl
Malolos High School is now Marc
Pilar High School and above
patriotism and bravery will remai
our memories.
Writings of Marcelo H. del Pilar
1. PAGIBIG SA TINUBUANG LUPA

Country). Translated from the
AMOR PATRIA of Rizal, published
20, 1882, in Diariong Tagalog.
•

2. KAIINGAT KAYO (Be Careful). A
and sarcastic dig in answer to
Rodriquez in the novel NOLI of Rizal
in Barcelona in 1888. He used Dolor
as pen-name here.
3. DASALAN AT TOCSOHAN (Pr
Jokes). Similar to a cathecism but
done agains the parish priests, pu
Barcelona in 1888. Because of thi
was called “filibuster.” Done in adm
of supplication and excellent use of
4. ANG CADAQUILAAN NG DI
Goodness). Published in Barcelona,
like a cathecism sarcastically aimed
parish priests but also contains a ph
the power and intelligence of Go
appreciation for and love for nature.

5. SAGOT SA ESPANYA SA
PILIPINAS (Answer to Spain on th
the Filipinos). A poem pleading f
from Spain but that Spain is alread
weak to grant any aid to the
This poem is in answer to
Hermenigildo Flores’ Hibik sa Pi
Plea from the Philippines).
6. DUPLUHAN…DALIT…MGA BU
poetical contest in narrative
psalms, riddles). A compilation of
the oppression by the priests
Philippines.

7. LA SOBERANIA EN PILIPINAS
in the Philippines). This shows the
of the friars to the Pilipinos.
8. POR TELEFONO (By Telephone)
9. PASIONG DAPAT IPAG-ALAB NG

TAONG BABASA (Passion that sho
the hearts of the readers)
GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA

(1856-1896)
A most notable hero and geni
Philippines, Graciano Lopez Jaena w
December 18, 1856 and died on
1896.

The pride of Jaro, Iloilo, he
admiration of the Spaniards and
He is a known writer and orat
Philippines. He wrote 100 speec
were published by Remigio Garci
bookstore owner in Manila Filatica
are still read up to no by modern Fi
Lopez Jaena left the Philippines in

the help of Don Claudio Lopez, a r
in order to escape punishment
enemies and arrived at Valencia, t
of the Republican movement
Spaniards. He gained the acquai
the high officials like Piy Margall,
Moret, Castelar, and Salmeron.

From Valencia, he moved to Barc
he established the first ma
SOLIDARIDAD. This later became
voice of the Association Hispano de
Filipino-Spanish Association) co
Filipinos and Spaniards who
reforms in the Philippines. Beca
Jaena successfully showed the Sp
the people of the world how a
can introduce changes in law a
towards a better life and progress.
Jaena, although he didn’t become

was also a teacher in a sense to his
relatives in the Philippines.

Like Antonio Maria Regidor, Tom
Rosario and Felipe Calderon, he sto
separation of church and state
education, better government and
freedom of worship and for an in
and free university.
He sided with Rizal in the

between Rizal and del Pilar overw
head the Association Hispano de
Madrid. He returned to the Phili
ask for donations to continue
government called El Latigo Na
Pambansang Latigo. He sold the ri
Solidaridad ot del Pilar who had
lawyer and had brought in money
sojourn in Spain.

Graciano Lopez Jaena died in
hospital in Barcelona on January
eleven months before his best frien
shot at the Luneta on December 30,
A. The Works of Graciano Lopez Ja
1. ANG FRAY BOTOD (Friar Boto

his works written in Jaro, Iloilo in
years after the Cavite Revolt att
friars in the Philippines. He ex
some of the friars were greedy, am
immoral.

2. LA HIJA DEL FRAILE (The Ch
Friar) and EVERYTING IS
(Everything is mere show). He
explains the tragedy of marrying a
3. SA MGA PILIPINO...1891…
which aimed to improve the condit
Filipinos to become free and
progre
4. TALUMPATING PAGUNI
KOLUMBUS (An Oration to Com
Columbus). A speech he delivered
on the 39th anniversary of the dis
America
5. EN HONOR DEL PRESIDENTE M
LA ASSOCIACION HISPANO FILIP
Here he praised Gen. Morayta for
treatment of the Filipinos.
6. EN HONOR DE LOS ARTISTA

RESURRECCION HIDALGO.
expression of praise for the
Hidalgo on the condition of the Fili
the Spaniards.
7. AMOR A ESPAÑA O A LAS JO

MALOLOS (Love for Spain or To th
Malolos). The theme is about how
taught Spanish in schools and who
were the governors-general of the
pl
8. EL BANDOLERISMO EN PILIPINA
in the Philippines). Jaena refuted th
of banditry in the Philippines and o
should be laws on robbery and
other
9. HONOR EN PILIPINAS (Hon

Philippines). The triumphant ex
Luna, Resurrecion and Pardo de Ta
thesis that intellect or knowledge
to the Philippines.
10. PAG-ALIS SA BUWIS SA

(Abolition of Taxes in the Philippine
11. INSTITUCION NG PILIPINAS

the Philippines). Jaena refers h
wrong management of educatio
Philippines 1887.
B. OTHER PROPAGANDISTS
ANTONIO LUNA
Antonio Luna was a pharmacist

banished by the Spaniards to Spain.
the Propaganda Movement and cont
writings to LA SOLIDARIDAD. M
works dealt with Filipino customs
were accusations about how the Sp
the government. His pen name wa
He died at the age of 33 in June 18
put to death by the soldiers of
because of his instant rise to f
became a threat to Aguinaldo.

Some of his works are:
1. NOCHE BUENA (Christmas

pictured true Filipino life.
2. SE DEVIERTEN (How They

Themselves). A dig at a danc
Spaniards where the people w
crowded.
3. LA TERTULIA FILIPINA (A
Conference or Feast). Depicts
custom which he believed was mu
than the Spanish.

4. POR MADRID (For Mad
denouncement of Spaniards who cla
Philippines is a colony of Spain but
of Filipinos as foreigners when it
collecting taxes for stamps.
5. LA CASA DE HUEPEDES (The

House). Depicts a landlady who
boarders not for money but in ord
husband for her child.
MARIANO PONCE
Mariano Ponce became an edit
biographer and researcher of the
Movement. He used Tikbalang, Kali
Naning as pennames. The common
his works were the values of educ
also wrote about how the Filip
oppressed by the foreigners an
problems of his countrymen.
writings were:
1. MGA ALAMAT NG BULACAN
Bulacan). Contains legends, and
his native town.
2. PAGPUGOT KAY LONGINOS (The

of Longinos). A play shown at th
Malolos, Bulacan.
3. SOBRE FILIPINOS (About the Fil
4. ANG MGA PILIPINO SA INDO-T

Filipinos in Indo-China)
PEDRO PATERNO
Pedro Paterno was a scholar,
researcher and novelist of the
Movement.
He also joined the Confraternity
and the Asociacion Hispano-Pilipin
to further the aims of the Move
was the first Filipino writer wh
censorship of the press during the
the Spanish colonization.
The following were a few of his wrti
1. NINAY. The first social novel i

by a Filipino.
2. A MI MADRE (To My Mother).
importance of a mother especial
home.
3. SAMPAGUITA Y POESIAS
(Sampaguitas and Varied Poe
collection of his poems.
JOSE MA.
PANGANIBAN
Jose Ma. Panganiban hid his identit

penname JORMAPA. He was also
having photographic mind. He wa
of a number of movements for t
Some of his writings were:
1. ANG LUPANG TINUBUAN (My Nati

2. ANG AKING BUHAY (My Life)
3. SU PLANO DE ESTUDIO (Your Stu
4. EL PENSAMIENTO (The Thinking
C. Period of Active Revolution (189
The Filipinos did not get th
demanded by the propagandis
government turned deaf ears
petitions; oppression continued and
and the government became
oppressive to the Filipinos.
intentions of Spain were reversed b
who were lording it over in the Phili
Because of this, not a few of th

affiliated with the La Liga Filipi
organization suspected of being
and which triggered Rizal’s bani
Dapitan). Like Andres Bonifac
Jacinto, Apolinario Mabini, Jose
Pio Valenzuela decided that there w
way except to revolt.

The gist of literature containe
accusations against the governmen
meant to arouse the people to uni
prepare for independence.
D. Highlights of the Active Revolut
The noted leaders of this period we

Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto and
Mabini. These are their contributi
country.

ANDRES BONIFACIO
Andres Bonifacio is best known as t

Filipino Democracy, but more tha
the Father of the Katipunan becau
establishing the Kataas-taasan
galanga Katipunan ng mga Anak
(KKK).
Andres Bonifacio came from a poo

it is said that what he learned he
school of experience.
He was a voracious reader and amo

loved to read which aroused his
spirit were the NOLI and the FILI of

He joined the La Liga Filipina fo
Rizal in 1892. He established the
which triggered the spirit of
especially when Rizal was ban
Dapitan, Mindanao.
Bonifacio is better known as

Revolutionary rather than a writ
also wrote things which paved th
the revolution and which also beca
our literature. Among his works we

1. ANG DAPAT MABATID NG MGA
(What the Tagalogs Should Know)
2. KATUNGKULANG GAGAWIN NG M
BAYAN (Obligations of Our Country
is an outline of obligations just l
commandments of God.
3. PAG-IBIG SA TINUBUAN LUPA (Lo

Native Land). A poem with a title
that of Marcelo H. del Pilar.
4. HULING PAALAM (Last Far

translation of Mi Ultimo Adios
o Tagalog.

