PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL AND

IMPROVEMENT OF STORAGE STABILITY OF

BIODIESEL USING NATURAL ANTIOXIDANTS
AS ADDITIVES

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

ARAVINTH KUMAR .G.S (Reg. No. 201605020)

GIRIDHARAN .S (Reg. No. 201605050)

JANAKI RAMAN .J (Reg. No. 201605070)

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

in

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

MEPCO SCHLENK ENGINEERING COLLEGE, SIVAKASI
(An Autonomous Institution affiliated to Anna University Chennai)

MAY 2020
 PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL AND
IMPROVEMENT OF STORAGE STABILITY OF
BIODIESEL USING NATURAL ANTIOXIDANTS
AS ADDITIVES

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

ARAVINTH KUMAR .G.S (Reg. No. 201605020)

GIRIDHARAN .S (Reg. No. 201605050)

JANAKI RAMAN .J (Reg. No. 201605070)

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

in

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

MEPCO SCHLENK ENGINEERING COLLEGE, SIVAKASI
(An Autonomous Institution affiliated to Anna University Chennai)

MAY 2020
 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report titled PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL

AND IMPROVEMENT OF STORAGE STABILITY OF BIODIESEL USING
NATURAL ANTIOXIDANTS AS ADDITIVES is the bonafide work of

ARAVINTH KUMAR .G.S 201605020

GIRIDHARAN .S 201605050
JANAKI RAMAN .J 201605070

Who carried out the project work under my supervision. Certified further, that
to the best of my knowledge the work reported herein does not form part of any
other project report or dissertation on the basis of which a degree or award was
conferred on an earlier occasion on this or any other candidate.

Mr. J. NAGARAJAN, M.E. Dr. P. NAGARAJ, M.E., Ph.D.

Signature of Supervisor Head of the

Department
Assistant Professor (Sr.Grade) Sr. Professor & Head,
Department of Mechanical Eng., Department of
Mechanical Eng.,
Mepco Schlenk Engineering College, Mepco Schlenk Engineering
College,
Sivakasi – 626005. Sivakasi – 626005.

Submitted for Viva-Voce Examination held at MEPCO SCHLENK

ENGINEERING COLLEGE, Sivakasi on........................................

Internal Examiner External

Examiner
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are extremely thankful to Dr.S.Arivazhagan, M.E., Ph.D., Principal,

Mepco Schlenk Engineering College, for permitting us to carry out this
project
and providing us with all facilities.

We are grateful to Dr.P.Nagaraj, M.E., Ph.D., Head of the Department,

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mepco Schlenk Engineering
College,
for allowing us to work on this project and for all his support and guidance.

We take pride in expressing our deepest gratitude to our project guide,

Mr.J.Nagarajan, M.E., Assistant Professor(Sr.grade), Department of
Mechanical Engineering, for his invaluable guidance and encouragement at
every stage of this project.

We are indeed very much thankful to all Staff members of Mechanical

Engineering Department for helping us in every possible way whenever we
approached them

Our special thanks to Dr. ML. Stephen Raj, M.Sc, M.tech.,

Ph.D., Head of the Department, Department of Biotechnology, who
has helped as in all aspects.

We extend our hearty thanks to all Technicians of Mechanical Engineering

and Biotechnology Department for their
extended assistance and support.
 ABSTRACT

Keyword: Natural Antioxidants, Biodiesel, NOx, UBHC, CO, ORAC value,

FTIR, GCMS, UV, DPPH, RANCIMAT.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS PAGE NO
Bonafide certificate ii
Abstract iii
Acknowledgement iv
List of tables vii
List of figures viii
List of abbreviations ix

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BIODIESEL
1.1.1 Trans-esterification
1.1.2 Steam distillation
1.2 ANTIOXIDANTS
1.2.1 Need for Antioxidants

1.2.2 Oxygen Radical Absorbance

Capacity
1.3 LITERATURE SURVEY

1.4 PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION

1.5 PROJECT OBJECTIVE

1.6 EXISTING SOLUTION

1.7 METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER 2 EXTRACTION PROCESS
2.1 SOURCES OF EXTRACTION

2.1.1 BIODIESEL EXTRACTION

2.1.2 ANTIOXIDANTS EXTRACTION
2.2 EXTRACTION OF BIODIESEL

2.2.1 PREPARATION OF JATROPHA

BIODIESEL
2.2.2 PREPARATION OF LEMON GRASS
BIODIESEL
2.2.3 BLENDING OF BIODIESEL
2.3 EXTRACTION OF ANTIOXIDANTS

2.3.1 POWDERED ANTIOXIDANTS USING

BALL MILLING
2.3.2 PREPARATION OF ANTIOXIDANTS
EXTRACT
CHAPTER 3 TESTING PROCEDURE
 3.1 TEST DESCRIPTION
3.1.1 FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED
SPECTROSCOPHY
3.1.2 DPPH ASSAY
3.1.2.1 PREPARATION OF SAMPLE
SOLUTION
3.1.2.2 DPPH TEST
3.1.3 FCR ASSAY
3.1.3.1 PREPARATION OF STD. AND
SAMPLE SOLUTION
3.1.3.2 UV SPECTROSCOPHY
3.2 RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY
3.2.1 INFERENCE FROM ANOVA
3.2.1.1 SURFACE PLOT YIELD
3.2.1.2 CONTOUR PLOT YIELD
3.3 RANCIMAT TEST FOR SAMPLES

CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1 FTIR RESULTS
4.2 DPPH RESULTS
4.3 FCR TEST RESULT
4.4 RANCIMAT TEST RESULT

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION

FUTURE SCOPE
REFERENCE

LIST OF TABLES

Sl. No. TABLE NAME PAGE No.

1. 1.1 ORAC Value of Selected Antioxidants 3

 2. 2.1 Source of Biodiesel Extraction 9

3. 2.2 Source of Antioxidant Extraction 9

4. 3.1 GCMS result for Biodiesel 17

5. 3.2 Functional Group in Garlic 19
6. 3.3 Functional Group in Garlic Extract 20

7. 3.4 Functional Group in Garlic B20 21

8. 3.5 Engine Specification 23

9. 3.6 RANCIMAT Results 28

FIGURES

Sl. No. FIGURE No. FIGURE NAME PAGE No.

1. 1.1 Chemical reaction of Biodiesel Production 2

2. 1.2 Schematic diagram of Biodiesel Production 2

 3 1.3 ORAC Value of Natural Antioxidants 3
4. 1.4 Inhibition Curve for Synthetic Antioxidants 7

5. 1.5 Methodology 8

6. 2.1 Filtering after mixing NaOH Solution 10

Glycerol Settled after some hours and pure
7. 2.2 biodiesel is obtained 10
8. 2.3 Biodiesel + Glycerol 10
9. 2.4 Ball Milling Equipment 11
10. 2.5 Various Powdered Antioxidant Samples 11
11. 2.6 Hot Plate 12
12. 2.7 Water Bath 12
13. 2.8 Various Antioxidant Extracted Solution 12
14. 2.9 Biodiesel and Biodiesel Blend 15
15. 3.1 Powdered Cumin Sample 19

LIST OF ABBREVATIONS

L : Length

W : Width

D : Diameter

B : Breadth

m : Meter
cm : Fourier Transform Infrared

Spectrometry UV : Ultra Violet

Spectrometry

GCMS: Gas Chromatographic Mass

Spectrometry CO : Carbon monoxide

HC : Unburned Hydrocarbons

N : Speed

W : Weight

NOX : Oxides of Nitrogen

T : Torque

℃ : Celusis

ppm : parts per

million

vol : volume

BS : Bharat Standards