UNIT – I HISTORY OF FLIGHT

13ME907 – PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT

Course Co-ordinator:

Dr.A.Vasanthanathan, Associate
Professor/Mech.Engg. MEPCO

Elective For 7th Semester B.E – Mechanical Engineering Students

1 © 2011 ANSYS, Inc. July 29, 2016

Unmanned Balloon Flight

Balloon made out of Silk with a diameter of 32 feet

2 © 2011 ANSYS, Inc. July 29, 2016
 Lift
Unmanned Balloon Flight

Hot-air
Balloon

Bonfire
A Unmanned Balloon Flight
moved carefully at France
The Montgolfier’s 1st
Unmanned Balloon Flight rose to just over 6500 feet.
3 © 2011 ANSYS, Inc. July 29, 2016
 Lift
First Manned Hot-air Balloon Flight

Hot-air Balloon

Crew

Bonfire

 On 4, June 1783, a larger Balloon was constructed and tested with a sheep, a goose, and a
cockerel as a passenger and returned safely after two miles.
 On 21 November 1783, an Army Officer boarded a Balloon 72 feet high and 49 feet wide
and were lifted into the air

4 © 2011 ANSYS, Inc. July 29, 2016

Manned Hot-air Balloon Flight

Manned Balloon Flight

5 © 2011 ANSYS, Inc. July 29, 2016
AIRSHIP

Balloon

Crew

IC Engine

Airship powered by IC Engine

6 © 2011 ANSYS, Inc. July 29, 2016

AIRSHIP

7 © 2011 ANSYS, Inc. July 29, 2016

Orthographic View of AIRSHIP

8 © 2011 ANSYS, Inc. July 29, 2016

Unmanned Ornithopters

Aerial View

Unmanned Ornithopters Schematic Sketch

9 © 2011 ANSYS, Inc. July 29, 2016
Manned Ornithopters

Manned Ornithopters powered by the

muscular effort
10 © 2011 ANSYS, Inc. July 29, 2016
Manned Ornithopters

Manned Ornithopters powered by an Engine

11 © 2011 ANSYS, Inc. July 29, 2016
Glider – Without Power

Aircraft made of Morphing Wing made of stiff clothes.

12 © 2011 ANSYS, Inc. July 29, 2016

Wright Brother’s No.1 Glider

 Wright Brother’s No.1 Glider had a 17 feet wingspan and a horizontal

elevator in front of the wings.
 It was flown on strings from the ground.
 The Glider was first flown as an unmanned Kite on October 5, 1900
near north Carolina.
 Unmanned Glider

Strings

13 © 2011 ANSYS, Inc. July 29, 2016

Wright Brother’s No.1 Glider

14 © 2011 ANSYS, Inc. July 29, 2016

Wright Brother’s No.2 Glider

15 © 2011 ANSYS, Inc. July 29, 2016

Wright Brother’s No.2 Glider

16 © 2011 ANSYS, Inc. July 29, 2016

Wright Brother’s No.2 Glider

17 © 2011 ANSYS, Inc. July 29, 2016

Wright Brother’s No.3 Glider

Horizontal
Elevator
RUDDER

18 © 2011 ANSYS, Inc. July 29, 2016

Wright Brother’s No.3 Glider

RUDDER

Horizontal
Elevator

19 © 2011 ANSYS, Inc. July 29, 2016

Wright Flyer-I in 1903

20 © 2011 ANSYS, Inc. July 29, 2016

Wright Flyer-I in 1903

21 © 2011 ANSYS, Inc. July 29, 2016

Bi-plane Line sketch

Biplane Wing arrangement

Crew

Propeller

Rigid Landing
Gear

Schematic Sketch of Biplanes

22 © 2011 ANSYS, Inc. July 29, 2016

Bi-plane Orthographic View
Right Hand Side View Front View

23 © 2011 ANSYS, Inc. July 29, 2016 Top View

Mono-plane Line sketch

Monoplane Wing arrangement

Crew

Propeller
Rigid Landing Gear

Schematic Sketch of Monoplane

24 © 2011 ANSYS, Inc. July 29, 2016

Mono-plane Wing Configurations

LOW WING:

 A low wing is one which is located on or near

the base of the fuselage.

Low wing on a Curtiss P-40

25 © 2011 ANSYS, Inc. July 29, 2016
Mono-plane Wing Configurations- Contd.,

MID WING:

 A mid wing is mounted mid-way up

the fuselage.

Mid wing on a de Havilland Vampire T11.

26 © 2011 ANSYS, Inc. July 29, 2016
Mono-plane Wing Configurations- Contd.,

SHOULDER WING:

 A shoulder wing (a category

between high-wing and mid-wing)
is a configuration whereby the
wing is mounted near the top of
the fuselage, but not on the very
top.

Shoulder wing on an ARV Super2.

27 © 2011 ANSYS, Inc. July 29, 2016

Mono-plane Wing Configurations- Contd.,

HIGH WING:

 A high wing has its upper surface

on or above the top of the
fuselage.

28 © 2011 ANSYS, Inc. July 29, 2016 High wing on a de Havilland Canada Dash 8.
Mono-plane Wing Configurations- Contd.,

PARASOL WING:

 A parasol wing aircraft is

essentially a biplane without the
lower pair of wings.

Parasol wing on a Pietenpol Air Camper.

29 © 2011 ANSYS, Inc. July 29, 2016