APOLINARIO MABINI
Apolinario Mabini is known in liter

history as the Sublime Paralytic
Brains of the Revolution.
EMILIO JACINTO
Emilio Jacinto was the intelligent

of Andres Bonifacio in the establi
the Katipuna. He is called the Bra
Katipunan. He edited Kalayaan
Katipunan newspaper. Bonifacio
his writing of the Kartilya in def
Jacinto’s work as secretary of the
His Kartilya was the one followe
members of the organization. Her
of his writings:
1. KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN (A
on the Katipunan)
2. LIWANAG AT DILIM (Light and

collection of essays on different
freedom, work, faith, governmen
country.
3. A MI MADRE (To My Mother).

ode to his mother.
4. A LA PATRIA (To My Cou

masterpiece.
He was born in Talaga, Tanauan,
July 22, 1864. Because he was bor
family he had to work in order to
became known to his professors and
at Letran and the UST because o
memory and the simple clothes he u
throughout his schooling.
He became the right-hand of Emili

when the latter founded his Republic
His contributions to literature were
government society, philosophy a
Here are some of his works:
1. EL VERDADERO DECALOGO
Decalogue or Ten Commandments).
masterpiece and his aim here was t
the spirit of nationalism.
2. EL DESAROLLO Y CAIDA
REPUBLICA (The Rise and Fal
Philippine Republic)
3. SA BAYANG PILIPINO (To th
Nation)
4. PAHAYAG (News)
OTHER REVOLUTIONISTS
JOSE PALMA
Jose Palma became popular becau

Himno Nacional Filipino (The
National Anthem) which was set to
Julian Felipe.

He was born in Tondo, Manila on Ju
His brother Rafael Palma became th
of the UP.
He joined the revolution against the
together with Gregorio del Pilar, th
Filipino general who died during the
Aside from the National Anthem, h

other works:
1. MELANCOLIAS (Melancholies). A
of his poems.
2. DE MI JARDIN (In My Garden)

expressing one’s longings for his swe

NEWSPAPERS DURING THE REVOLU
In the effort of the Revolutionists t
the world their longings for their cou
newspapers were put up d
Revolutionary period. They were:
1. HERALDO DE LA REVOLUCION.
decrees of the Revolutiary Govern
and works in Tagalog that aroused
2. LA INDEPENDENCIA (Independen
by Antonio Luna and whose ai
Philippine Independence.
3. LA REPUBLICA PILIPINA (The
Republic). Established by Pedro
1898.
4. LA LIBERTAD (Liberty). Edited b
Zulueta.
Exercises
1. How does the filipino spirit reawa

300 years of passivity under
spanis
2-3 Give 2 objectives of Pr

Movement to seek reforms and cha
4. This is a sequel for the NOLI ME T
5. Marcelo H. Del Pilar establis

in 1882, where he expre
evils of the spanish governmen
Philippines
6. This became the official voice

Associacion Hispano de Filipinas
7. He is the Father of Filipino Demo
the Father of the Katipunan
8. He is the Brains of the Katipunan
9. The Sublime Paralytic and the Bra

Revolution
10. Hebecamepopularbecauseofh
NacionalFilipino(ThePhilippine
Anthem)
Chapter 5
The American Reg
(1898-1941)
The Filipino Revolutionists won

Spaniards who colonized us for mor
years. Our flag was hoisted on Jun
as a symbol of our independence.
Aguinaldo was elected the first Presi
Philippine Republic but this was sho
The Fil.-American was resulted in t

Gen. Miguel Malvar in 1903.
The peace movements started as ear
Many Filipinos started writing aga
nationalism of the people remained

Filipino writers went into all
literature like news, reporting
stories, plays, essays, and novel
writings clearly depicted their
country and their longings for inde
The active arousal in the field of

started to be felt in the
newspapers.
1. EL NUEVO DIA (The N

Established by Sergio Osmeña in 1
American censors twice banned
threatened Osmeña with
banishmen of his nationalistic
writings.
2. EL GRITO DEL PUEBLO (The
Nation). Established by Pascual
1900.
3. EL RENACIMIENTO (The Rebirth
by Rafael Palma in 1901.
There were also plays written then b

first and second presentations, the
put a stop to this because of the
theme of nationalism. Included her
following:
1. KAHAPON, NGAYON AT BUKAS

Today and Tomorrow).

Written by Aurelio Tolentino depi
suppression done by the Americans
plan to colonize the Philippines.
2. TANIKALANG GINTO of Juan Ab

3. MALAYA by Tomas Remigio.
4. WALANG SUGAT by Severino Re
A. Characteristics of Literature
dur Period
Three groups of writers contributed

Philippine Literature during this pe

During the first year of the American
languages used in writing were
Tagalog and the dialects of the differ
but Spanish and Tagalog predominate
In 1910, a new group started to write

Hence, Spanish, Tagalog, the Vern
finally, English, were the medium
literature during these times. Whil
groups were one in their ideas and
differed in their methods of repor
writers in Spanish were wont to
nationalism like honoring Rizal
heroes.

The writers in Tagalog continued
lamentations on the conditions
country and their attempts to arou
one’s native tongue. The writers
imitated the themes and metho
Americans.
A. Literature in Spanish
The inspiration of our Filipino
Spanish was Rizal not only becau
being a national leader but also
his novels NOLI and FILI. These t
contained the best qualities of a
written, in English or in Filipino.
were inspired to write in praise of
Cecilio Apostol, Fernando Ma.
Jesus Balmori, Manuel Bernabe an
Recto.

CECILIO APOSTOL
Cecilio Apostol wrote poems dedicat

Jacinto, Mabini and all other heroes b
dedicated to Rizal is considered the b
praise of the hero of Bagumbayan.
FERNANDO MA. GUERRERO
It is believed that Fernando Ma. Guer

with Apostol the reign in the ba
Spanish during their time.

He also dedicated a poem to Ri
collected the best of his poems in a
CRISALIDAS, meaning, a kind of
caterpillar. Here are a few stanzas o
Rizal which he wrote on June 1
commemorate Rizal’s birthday.
JESUS BALMORI
Jesus Balmori is well-known for hi
of Batikuling. He and Manu
participated in a debate on th
(Remembrance and Forgetfulness)
elected Poet Laureate in Spani
Manuel Bernabe.
MANUEL BERNABE
Manuel Bernabe is a lyric poe
fierceness of his nationalistic
unchanged in any topic he wrote abo

In his debate with Balmori, he
attractive to the public becaus
modious words he used. He
OLVIDO (Forgetfulness).
CLARO M. RECTO
In nobility of speech and theme,
Recto can compare with the other
Spanish. He collected his poems
entitled BAJO LOS COCOTEROS (U
Coconut Trees).
Other Writers in Spanish

1. Adelina Guerrea was the first wo
in the Philippines who was good in
She obtained the Zobel prize in he
Nido. (The Nest).

2. Isidro Marpori became famous
books entitled Aromas de Ensueñ
Dreams).
3. Macario Adriatico wrote of a
Mindoro entitle La Punta de Salto
of Origin).
4. Epifanio de los Santos (kno
PAnyong). He was a good leader and
during the whole period of Spanish
5. Pedro Aunario wrote the
D Proteccionismo.
B. Filipino Literature
FLORANTE AT LAURA of Francisc

and URBANA AT FELISA of Modest
became the inspiration of the Taga
Julian Cruz Balmaceda classified
of Tagalog poets: They were:
1. Poet of the Heart (Makata ng P
included Lope K. Santos, Iñigo Ed
Carlos Gatmaitan, Pedro Deogracias
Ildefonso Santos, Amado V. Hernand
Carabana, and Mar Antonio.
2. Poets of Life (Makata ng Buhay).

K Santos, Jose Corazon de Jesus,
Collantes, Patricio Mariano, Carlos
and Amado V. Hernandez.
3. Poets of the Stage (Makata ng

Led by Aurelio Tolentino, Patrici
Severino Reyes, and Tomas Remigio.

In the realm of short stories that
appear in the column Pangs
Libangan (Short-time Leisure) a
(Fast) we find here the names o
Santos, Patricio Mariano, and
Almario. In the Liwayway Publica
find Deogracias Rosario, Teodoro
Cirio H. Panganiban.
Noted novelists or biographe

Valeriano Hernandez Peña, Lope
Iñigo Ed. Regalado, Faustino Aguila
Herearetheautobiographiesofso writers mention

LOPE K. SANTOS
Lope K. Santos, a novelist, poet
and grammarian covered three
Tagalog literature – American, Japan
contemporary period. If Manuel L.
called the Father of the Nationa
Lope K. Santos is called the Fat
National Language Grammar. H
called the “Apo” of the Tagal
BANAAG AT SIKAT was his masterpi
JOSE CORAZON DE
JESU
Jose Corazon de Jesus is very popu
as Huseng Batute. He was also call
of Love in his time. ANG ISAN
KAHOY (A TREE), an elegy, is believ
masterpiece.
AMADO V. HERNANDEZ
Amado V. Hernandez was dubbed

mga Manggagawa (Poet of the La
our literature because he pictur
poem the intense love for the poor
laborer. To him, a poem is
bittersweet memories, and a m
flowing water. The pen is pow
according to him, even a king can
the pen.

He contributed a lot of writings t
like ISANG DIPANG LANGIT (A
Heaven), BAYANG MALAYA (A Fr
ANG PANDAY (The Blakcsmith), an
LUPA (A Small Plot), but his masterp
PANDAY.
VALERIANO HERNANDEZ PE
Together with Lope K. Santos he

summit of his novel-writing. He wa
Tandang Anong and his pen name
Butil (Small Grain). He considers
NENENG his masterpiece.

IÑIGO ED. REGALADO
Iñigo Ed. Regalado was a son of
writer during the Spanish time
Odalger. He proved that he not onl
the footsteps of his father but als
the peak of his success by the
(whim) of his pen. He also became
story-teller, novelist and newspaper
The Tagalog Drama

During the advent of the America
Severino Reyes and Hermogen
started the movement against t
moro ( a play on the Spanish
against the Muslims) and struggle
the people the values one can get
zarzuela and the simple plays.

The people one should not forget in
writing are the following:
1. Severino Reyes. Father of t

drama and author of the immort
SUGAT.
2. Aurelio Tolentino. The dramati

the Kapampangans take pride. Incl
writings were LUHANG TAGA
masterpiece, and KAHAPON, NG
BUKAS that resulted in his incarcera
3. Hermogenes Ilagan. Founded

Campaña Ilagan that presented man
Central Luzon.

4. Patricio Mariano. Wrote the n
and ANAK NG DAGAT (Son of the
masterpiece.
5. Julian Cruz Balmaceda. Wrote
NG PATING (Shark’s Mouth). This
much honor and fame.
The Tagalog Short Story

Two collections of Tagalog sto
published during the American Per
was the MGA KUWENTONG GINT
Stories) published in 1936 and %)
GINTO ng 50 BATIKANG KUWEN
Golden Stories by 50 Noted Story
1939. The first was written by
Abadilla and Clodualdo del Mu
contained the 25 best stories ac
them.
The second was written by Pedri
PAROLANG GINTO (Golden Lant
TALAANG BUGHAW (Blue List) o
became popular during this period.
Tagalog Poetry
Almost all Tagalog writers du

American Period were able to
beautiful poems which made it
select the best. Even if poetry wr
old as history, poetry still surface
sweetness, beauty, and melody.

Other Forms of Literature
The following are those recognized

of Ilocano Literature:
1. Pedro Bukaneg. Father

Literature. From his name was
word Bukanegan, which means Ba
poetic contest) in Ilocano.
2. Claro Caluya. Prince of Iloc

Known as poet and novelist.
3. Leon Pichay. Known as

Bukanegero (from Bukaneg). Al
novelist, short story writer, dra
essayist.

Literature of the Kapampang
(Pampango Literature)
Two stalwarts in the literatur

Kapampangans stand out: they are:
1. Juan Crisostomo Soto.

Kapampangan Literature). T
CRISOTAN (meaning Balagtasan) i
is taken from his name.
2. Aurelio Tolentino. He truly

being a Kaampangan in his tran
KAHAPON, NGAYON AT BUK
Kapampangan which he called
NGENI AT BUKAS.

Visayan Literature
The following are the top men

literature:
1. Eriberto Gumban. (Father

Literature). He wrote a zarzuela,
and a play in Visayan.
2. Magdalena Jalandoni. She

talent to the novel. She wrote
TUNUK SAN ISA CA BULACLAC.

C. Philippine Literature in English
In a way, we can say that we can

beginnings of Philippine literature
with the coming of the Americans.
purpose, we can divide this period
time frames, namely:
1. The Period of Re-orientation: 18

2. The Period of Imitation: 1910-19
3. The Period of Self-Discovery: 19

(1) The Period of Re-orientation (18
English as a literary vehicle cam

American occupation in August 13,
they say, a choice bestowed on us
By 1900, English came to be used a
of instruction in the public schools
American forces were recruited
teachers of English.
By 1908, the primary and interme

were using English. It was also abo
when UP, the forerunner in the us
in higher education, was founded.

Writers of this period were still ad
the newfound freedom after the
effect of repression of thought a
under the Spanish regime. T
adjusting the idea of democracy, t
phraseology of the English langua
the standards of the English lite
Writers had to learn direct expr
conditioned by direct thinking. Th
learn that sentence construction
and speech in English were not th
in the vernacular. They had t
sentimentality and floridity of lan
the more direct and precise
language.

Not much was produced during this
what literature was produced was n
literary worth. The first attempts
were in two periodicals of this time:
(a) El Renacimiento: founded in
Rafael Palma in 1901.
(b) Philippines Free Press: est
Manila in 1905 by R. McCullough
Theo Rogers.
POETRY
In 1907, Justo Juliano’s SURSU
which appeared in the Renacimien
first work to be published in English

In 1909, Jan F. Salazar’s MY MO
his AIR CASTLES were also publish
paper.
It was also in 1909 when Proceso

followed with his poem TO MY
LAOAG, also in this same paper.
(2) The Period of Imitation (1910-1
By 1919, the UP College Folio pub

literary compositions of the firs
writers in English. They were the
in short story writing.

They were then groping their
imitating American and British mo
resulted in a stilted, artificial and
style, lacking vitality and spontan
models included Longfellow and
Emerson and Thoreau, Words
Tennyson, Thackeray and
Longfellow, Allan Poe, Irving
American writers of the Romantic S
Writers of this folio included

Maramag (the best editorial writ
period) Juan F. Salazar, Jose M.
Vicente del Fierro,

and Francisco M. Africa and
Yamzon. They pioneered in
English
ESSAYS
The noted essayists of this time we

P. Romulo, Jorge C. Bocobo, Maur
and Vicente Hilario.
Their essays were truly

characterized by sobriety, subst
structure. They excelled in th
essay, especially the editorial type.
The next group of writers intro
informal essay, criticism and the
column. They spiced their work w
wit and satire. These group includ
Manlapaz, Godefredo Rivera,
Mangahas, Francisco B. Icasiano,
Lopez, Jose Lansang and Amando G.
SHORT STORIES
In the field of short stories, DEAD

Paz Marquez Benitez written in the e
stand out as a model of perfection in
delineation, local color, plot and
Other shortstories published during
were but poor imitations of the
models.

The UP College Folio was later re
the Philippine Collegian. Newsp
periodicals also saw print during
like the Bulletin, the Philippine
(1920), the Philippine Revi
Independent, Rising Philippin
Citizens, and the Philippine
Magazine 1924.
D. Period of Self-Discovery an
(1925-1941)
By this time, Filipino writers had

the mastery of English writing.
confidently and competently wrot
of subjects although the old-time
love and youth persisted. They we
forms of writing like the novel
drama.
1. POETRY
Noteworthy names in this field inclu
de Gracia Concepcion, Jose Garcia V
Manalang Gloria, Abelardo Subido
Tarrosa Subido and Rafael Zulueta
They turned our not only love
patriotic, religious, descriptive and
poems as well. They wrote in fre
odes and sonnets and in other typ
was original, spontaneous,
competen and later, incorporated
social consci
2. THE SHORT STORY (1925-1941)

Probably because of the incentives
publications like the Philippine Free
Graphic, The Philippine Magazine
publications like the UP Literary
poetry and the short story flouris
these times.
Other writers during this tim
Osmundo Sta. Romana, Arturo
Latorena’s Sunset, and Jose Garcia
in-isa. From 1930 to 1940, the Go
Filipino writing in English saw the
writers “who have arrived,”
Lansang’s The Broken Parasol,
Hamada’s Talanata’s Wife, Fausto
Wanderlust, Amando G. Dayrit’s
Hi Yesterday, Amador T.
Daugio’s T Who Looked Out of the
Window.
Characteristics of the short stor
these times:
There were still remnants of Spanis
in the use of expressions that w
sentimental, exaggerated and bomb
influence of the Western culture
already evident.
3. ESSAYS AND OTHER PROSE
(1925-1941)
Essays during this period improved
years in quality and quantity, in
subject and style. Essayists like
Romulo became even more eminen
writers.
The notable writers of essays
d period were:
a. Political, social reflective essays
their newspaper columns the
became very popular: Federico
Salvador P. Lopez, Pura S. Castrenc
Albano Pacis, Ariston Estrada an
Lansang.
b. Critical essays were espoused b
P. Lopez, I.V. Mallari, Ignacio Manl
Garcia Villa, Arturo B. Rotor, and
Yabes. An example of this is
Soliven’s THEY CALLED IT BROTHE
c. Personal or Familiar essays we

by F.B. Icasiano (Mang Kiko),
Litiatco, Solomon V. Arnaldo,
Dayrit and Consuelo Gar (Catuca).

Some of the notable works during
were:
1940:Salvador P. Lopez’ LITERA

SOCIETY which is a collection
reflections and serious essays and
first prize in the Commonwealt
Contest of 1940.
1940:Camilo Osias published THE

WAY OF LIFE, a series of essays on
way of life as drawn from history
philosophy and psychology of the Ph

1941: F.B. Icasiano (Mang K
reprints of the best of Icasiano’s
the Sunday Times Magazine
column From My Nipa Hut. It is a
the common “tao” and is written w
and sympathy.
August 16, 1941: Carlos P. Rom
editorial printed in the Philippine
Entitled I AM A FILIPINO, it was re
his book MY BORTHER AMERICAN
in New York by Doubleday & Co.
OTHER ESSAYISTS INCLUDE:
Ignacio Manlapaz, Vicente Albano
Mallari, Jose M. Fernandez, Le
Yabes, Isidro L. Ritizos, Pura Santil

The Philippine Writer’s League
collection of essays called Literatur
Commonwealth.
Amando G. Dayrit with his col
Morning Judge led others like
Guerrero, Salvador P. Lopez, Vice
Pacis, Jose A. Lansang and Federico
4. BIOGRAPHY 1925-1941
In 1935, I.P. Caballero and Marcelo
Concepcion wrote about QUEZON.
In 1938, THE GREAT MALAYAN won
the national contest sponsored
Commonwealth of the Philippines.
written by Carlos Quirino, the m
biographer of the period. He
Quezon, the Man of Destiny.
In 1940, I.V. Mallari’s The Birth of
revealed the sensitive touch of a wr
simple language was able to reveal
h thoughts and feelings.
5. HISTORY
Not much about history has been
Filipino writers. In 1937, with
literary history, we can cite
Castillo’s The Brief History of the
Islands.
6. PUBLICATIONS
The Philippine Free Press provide
incentives to Filipino writers in
offering prizes to worthwhile
Other publications followed suit.

7. THE DRAMA (1925-1941)
Drama during this period did not

heights attained by the novel or
story. The UP provided the incent
they introduced playwriting as a
established the UP Little Theater.
Exercises
1 The Philippine flag was hoisted on

as a symbol of our independence.
2. The peace movement started as

.
3. Written by Aurelio Tolentino depict

suppression done by the America
their plan to colonize in the Philippi
4. Why Rizal became the inspiration

Filipino writers.
5. A book of Fernando Ma. Guerrero

means kind of black, wooly caterpill

6. The first woman poet in the
who was good in Spanish
7. The Father of the National

Grammar.
8. According to
sent by the pen. even a ki
9. A son of a popular writer

d Spanish time known as
Odalager
10. The Father of Kapampangan Liter

11. His name derived from the word
12. In what year did English become

of instructions in the public scho
13. The first to break away

conventional forms and th
Philippine poetry placed the Phili
the Literary map with the publ
his books in the U.S.
14-15 Their essays were truly

characterized by sobriety, subst
structure

Chapter 6
The Japanese Period
(1
1945)
Between 1941-1945, Philippine Lite

interrupted in its development
Philippines was again conquered
foreign country, Japan. Philippine
English came to a halt. Exce
TRIBUNE and the PHILIPPINE REVI
all newspapers in English were stop
Japanese.
This had an advantageous effect

Literature, which experienced
attention because writers in Englis
writing in Filipino. Juan Laya, who
in English turned to Filipino beca
strict prohibitions of the Japanes
any writing in English.

The weekly LIWAYWAY was plac
strict surveillance until it was m
Japanese named Ishiwara.
In other words, Filipino literature

a break during this period. Many wr
poems, short stories, etc. Topics a
were often about life in the provinc
A. FILIPINO POETRY DURING THIS
The common theme of most poe

the Japanese occupation was na
country, love, and life in the barr
religion and the arts.

Three types of poems emerged
period. They were:
1. Haiku – a poem of free vers

Japanese like. It was made up of
divided into three lines. The first
syllables, the second, 7 syllables, an
five. The Haiku is allegorical in
short and covers a wide scope in me
2. Tanaga – like the Haiku, is shor

measure and rhyme. Each line had
and it’s also allegorical in meaning.
3. Karaniwang Anyo (Usual Form) –

mentioned earlier in the beginning
this book.
B. FILIPINO DRAMA DURING THE
PERIOD
The drama experienced a lull

Japanese period because movie hou
American films were closed. The
houses were just made to show s
Many of the plays were reprod
English plays to Tagalog. The tran
Francisco Soc Rodrigo, Alberto
Narciso Pimentel. They also
organization of Filipino playe
Dramatic Philippines. A few of
were:
1. Jose Ma. Hernandez – wrote PAN
2. Francisco Soc Rodrigo –

wrote PUTI

3. Clodualdo del Mundo – wrote B
expression in the game Hide and Se
4. Julian Cruz Balmaceda – wrote

KAYO?, DAHIL SA ANAK, and HIG
PATAY.
C. THE FILIPINO SHORT STORY

THE JAPANESE PERIOD
The field of the short story widen

the Japanese Occupation. Many w
stories. Among them were:
Batungbakal, Macario Pineda,
Guinigindo, Liwayway Arceo, Narci
NVM Gonzales, Alicia Lopez Li
Perez, and Gloria Guzman.

The best writings in 1945 were sel
group of judges composed of
Icasiano, Jose Esperanza Cruz,
Rosales, Clodualdo del Mundo an
Santos. As a result of this sele
following got the first three prizes:
First Prize: Narciso Reyes

LUPANG TINUBUAN
Second Prize: Liwayway Arceo’s U

TIGANG NA LUPA
Third Prize: NVM Gonzales’

NAYON AT DAGAT-DAGATAN

D. PHILIPPINE LITERATURE IN
(1941-1945)
Because of the strict prohibitions

the Japanese in the writing and
works in English, Philippine lit
English experienced a dark period
who dared to write did so for their
butter or for propaganda.
Writings that came out during this

journalistic in nature. Writers felt
but slowly, the spirit of nationalism
seep into their consciousness.
continued to write, the majority w
better climate to publish their
works
Noteworthy writer of the period wa
Romulo who won the Pulitzer Pr
bestsellers I SAW THE FALL
PHILIPPINES, I SEE THE PHILIPPINE
his MOTHER AMERICA AND MY
AMERICANS.
Journalists include Salvador P. Lope
Geurrero, Raul Manglapuz and Carlos
Nick Joaquin produced THE
WO LOOKED LIKE
LAZARUS. Fred R
wrote a few poems.
F.B. Icasino wrote essays in
The Review.
Carlos Bulosan’s works includ
LAUGHTER OF MY FATHER (19
VOICE OF BATAAN, 1943, SIX
POETS, 1942, among others.
Litiatco published With Harp and
in 1943, Jose P. Laurel published F
Make a Nation Great.
The Commonwealth Literary Aw

prizes to meritorious writers. T
won were:
1. LIKE THE MOLAVE – by Rafa

da Costa (Poetry)
2. HOW MY BROTHER LEON

HOME A WIFE – by Manuel E. Argu
Story)
3. LITERATURE AND SOCIETY – by
Lopez (Essay)
4. HIS NATIVE SOIL – by Juan Laya
President Manuel L. Quezon’s

THE GOOD FIGHT was published pos
Radio broadcasts echoed the mingl
doubts in the hearts of the people.
Other writers of this period were
(19440, Tomas Confesor (1945), Ro
Cruz and Elisa Tabuñar.

Exercises
1-2. Almost all newspapers in Eng

topped by the Japanese except for
3. It is made up of 17 syllables di
3 lines. The first line had 5 syll
second, 7 syllables and the third ,
4. Like Haiku, is short but it had me

rhyme
5. He won the Pulitzer Prize for his

I SAW THE FALL OF THE PHILI
SEE THE PHILIPPINE RISE
MOTHER AMERICA and MY
AMERICANS.

6. The title of President Manuel L.
autobiography
7-10. Common themes of most poem

the Spanish Occupation.
Chapter 7
The Rebirth of Freedom
1970)
The Americans returned in 1945

rejoiced and guerillas who fled to th
joined the liberating American Arm
On July 4, 1946, the Philippines
freedom and the Filipino flag wav
alone. The chains were broken.
A. THE STATE OF LITERATURE D

PERIOD
The early post-liberation period was

a kind of “struggle of mind and spir
the sudden emancipation from the
the wild desire to see print.

Filipinos had, by this time,
express themselves more confid
post-war problems beyond lang
print-like economic stability, the
new ideas and mortality – had to b
with side by side.
There was a proliferation of newsp

the FREE PRESS, MORNING SUN,
Osmeña Sr., DAILY MIRROR of
Roces, EVENING NEWS of Ramon
and the BULLETIN of Menzi.
proved that there were more
English than in any ocher vernac
Tagalog, Ilocano or Hiligaynon.

Journalists had their day. They
more militant attitude in their rep
bordered on the libelous. Gr
normality was restored, the tones an
the writings turned to the le
problems of economic survival.
Some Filipino writers who had gone

had written during the interims ca
publish their works.
Not all the books published during

reflected the war year; some were
or second editions of what have
before.

Some of the writers and their w
periods are:
THE VOICE OF THE VETERAN – a

the best works of some Ex-USAFF
Amante Bigornia, Roman de la Cruz
Jesus and J.F. Rodriguez.
TWILIGHT IN TOKYO and PASSION

OF THE USAFFE by Leon Ma. Guerrer
FOR FREEDOM AND DEMOCRACY – by
BETRAYAL IN THE PHILIPPINES – b

Abaya

SEVEN HILLS AWAY – by NVM Gonz
POETRY IN ENGLISH DURING THIS
For the first twenty years, many b

published…both in Filipino and i
Among the writers during this ti
Fred Ruiz Castro, Dominador I. Ilio
Rigor.
Some notable works of the period
following:
1. HEART OF THE ISLANDS (1

collection of poems by Manuel Vira

2. PHILIPPINES CROSS SECTION
collection of prose and poetry
Ramos and Florentino Valeros
3. PROSE AND POEMS (1952) –
Joaquin
4. PHILIPPINE WRITING (1953)
Agcaoili
5. PHILIPPINE HAVEST – by Amado
6. HORIZONS LEAST (1967) – a
works by the professors of UE,
English (short stories, essays, resea
poem and drama) by Artemio
Silverio Baltazar

The themes of most poems dealt
usual love of nature, and of s
political problems. Toribia Maño
showed deep emotional intensity.
7. WHO SPOKE OF COURAGE IN H

– by NVM Gonzales
8. SPEAK NOT, SPEAK ALSO – by

Pedroche
9. Other poets were Toribia Maño

L. Tiempo
Jose Garcia Villa’s HAVE COME,

won acclaim both here and abroad.

NOVELS AND SHORT STORIES IN EN
Longer and longer pieces were bein

writers of the period. Stevan
WITHOUT SEEING THE DAWN tells
experiences of war during the
Occupation.
In 1946, the Barangay Writer’s Pr

aim was to publish works in
Filipinos was established.
In 1958, the PEN Center of the

(Poets, essayists, novelists) was
inau the same year,
Francisco Arcellan his PEN
ANTHOLOGY OF SHORT ST
In 1961, KerimaPolotan’s novel T
OF THE ENEMY won the Stonehill
the Filipino novel in English.
In 1968, Luis V. Teodoro Jr.’s sh

THE ADVERSARY won the Philipp
Press short story award; in 1969,
THE TRAIL OF PROFESSOR RI
second prize in the Palanca Memor
for Literature and in 1970, his s
THE DISTANT CITY won the GRAP
story award.
THE NEW FILIPINO LITERATURE DU
PERIOD
Philippines literature in Tagalog
during this period. Most themes in
dealt with Japanese brutalities, of
of life under the Japanese governm
brave guerilla exploits.
Newspapers and magazine publicati
opened like the Bulaklak, Liway
Ilang and Sinag Tala. Tagalog poe
not only rhyme but substance an
Short stories had better characters
based on facts and realities and
more meaningful. Novels became
were still read by the people for
recr
The people’s love for listening
jousts increased more than before a
started to flock to places to he
debates.
Many books were published during

among which were:
1. Mga Piling Katha (1947-48) by

Abadilla
2. Ang Maikling Kuwentong Tagal

1948) by Teodoro Agoncillo

3. Ako’y Isang Tinig (1952)
collectio and stories by Genoveva
Edroza Mat
4. Mga Piling Sanaysay (1952)

b Abadilla
5. Maikling Katha ng
Pangunahing Autor (1962) by A.G.
Ponciano E.P. Pineda
6. Parnasong Tagalog (1964) co

selected poems by Huseng Sisiw an
collected by A.G. Abadilla
7. Sining at Pamamaraan ng Pa
Panitikan (1965) by Rufino Alejandr
He prepared this book for teaching
and appreciation of poems, dram
stories and novels
8. Manlilikha, Mga Piling Tula
by Rogelio G. Mangahas
9. Mga Piling Akda ng Kadipan
Aklat ng Diwa at Panitik) 1965
Abueg
10. Makata (1967) first cooperativ
publish the poems of 16 poets in Pi
11. Pitong Dula (1968) by Dionisio
12. Manunulat: Mga Piling Akdan
(1970) by Efren Abueg. In this bo
proved that it is possible to have
integration of ethnic culture in our

13. Mga Aklat ni Rizal: Many books
came out during this period. The l
the additional study of the life of Riz
lot in activating our writers to
about Rizal.
PALANCA AWARDS
Another inspiration for writers in
the launching of the Palanca Memo
for literature headed by Carlos Pal
1950. (Until now, the awards are
given although the man who foun
passed away). The awards were give
of short stories, plays and poetry.
The first awardees in its first year,

the field of the short story were the

First Prize: KUWENTO NI MA
Genoveva Edroza
Second Prize: MABANGIS

KAMAY…MAAMONG KAMAY by
Dandan
Third Prize: PLANETA, BUWAN

BITUIN by Elpidio P. Kapulong
Exercises
1. In what year did the Philippines

its freedom and the Filipino wave
alone.
2. This tells of the grim experienc

during the Japanese Occupatio
written by Stevan Javellana
3. P.E.N. stands for?
4. It was written by Jose Garcia Villa
5. The author of “Kwento ni Mabuti”
6-10. Why is it called the rebirth of

Chapter 8
Period of Activism (1970
According to Pociano Pineda, youth

1970-72 was due to domestic and
causes. Activism is connected with
of our Filipino youth.
Because of the ills of society, the yo

to seek reforms. Some continued
that the democratic government is
that it is only the people ru
government who are at fault. Som
that socialism or communism sho
democracy. Some armed groups wer
bring down the democratic form of

Many young people became activi
for changes in the government.
expressionof this desire for cha
were the writings of some youth
fired with nationalism in order to
the importance of their petitions.
Many young activists were impr

military camps together with rebe
As early as this period of history w
that many of those writers w
imprisoned were true nationalists a
of their time.
Many books aptly record and em
times but many of these are not
many and many of these writers stil
interviewed. We just leave to sc
researchers the giving of credit whe
due.
A. THE SEED OF ACTIVISM
The seeds of activism resulte
declaration of Martial Law in 1972
however, say that he seeds were
from the times of Lapu-lapu, Laka
Rizal. The revolution against th
forces in the Philippines can be sai
monopoly of the youth in whose vei
fire in their blood. What Rizal
youth being the hope of the Fath
still valid even today.
B. PERIOD OF THE BLOODY PLACA
Pineda also said that this was the

the youth once more proved that
the constant evasion that shapes
and nationalism.
There is a limit to one’s patience

explode like a volcano if overstraine
Life? What avails like if one is a co

does not take a stand for himself a
succeeding generations?

C. THE LITERARY REVOLUTION
The youth became completely rebel
this period. This was proven not
bloody demonstrations and in th
expressions but also in literature
newspapers showed rebellious emo
once aristocratic writers develope
for society. They held pens an
placards in red paint the equivalent
MAKIBAKA (To dare!).
They attacked the ills of society a
Any establishment became the sy
ills that had to be changed. The fru
youth could be felt in churches
Even the priests, teachers and
authorities who should be respec
targets of the radical youth and wer
as hindrances to the changes they
The literature of the activists
point where they stated boldly wh
be done to effect these changes.
Some of those who rallied

revolutionary form of literatu
Rolando Tinio, Rogelio Mangah
Abueg, Rio Alma, and Clemente Bau
WRITING DURING THE PER

ACTIVISM
The irreverence for the poor reache

during this period of the mass revo
was also during this period that Bo
that discredit our ways as Filipin
to come out.

PALANCA AWARDEES FOR LITE
ENGLISH
(Established in 1950, the Palanc
Awards for Literature had been
prizes for short story, poetry and
writing as an incentive to Filipino
prizes come from La Tondena, In
founded by the late Carlos Palanca
list of winners from 1950-51 to
recommended Alberto S. Florentin
Years of Palanca Awards.”)
ENGLISH SHORT STORY
1970-71
First Prize – “THE RITUAL” – Cirilo
Second Prize – “BEAST IN THE FIEL
Mojares

Third Prize – “CHILDREN OF TH
Amadis Ma. Guerrero
1970-71
First Prize – “THE ARCHIPELAGO”
Bautista
Second Prize – “FIVE POEMS” –
Pascua Sanchez
Third Prize – “FROM MAC
MENDIOLA” – Frederico Licsi Espin
ENGLISH ONE-ACT PLAY

1970-71
First Prize – “THE GROTESQUE A
– Maiden Flores

ENGLISH POETRY
1971-72
First Prize – “THE TOMATO GAM
Gonzales
Second Prize – “THE APOLLO CEN
Gregorio C. Brillantes
Third Prize – “AFTER THIS, OUR E
Martinez Coscolluela
1971-72
First Prize – “BATIK MAKER A
POEMS” – Virginia R. Moreno
Second Prize – “THE EDGE OF T
Artemio Tadena
Third Prize – “TINIKLING (A SHEAF
– Frederico Licsi Espino Jr.
1971-72
First Prize – “GRAVE FOR BLUE
Jesus T. Peralta
Second Prize – “THE UND
COUNTRY” – Manuel M. Martell
Third Prize – The judges recommen
much as the three third prize winner
deserve, the prize of P 1,000.00
among these three:
“THE BOXES” – Rolando S. Tinio
“NOW IS THE TIME FOR ALL GOO
COME TO THE AID OF THEIR
Julian E. Dacanay
“THE RENEGADE” – Elsa Martinez

WRITERS DURING THIS PERIOD
Jose F. Lacaba, in his book DAYS

OF NIGHTS OF RAGE;
THE FIRST STORM AND
RELATED EVENTS, w
tragic and tumultuous moment
country’s history.
Describing this period, he writes:

quarter of the year 1970…It was a gl
a time of terror and of wrath, but als
hope. The signs of change were on
A powerful storm was sweeping
storm whose inexorable advance
force could stop, and the name of th
history.”
He mentions that those
demonstrating at that time knew
aware that what they were doing
crucial to our country’s history.
leaders thought up grandiose name
organizations and hence, the prolif
acronyms likes SUCCOR, YDS
SAGUPA, SMP, KKK, KM, MDP, and
Politicians endorsed bills for t

interfered with student demo
Mayor Antonio Villegas himself, on
1970, led demonstrators away fr
policemen. Other politicians
Estrada Kalaw, and Salvador Laure
Aquino Jr. wrote about condem
police brutalities.

Lacaba’s book is truly representativ
who were eyewitnesses to this tim
and wrath.”
Other writers strove to pour out th

and frustrations in words describing
as “gasping for the air, thirsting for
freedom.” Thus, the Philippine Ce
International PEN (Poets, Essa
Novelists) held a conference cente
“writer’s lack of freedom in a climat

For a day they denounced restri
artistic freedom and passionately
for freedom. Among the writers in
were: Nick Joaquin, S.P. Lopez,
Brillantes, F. Sionil Jose, Petroni
Letty Jimenez-Magsanoc, Mauro Av
Jose W. Diokno.
People in the other media partic

this quest for freedom. Journa
Burgos Jr., Antonio Ma. Nieva
director Lino Brocka, art critic Ann
de Leon were battling head – o
censorship.

They came up with resolutions that
causes other than their own – like
amnesty for political prisoners,
secret decrees restricting free expre
They requested editors and pu

publish the real names of writer
columns. It calledon media to
information on national interes
partisan leanings and resolved to
with all causes decrying oppre
repression.

Exercises
1-2. According to Ponciano Pined

Activism in 1970-72 was due to
3-4. Because of the ills of society. T

moved to seek reforms, what a
reforms?
5. The result of seeds of Activism
6. The youth became completely

during the literary revolution.
proven not only in the an
sidewalk expressions but also
in (7.) .

8. The author of Days of Disquiet,
Rage, The first quarters storm a
events.
9. The Philippine Center for the Int

PEN (Poets, Essayists, and Noveli
conference centering on the
10. They held pens and wrote on

red paint the equivalent of
Chapter 9
Period of the New So
(1972-1980)
The period of the New Society

September 21, 1972. The Carlo
Awards continued to give annual aw
Almost all themes in most writi

with the development or progre
country – like the Green Revoluti
planning, proper nutrition, env
drug addiction and pollution.
Society tried to stop pornography
writings giving bad influences on t
of the people. All school newspa
temporarily stopped and so wit
organizations.

The military government establish
office called the Ministry of Pub
that supervised the newspapers,
other publications.
The government took part in

re plays like the Cenaculo,
the Zarzue Embayoka ofthe
Muslims. The Center of the
Philippines, the Theater
and even the old Me
Theater were rebuilt in order to ha
for these plays.
Singing both Filipino and Engli

received fresh incentives. Those se
promoted many Filipino songs.
The weekly publications like KI
LIWAYWAY helped a lot in the deve
literature. These became outle
writers to publish many of their wor
A. FILIPINO POETRY DURING THE

THE NEW SOCIETY
Themes of most poems

patience, regard for native cultur
and the beauties of nature and
Those who wrote poetry during
were: Ponciano Pineda, Aniceto Silv
Garcia Revelo, Bienvenido Ramo
Dimasalang, Cir Lopez Francisco,
Sulit Cruz.
Many more composers added their
this period. Among them were Fred
Jose Marie Chan and the group Ti
Joey. ANAK of Freddie Aguilar
instant success because of the
emotions revealed in the song.
even translations in Japanesean
languages.
B. THE PLAY UNDER THE NEW SOC

The government led in reviving old
dramas, like the Tagalog Zarzuela
and the Embayoka of the Muslims
presented in the rebuilt Metropolit
the Folk Arts Theater and the Cult
of the Philippines.

Many schools and organizations als
varied plays.
The Mindanao State University
play Sining Embayoka at the Cult
of the Philippines.
In 1977, the Tales of Manuvu, a n

rock of the ballet opera was als
these presentations. This was pe
Celeste Legaspi, Lea Navarro, Hadji
Boy Camara, Anthony Castello, Rey
choreographed by Alic Reyes.
Even the President’s daughter a
participated as a performing art
principal role of Santa Juana of K
The Diary of Anne Frank.

The following organizations contrib
to the development of plays du
period:
1. PETA of Cecille Guidote and Lin

2. Repertory Philippines: of
Godines and Zenaida Amador
3. UP Repertory of Behn Cervantes
4. Teatro Filipino by Rolando Tinio

C. RADIO AND TELEVISION
Radio continued to be patronized

period. The play series like SI MATA
ITO AND PALAD KO, and MR. LONE
forms of recreation of those withou
Even the new songs were first hea
airwaves.
However, many performing artist
moved over to television because of
Among these were Augusto Victa, G
Mely Tagasa, Lina Pusing, and Ester
Popular television plays were
PALAD, FLOR DE LUNA, and ANNA LI
SUPERMAN AND TARZAN were
also the youth.

D. FILIPINO FILMS
A yearly Pista ng mga Pelikuln

(Yearly Filipino Film Festival)
during this time. During the festi
lasted usually for a month, onl
films were shown in all theaters
Manila. Prizes and trophies were
the end of the festival in recog
excellence in film making and
performances.
New kinds of films without sex or

started to be made but wh
nevertheless well-received by th
Among these were:

1. MAYNILA… SA MGA KUKO NG
written by Edgardo Reyes and filme
direction of Lino Brocka. Bembol R
lead role.
2. MINSA’Y ISANG GAMU-GAMO;

was the principal performer here.
3. GANITO KAMI NOO…PAANO KAY

led by Christopher de Leon and Glori
4. INSIANG: by Hilda Koronel
5. AGUILA: led by Fernando Poe Jr.

and Christopher de Leon
Sex films could not be shelved. Fore

as local films dealing the bold them
vehicles of producers to earn more

E. COMICS, MAGAZINES AN
PUBLICATIONS
During this period of the New Society,

donned new forms. News on econom
discipline, culture, tourism and th
favored more than the sensationaliz
of killings, rape and robberies.
The leading papers during this period
1. BULLETIN TODAY 5. PILIPINO EXPR

2. TIMES JOURNAL 6. PHILIPPINE DA
3. PEOPLES JOURNAL 7. EVENING POST
4. BALITA 8. EVENING EXPR

LIWAYWAY had been an old-time
the Filipinos since 1920. Other
were:
1. KISLAP 3. EXTRA HOT

2. BULAKLAK 4. JINGLE SEN
Like mushrooms, comics also

everywhere and were enjoyed by t
Among these were:
1. PILIPINO 4. HIWAGA
2. EXTRA 5. KLASIK
3. LOVE LIFE 6. ESPESYAL

F. PALANCA AWARDEES
SHORT STORY CATEGORY
1972-73
First Prize – “SPOTS ON THEIR

OTHER STORIES” – Antonio Enriq
Second Prize – “ON FRIENDS YOU

HOPES” – Ines Taccad Camayo
Third Prize – “THE LIBERATION

FIDELA MAGSILANG” – Jaime A. L

1973-74
First Prize – “THE CRIES OF CHIL

AN APRIL AFTERNOON IN THE YEA
Gregorio C. Brillantes
Second Prize – “THE WHITE

Estrella D. Alfon
Third Prize – “TELL ME WHO CL

DEVIL’S FOOT” – Luning Bonifacio
Honorable Mention – “SCORING”

Dayrit

1974-75
First Prize – co-winners
1. “THE DAY OF THE LOCUSTS”
– Deriada
2. “ROMANCE AND FAITH O
BANAHAW” – Alfred A. Yuson
Second Prize – co-winners
1. “THE MAN WHO MADE A COVE
THE WIND” – Cirilo F. Bautista
2. “ONCE UPON A CRUISE: GENERA
OTHER LANDSCAPES” – Lunin
Ira
3. “AGCALAN POINT” – Jose Y.
Dalis
Third Prize – co-winners
1. “THE DOG EATERS” – Leoncio P.

2. “THE PEOPLE’S PRISON”
– Avena
3. “DISCOVERY” – Dr. Porfirio F. Vi
4. “A SUMMER GOODBYE” – Linda
and Benjamin Bautista
PLAY CATEGORY
1972-73
First Prize – “THE HEART OF EMP
BLACK” – Ricardo Demetillo

Second Prize – “GO, RIDER!” – Azu
Uranza
Third Prize – “THE RICEBIRD H
WINGS” – Federico Licsi Espino, Jr.
1973-74
First Prize (No Award)

Second Prize – “AFTERCAFE – Juan
Third Prize – “DULCE EXTRA
Wilfredo D. Nollede
1974-75
First Prize – “A LIFE IN THE
Rolando S. Tinio

Second Prize – “PASSWORD – Pau
Lim
Third Prize – “THE MINERVA FOU
– Maidan Flores
POETRY CATEGORY
1972-73
First Prize – “CHARTS” – Cirilo F.
Second Prize – “A TRICK OF MI
Rolando S. Tinio
Third Prize – “ALAPAAP’S MOU
Erwin E. Castillo

1973-74
First Prize – co-winners
1. “MONTAGE” – Ophelia A. Dimala
2. “IDENTITIES” – Artemio Tadena
Second Prize – co-winners
1. “BOXES” – Ricardo de Ungria
2. “GLASS OF LIQUID TRUTHS”
Luis Centina III
Third Prize – co-winners
1. “A LIEGE OF DATUS AND OTHE
Jose N. Carreon
2. “RITUALS AND METAPHORS” –
Vega

1974-75
First Prize – “TELEX MOON”
Bautista
Second Prize – “ADARNA: SIX POE
LARGER CORPUS” – Wilfredo Pascu
Third Prize – “THE CITY AND TH
OF LIGHT” – Ricardo Demetillo
REPUBLIC CULTURAL HERITAGE

(1960-1971)
NATIONAL ARTISTS
1973
Amado V. Hernandez
(Literature)

Jose Garcia Villa (Literature)
Francisco Reyes Aquino (Dance)
Carlos V. Francisco
(Posthumous) Antonio J. Molina
(Music) Guillermo Tolentino
(Sculpture)
1976
Nick Joaquin (Literature)
Napoleon V. Abueva (Sculpture)
Pablo Antonio (Posthumous) (Archit
Lamberto V. Avellana (Movies)
Victorio G. Edades (Painting)
Jovita Fuentes (Music)
G. AN OVERVIEW OF THE LITERATU
THE NEW SOCIETY
Bilingual education which was initia
Board of National Education as ear
and continued up to the period of M
in September 21, 1972, resulte
deterioration of English in the diffe
of education. The focus of edu
culture was on problems of nation
on re-orientation, renewed vigor a
resolves to carry out plans and progr
The forms of literature that led
period wee the essays, debates and
short stories, like the novels and pla
different in style from those written
onset of activism.
Some of the books that came out
period were:
I Married a Newspaperman (essay

Luna Lopez (wife of newsapaperman
Lopez), 1976
The Modern Filipino Short Story

Melendrez Cruz, 1980
Cross Currents in Afro-Asian

Lite
Rustica D. Carpio, 1976
Brief Time to Love by Ofelia F. Limcac
Medium Rare and Tell the

Peop
articles and TV Program) by Julie Yap
Exercises
1. The new Society tried to stop
2. The office established by the

government that supervised the
book and other publication.
3-5. The government took part in re

plays like , ,
6-9. Identify the themes of the ff. slog
6. Sa ikauunlad ng bayan,
Disiplina ang kailangan
7. Ang pagsunod sa magulang

Tanda ng anak na magalang
8. Tayo’y magtanim
Upang mabuhay
Tayo’y
9. magbigayan At wag magsiksikan
10. Which song of Freddie Aguilar
b instant success because
of the emotions
revealed in it.
11. Festival which lasted usually for

only Filipinos films were show
theaters in Metro Manila
12. Example of Leading Papers dur

period of new society
13. Example of magazine during that

14. was initiated by the Bo
National Education as early as 19
continued up to the period of martial
September 21, 1972 resulted in the
(15.)
Chapter 10
Period of the Thi
Republic (1981-19
After ten years of military rule

changes in the life of the Filipi
started under the New Society, Ma
was at last lifted on January 2, 198
To those in government, the

military rule heralded a change.
perceptions, the Philippines beca
nation and this; former Presiden
called “The New Republic of the Phi

A historian called this the Third Re
First Republic he claimed was
Philippine Republic of Emilio Agui
we first got our independence
Spaniards on June 12, 1898.
The Second was when the American

our independence on July 4, 1946.
January 2, 1981, was the Third Re
we were freed from Military Rule.
During this period, it cannot be

many people seethed with rebellion
because of the continued oppr
suppression.

This was further aggravated whe
Senator Benigno S. Aquno Jr., the
Filipino masses, whom they hoped
next president, was president, wa
murdered on August 21, 1983.
This stage of the nation had its eff

literature. After the Aquino ass
the people’s voices could no
contained. Both the public an
sectors in government were chan
shouting; women, men and t
became bolder and their voices w
in dissent.

We can say that Philippine
literature the many restrictions,
still sur retained its luster.
THE PALANCA AWARDS
The Don Carlos Palanca Memorial

literature which was launched in
Chapter 7, The Renaissance Period)
its recognition of the best in the lit
– poetry, short story, essays, and t
three-act plays.

In 1981, the winners were the follo
First Prize: Jessie B. Garcia’s
Heaven”
Second Prize: Luning Bonifacio
– Party Hopper”
Third Prize: Jesus Q. Cruz – “
Hallowed Halls”
In 1982, those who won were:
First Prize: “Heart Island” by
Jo Jr.
Second Prize: “Pas de Deux” by
Grajo Uranza
Third Prize: “The Sky Is Always
Joe Marie A. Abueg

In 1983, the mood was restive, cha
of the times. The nation was ang
murder of opposition leader Beni
but the awards ceremonies contin
delay. The winners are:
First Prize: “Oldtimer” by Jose Dalis

Second Prize: “Games” by Jesus
Third Prize: “Perfect Sunday”
Ayala
First Prize in poetry (Pilipino): Jose
Second Prize (English essay):
Brillantes
Third Prize (English essay): Adrian

In 1984, the winners were:
First Prize: “The Reprieve” by Susan

Second Prize: “The Tangerine
by Sylvia Mendez Ventura
Third Prize co-winner: “The Little
Filemon Sayre” by Lemuel Torrevilla
Third Prize: “Stranger in an Asi
Gregorio Brillantes
In 1985, those who won were:
First Prize: “The Hand of God” by

Quiros

First Prize: “A Novel Prize for
Eli Ang Barroso
No awards for second prize
Third Prize: “Mecca of the
Charles Loong
In 1984, the Palanca Awards

choosing the best in novel writi
contest, held every three years,
for local writers to write more bea
quality works. The next contest o
novel was held in 1987. La
continues to be its sponsor.

B. FILIPINO POETRY
Poems during this period of the Thi
were romantic and revolutionary. W
openly of their criticism ag
government. The supplications of
were coached in fiery, colorful, viol
and insulting language.
C. FILIPINO SONGS
Many Filipino songs dealt with
were really true-to-life like thos
poverty, aspirations for freedom, lov
country and of fellowmen.

Many composers, grieved over Nin
treacherous assassination compo
Among them were Coritha, Eric a
Aguilar. Coritha and Eric comp
titles LABAN NG BAYAN KO and th
sung by Coritha during the
Unification Conference of the Op
March, 1985. This was also sung
Presidential Campaign Movement
Aquino to inspire the moveme
Marcos in February 1986.
Freddie Aguilar revived the song

which was written by Jose Corazo
and C. de Guzman during the Ameri

D. PHILIPPINE FILMS DURING THE
The yearly Festival of Filipi

continued to be held during this pe
people’s love for sex films also was
Many producers took advantage of
expense of public morality.
E. POETRY IN ENGLISH DURING T

REPUBLIC
Most especially, during the wak

tragic Benigno Aquino Jr.’s incide
reacted with shock, appalled
suddenness and the unexpecte
events.

Alfredo Navarro Salanga, a consisten
Philippines Panorama Magazine in
“Post-Prandal Reflections” aptly
“darkness in the mind and soul is
forgotten poet puts it. Its suddenn
profound that we couldn’t but react
other way.”
Elemental to us (poets or writers) w
grasp to some meaning – in a symbo
or word – in the language of heart a
the poet’s only candles. So we trie
out in the next and perhaps the on
could: by putting pen to paper an
out – as partisans in a human drama.
Poets, surprisingly, by common cons
themselves writing on a commo
Reproduction of some of them is
here. We aptly call them Protest Po
‘80’s.
The themes of most during this tim
courage, shock and grief over the
inflicted upon Aquino.”
F. MEDIA OF 1983
Sheila S. Coronel, a PANORAMA sta

reporting on the state of the me
these times said: it was a year of
change, of old problems made more
by the new throbbing beat of the tim
For journalists, it was a year loade

charges, lawsuits and seditious t
they gallantly bore as harassment
su
JAJA (Justice for Aquino, Justic
Movement called for a boycott of
– controlled newspapers in protest
suppression. People picketed
offices with coffins to symbolize th
press freedom.
In campuses, newspapers were se

protest lack of free expression.
suffered physically and otherwise.
Journalists of 3 major dailies de

dialogue with their publishers to
credibility and respectability” to

Opposition tabloids flourished. Th
papers with the red news to the star
hence, smut magazines like th
PLAYBOY SCENE, and SAKDAL also
sidewalks.
Radio led by RADIO VERITAS starte

coverage of demonstrations.
Minister Gregorio Cendaña called t
the “mosquito press” and called
“political pornography.”
However, there was a perceptible

of editorial policies in the major new

G. CHILDREN’S BOOKS
Among the well-loved forms of writ

abounded during this period were
children’s stories. The
Communication Center (CCC) di
poet and writer Virgilio S. Almari
has built up an impressive collectio
kinds of books. The following ar
the books of the period.
1982: PLAYS FOR CHILDREN b

Reuter S.J. (New Day Pub.)
1983: STORY TELLING FOR
CHILDREN
1983: JOSE AND CARDO by P
Manuel

1983: Joaquinesquerie: MYTH A
(Cacho Hermanos)
1983: LAHI: 5 FILIPINO FOLK
English books and 1 cassette tape)
1984: RIZALIANA FOR
ILLUSTRATIONS and FOLKTALES
Rizal, Intoduced and annotated
Navarro Salanga
1984: GATAN AND TALAW by
Montero
H. (PROSE) FABLES
The people’s cry of protest found
only in poetry but also in veiled
which transparently satirized the
Malacañang. Among those that
were:

1. The Crown Jewels of
Heezen
Sylvia Mendez Ventura
2. The Emperor’s New
Under
Meynardo A. Macaraig
3. The King’s Cold by Babeth Lolarg
4. The Case of the Missing
(unfinished) by Sylvia L. Mayuga.
In all the fables, the king, differentl
to as Totus Markus or the king
Matinik was meant to poke fun at
at Malacañang; similarly, Reyna M
the Queen, was a veiled thrust at
They were both drunk with power
punished in the end for their misde
1. THE STATE OF PHILIPPINE LITE
ENGLISH AT THIS TIME
Isagani Cruz, writing about
literature in the “Age of Ninoy,”
following observations:
“Philippines literature is definitely
and he summarizes these as follows:
1. Change in the direction
consciousness in content and form.
2. Change in the number of reade
number of writers and the kind
writers. Writers who joined the rank
only from the established or
groups but from all ranks – clerks,
drivers, housewives, students; in
masses.
3. The resurgence of Balagtasism
continued dominance of Modernism
Balagtasismo turned its back
American challenge to Philippine
its conservative conventions,
adapted Americanization for its ow
4. The birth of a new poetic move
dims in outline.
5. The apparent merging of the
separate streams of oral and
literature.

J. SOME WRITERES DURING
THIS 1981-85
1981: PHILIPPINE FOLK LITER
Damiana Eugenio
1981: ADVENTURES OF MARIAN
Orosa Uy
1982: SOMEWHERE BETWEEN Y
AND YOUR FROWN A
POEMS by Bienvenido M. Noeiga Jr.
1983: PARES-PARES by Bien
Noriega Jr.
1983: AGON: POEMS, 1983 by
Maranan
1984: THE FARMER by Alfred
Salanga
1984: THE ROAD TO MOWAB A
STORIES by Leoncio P.
Exercises
1. After of military rule

changes on the life of the Filip
started under the new society, m
was at last lifted on January 2, 19
2. The Philippines became a new

former President Marcos called it
3. The historian called this the
4. What happened on June 12, 1898
5. The Americans granted us on
6. Controlled newspaper in protest

suppression
7. Who is the idol of the Filipino ma
8. What is the song composed by C

Eric and sung by Coritha d
National Unification Conferenc
opposition in March 1985
9. Freedie Aguilar revived the song

which was written by Jose Co
Jesus and C. de Guzman d
American Period.
10. CCC stands for?

Chapter 11
Periods (1986-199
History took another twist. Once
Filipino people regained their inde
which they lost twenty years ago.
In the span of four days form Feb
25, 1986, the so-called People Pow
ng Bayan) prevailed. Together, t
barricaded the streets petitio
government for changes and
Freedom became a reality – won
peaceful, bloodless and
revolution.
Philippine society was in turmoil
weeks but the rejoicing after
Marcos was toppled down from
sheer euphoria. Singing, dan
shouting’s were the order of the day
The events created overnight heroe
historical event, the role played
figures in history cannot be dou
Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile
Forces Chief of Staff Fidel V. Ramos
to the cause of freedom do the Fi
their gratitude for the bl
Independence?
To the Filipino people, this is

Philippine Republic, the true Repu
Philippines.
A. THE STATE OF LITERATURE DU
PERIOD:
In the short span of the existence

Republic of the Philippines, sever
already became evident. This in not
new Filipino songs, in the newspap
speeches, and even in the television
1. On Newspapers and other

Newspapers which were once bra
newspapers became instant opposit
overnight. This was true of BULLE
which became the opposition paper
crony newspapers that enjoyed an
increase in circulation were THE
MALAYA, and the PEOPLE’S JOURNA

Newspapers felt that the shac
muzzled their voices during the
years had been broken and, lik
“trying its wings after a long
bondage,” the desire to write a
“miracle of change” was electric.
Columnists became vocal and unres

there are and a bumper crop
journalists emerged. The old stalw
former dispensation like Maximo
Louie Beltran, Hilarion Hena
Francisco Soc Rodrigo came bac
vengeance.

By June 12, 1986, a total of 19 l
both in English and Filipino were in
Nowhere since the 1950’s had there
big number of newspapers in
(excluding tabloids).
These newspapers include: BULLETI

BALITA, MALAY, MIDDAY, MASA
TIMES, NEWS HERALD, TRIBUNE
INQUIRER, EXPRESS TONIGHT, EVE
PEOPLE’S, DAILY MIRROR, BUSINES
MANILA CHRONICLE.
2. On Books: Philippine literature is

making…we are just beginning a new

The Phillippine revolution of 198
fire of its spirit that will carry the
through another epoch in Philippi
is still being documented just as
been in the countless milli
participated in body and spiri
realization.
Two books were conceived during t

PEOPLE POWER was produced und
by the PCI Bank Human
Development Foundation, edited b
Allarey Mercado and published by
B. Reuter, S.J. Foundation.

Another one BAYAN KO was pu
Project 28 Days LTD. in June, 1986 i
Hong Kong and co-published in the
by Veritas Publications and Comm
Foundation.
In March 19, 1987 the Seventh Na

Awards cited several best books
1987 according to the choices m
Manila Critics Circle. Among tho
were: Dreamweavers Selected
Poe 1986) by Marjorie Pernia
andAwit Philippine Metrical
Romances by Eugenio.

Bookfair Manila ’88 organized
Philippine Exhibit Company was
February 20-28, 1988. It was held
belief that “requisition of knowledg
enhances individual skills and
but more importantly, makes
contributions to the nation’s dev
program.”
B. FILIPINO SONGS DURING THI
Here are a few Filipino songs that

heard. They were often aired in
television and often accompa
historical events that transpire
Philippines and gained for the
world-wide acclaim.

An album named HANDOG NG
MUNDO carried a compilation of som
The song that continued to be sung
the trying period of the Revolution,
a second national anthem and whic
to the Filipino spirit was BAYAN KO
were written by Jose Corazon de
back in 1928.
Exercises
1. In the span of four days from Febr

25 1986, the so-called people pow
ng Bayan) prevailed together, the
barricaded the streets petitioning
government for and (2.)
Freedom became a reality- won

th (3.) , (4.) , (5.)

Columnists became (6.) and
in their art and a bumper crop
journalists emerged.
8-9. What are the two books that

during the period?
10. Whatnewspaperbecamethe
paper?
Part II –
Representati
Compositions
through the Years
1. AMERICAN PERIOD (1898-1941)
A. Period of Re-Orientation 1898-19

Air Castles (Poetry) by Juan
(1909-1910)
B. Period of Imitation 1911-1925

Period)
The Sea by Natividad Marquez (Po
C. Period of Self Discovery (1925-19

Poetry
1896 by Aurelio Alvero
To a Lost One by Angela Manalang G
Prayer of a Student by Trinidad
Subido
Short Story
Dead Stars by Paz Marquez-Benitez
The Making of A Writer by Salvador
Shadow and Solitude (A translatio
Entre Las Sombras) by Claro
translated by Nick Joaquin
2. THE JAPANESE PERIOD (1941-1

To My Native Land by Tarrosa Subid
My Father’s Tragedy by Carlos
Bulos Shall We Walk? by Pura
Santillan C
3. THE REBIRTH OF FREEDOM (19
Poetry
When I see a Barong-Barong by
Ramos (1946)
Short Story
Plighted Word by Narciso G. Reyes
Scent of Apples by Bienvenido Sant
Cadaver by Alberto S. Florentino
They Called It “BROTHERHOOD”
b
V. Soliven
4. PERIOD OF ACTIVISM (1970-197
Valedictorian sa Hillcrest ni Roland
Beggar Children by Emmanuel Torr
5. PERIOD OF THE NEW SOCIETY
Poetry
Philosopher’s Love Song by Tita
Ayala
The Tomato Game by N.V.M. Gonzal
I Married a Newspaperman by
Lopez
6. PERIOD OF THE THIRD REPU

85)
Poetry
Death Like Stone for Benigno S.
from PHILIPPIN PANORAMA
Fables
The Emperor’s New Underwear by
Macaraig
The Crown Jewels of Heezenhurst
Mendez Ventura
The King’s Cold by Babeth Lolarga
Short Story
Hunger by Gilda Cordero-Fernando
Play
Sepang Loca by Amelia Lapeña-Bonifa
Speech
Aquino’s Speech in Singapore
President Aquino’s Speech before
Congress
Cory Bats for the Rights of t
Oppressed

Part III – Literary Compo
from 1986-1999

Introduction
Life goes on and the world contin

process of undergoing a real
transition with altering social, polit
and aesthetic values inevitably
imprint in literature.
And, as Salvador Lopez aptly s

Literature and Society: “Absolute
from the world by writers is imp
literature is, in some way, rooted i
of human experience.”

The writer must, therefore, be
historic propensities reacting to t
political currents of his time an
earnestly to change the world, kno
society has a claim on his attention
The years 1986-1999 – a span of

cover the careers of three
Corazon C. Aquino, Fidel V. Ra
Joseph Ejercito Estrada.
Spates of literary enthusiasm

unabated, unhampered by
handicaps, hard times and the
problems of the period.

Thus, as we present some of the cre
of our writers during these periods
been judged as “contest winner”
therefore, in the words of Edith
acknowledged as “pretested literatur
the learners to their own particular
literary trends and qualities based o
attitudes and the moral commit
nation as revealed through the w
writers.
These pieces, though randomly

part of what we may term, the
expression of the Filipino propensiti
the Filipino psyche.

It is also notable that The Cultural
the Philippines, with the
Centennial Commission, has ch
outstanding awardees that have
build the nation through their ach
in arts and culture from 1898 to 1
list excludes those in film, broa
and theater.
Briefly, we mention those chosen fo

recognition in literature:
Teodoro Agoncillo
Virgilio Almario
Manuel Aguilla

Carlos Bulosan
Jose Corazon de Jesus
Isabelo de los Reyes
Damiana Eugenio
Gilda Cordero-Fernando
Lucila Hosillos
Emmanuel Lacaba
Jose Lacaba
Salvador Lopez
Bienvenido Lumbera
Rosil Mojares
Claro M. Recto
Epifanio San Juan, Jr.
Lope K. Santos
Juan Crisostomo Sotto
Vicente Sotto
As an incentive, the Centennial Li
would be doubled for that millenn
categories (novel, poetry, essay,
screenplay) according to President
that the first prize would be P
second, P 1.5 million and third, P 1
There are only three living Nation

Literature today: Nick Joaquin,
Arcellana, (RIP), Levi Celerio
Quirino; Amado V. Hernande
posthumous award.
A. POETRY
From the highly passionate and lyri

poetry in the early 50’s, contempo
manifests a skillful manipulation
representations and is more ins
abstract.

Various literary organizations con
reading sessions in public places
poetry accessible to the masses.
The UMPIL (Unyong ng mga Man

Pilipinas) and the LIRA (Linangan s
Retorika at Anyo) hold such sessio
Café, Kamias, Quezon City (PDI
1998). The Creative Writing Found
the Philippine Literary Arts Cou
conduct such sessions, even invit
poets and writers.
Poetry reading sessions are also bei

public libraries in Metro Manila, C
and Tacloban.

The head of the NCCA (National
for Culture and the Arts) Com
Literature is Prof. Ric de Ungria.
B. ESSAYS
Filipino essays address societal
more free and daring, manifesti
liberated atmosphere, however po
moral degradation, indicating
suggesting alternatives, and directin
Essays were given incentives by

daily in columns “Young Blood/H
where entries were compiled in
book prizes awarded to
writers of pieces.

Popular topics were on personal
tragic) experiences – abortion,
alternative routes in life and
happiness.
The Carlos Palanca Memoriral A
Literature have started from 19
category – the Kabataang Essay
school students both in Filipin
English.
In this connection, Conrado de Qui
column “Deterioration” at the
Daily Inquirer, deplores the appare
in writing ability among the yo
standing judge over many high sch
contests attributing this to the
decline in reading.
“It’s not that few people are using
Filipino; it is that few people are rea
few people reading, few people are
writing well.
In this country, he added, everyon

written a letter calls himself a write
in what low esteem the art or craft is
He attributes the culprits to TV

computer.
“The enemy of education isn’t

Filipino or bilingualism,” he conti
the TV. Along with TV, computers a
a visual culture antithetical to re
writing.”

C. SHORT STORIES
Obviously, the short story is still

popular venue of writers up to this
The new breed of writers seem to

skillful handling of techniques and
out with original forms.
Short romantic fiction in the ver

caught the fancy of many readers w
find these less time-consuming, as
expensive, giving more time for
work and earning a living.

In 1997, the Carlos Palanca Memor
opened three new divisions in
story: Ilocano, Cebuano and Hiligay
Short story first prize winners in

Palanca Memorial Awards in Englis
and 1997 were Carlos Ojeda
Aureus for his “The Latecomer”
and “Th byDavid C.
Martinez (Michaela
respectively.
In the Maikling Kuwento categor

“Pag-uugat, Pagpapakpak” by Levy
la Cruz (Lea Victoria) and Nan
Mamatay ang Nana Soling by Alvin
(Jose Agustin) in 1996 and 1997.
D. PLAYS
Scriptwriting, a popular and

literature form is probably
due to the growing interest in T
visual arts.
The following can be attributed to th
1. TV and stage patronage
2. Theater groups like Dramatis

PETA (Philippine Educational
Association), Dulaang UP, CCPDra
Division Teatro Telesine, Gantimpa
Foundation, Mobile or Touring
theater groups

3. Substantial awards in film-makin
4. Expansion to cater to childre

(TV’s Channel 5’s Batibot, and
Pambata)
5. The popularity of Taglish whi

today’s yuppy lingo and which rea
the masses
6. The notion of seeking popul

ratings through exposure
7. Creative writing workshops

From its original Short Stories ca
Carlos Palanca Memorial Aw
expanded its prizes to One-act Play
length plays both in English and in
D. NOVELS
Many of our writers have turned t

remunerative and shorter literary
the longer novels which are indicat
practical considerations.
Out better novel writers have settl

twilight years, some to foreign la
have perhaps lost the feel of t
psyche.

End of the Presentati

Presenters:
Dindo de Quiroz
Jonalyn Mariquina
BOA IV-1

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Philippine

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The word literature is derived from

Some loosely interpret literature

Because literature deals with ideas,

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Brother Azurin, said that “literatur

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In PANITIKING PILIPINO written b

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We can enumerate many reasons fo

Here are but a few:

We study literature so that we c

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Through such a study, we will

Above all, as Filipinos, who truly

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It can be said that Philippine

Our written literature, which is

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Time frames may not be necessary

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These time frames are:

Time Frames of Philippine Literature

Different opinions prevail regarding

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Literature and history ar

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Literary Compositions that Have

1. The Bible or the Sacred Writing

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General Types of Literature

Literature can generally be divided

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There are many types of prose. Th

a. Novels. A long narrative d

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b. Short story. This is a narrative

c. Plays. This is presented on

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d. Legends. These are fictitious

Example: THE BIKOL LEGEND by

e. Fables. These are also fictitiou

Example: THE MONKEY AND THE

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Example:THE MOTH AND THE LAM

g. Essay. This expresses the vie

h. Biography. This deals with th

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i. News. This is a report of everyda

j. Oration. This is a formal trea

There are three types of poetry an

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B. Lyric Poetry. Originalaly, this re

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2. Sonnets. This is a lyric poem

Example: Santos SANTANG BUDS by

Example:THE LOVER’S DEATH by

4. Ode. This is a poem of a nob

5. Psalms (Dalit). This is a son

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Example: FLORANTE AT LAURA

7. Corridos (Kuridos). These have