4.

2 AC THREE PHASE WINDING

4.2.1 SINGLE LAYER WINDING

Problem 1

Develop a 3 phase, single layer concentric type of winding for a 2 pole ac machine having 12 slots.

Solution

12
Slots per pole per phase = =2
3x 2

12
From equation 3.5, slots per pole = =6
2

180 180
From equation 3.8, angle between consecutive slots, β = = = 300.
slots per pole 6

The allotment of slots to the three phases for a pole pair is given in Fig. 4.3, and this allotment repeats
itself for other pole pairs. In this example, the number of pole pairs is one.

Pole pitch Pole pitch

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

R B Y R B Y
Fig. 4.3 Slots per pole per phase

Half coil winding

The coils comprising a pair of poles phase groups under adjacent poles are concentric. These coils under
two adjacent poles form one coil group and thus there is one coil group per pair of poles.

If the first phase, say R or A phase starts at slot no.1, the Y or B phase should start at 120 0/300 = 4 slots
away ie., in slot (1 + 4 = ) 5, and the B or C phase should start at (5 + 4 =) 9.

The winding should be connected between alternate North and South poles. First, R or A phase winding
is started. If one side of the coil is placed in slot no. 1, the other side of the coil should be placed in slot
no. 8, ie., the last coil side of phase R or A phase under the next pole. The coil side in slot no. 2 should
be connected to the last but one coil side of the same phase under the next pole, ie., slot no. 7, in this
case.
Now, the two coils formed by coil sides placed in the slots 1, 8 and 2, 7 belong to the same phase, and
are concentric with each other. They form a coil group.

The rule for connecting together the coils in a coils group is that the end wire of one coil must be
connected to the beginning of the next coil in the group and so on. This is done in order that the emfs of
the coils in a coil group, add. The other coil groups for the remaining phases.

Fig. 4.4 gives the coil group connections for half coil winding for each phases.

1-8 7 -2 5 - 12 11 - 6 9-4 3 -10

RS RF YS YF BF BS
R or A Phase Y or B Phase B or C Phase
Fig. 4.4 Coil group connections for half coil winding

Fig. 4.5 gives the complete main winding diagram for a 2 pole 12 slots ac machine using single layer half
coil winding. In Fig. 4.5, R S, RF, BS, BF, YS, and YF indicate the starting and finishing ends of RBY phases
respectively.
 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

RS BF YS RF BS YF

Fig. 4.5 3 phase 2 pole single layer winding main winding diagram (Half coil)

Whole Coil Winding

The whole coil winding has one coil group per pole for each phase.

12 6
Total number of coils = = 6; Coils per phase = = 2; Number of coils of groups per phase = 3 x 2 = 6
2 3

In this example, a single coil is a coil group in itself.

The winding should be connected between alternate North and South poles. First, R or A phase winding
is started. Starting with coil in slot 2, the start of R phase lies in slot 2, that of Y phase in slot (2 + 4 = ) 6
and that of B phase in slot (6 + 4 = ) 10.

Fig. 4.6 gives the coil group connections for half coil winding for each phases.

2-7 8 -1 6 - 11 12 - 5 10 - 3 4-9

RS RF YS YF BF BS
 Fig. 4.6 Coil group connections for whole coil winding

To draw the main winding diagram, draw 12 solid lines of equal length and distance equal to the number
of slots, as shown in Fig. 4.7. For series connection, the finish of first coil of a phase is connected to the
finish of the second coil group of the same phase. The start of the second coil group is connected to the
start of the third coil group and so on. In Fig. 4.7, RS, RF, BS, BF, YS, and YF indicate the starting and
finishing ends of RBY phases respectively.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

N S

RS BF YS RF BS YF

Fig. 4.7 3 phase 2 pole single layer winding main winding diagram (Whole coil)

Mush winding

In drawing this winding, the slots are numbered from 1 to 12 and the long and short sides are
alternatively drawn, as shown in Fig. 4.8.

If the first phase, say R or A phase starts at slot no.1, the Y or B phase should start at 120 0/300 = 4 slots
away ie., slot (1 + 4 = ) 5, and the B or C phase should start at (5 + 4 =) 9.
 12
Slots per pole per phase = = 2. Thus a phase group has 2 slots.
3x 2

12
Coil span = = 6 slots. This is an even number and hence winding is not possible with a coil span of 6
2
slots. So a coil span of 5 slots is used.

Starting R phase in slot no. 2, the coil side in slot no. 2 is connected to the coil side (2 + 5 = ) 7. The coil
side 8 is connected to coil side (8 + 5 = ) 13, ie., 1. The coil groups are connected in such a manner that
their emfs add. The windings of the other phases are also similarly completed.

The current directions marked in Fig. 4.8, is an arbitrary direction at any instant.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

RS BF YS RF BS YF

Fig. 4.8 3 phase 2 pole single layer winding main winding diagram (mush winding)

Problem 2

Develop a 3 phase, single layer concentric type of winding for a 4 pole ac machine having 24 slots.

Solution

24
Slots per pole per phase = =2
3x 4

24
From equation 3.5, slots per pole = =6
4
 180 180
From equation 3.8, angle between consecutive slots, β = = = 300.
slots per pole 6

The allotment of slots to the three phases for a pole pair is given in Fig. 4.9, and this allotment repeats
itself for other pole pairs.

Pole pitch Pole pitch

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

R B Y R B Y
Fig. 4.9 Slots per pole per phase

Half coil winding

If the first phase, say R or A phase starts at slot no.1, the Y or B phase should start at 1200/300 = 4 slots
away ie., in slot (1 + 4 = ) 5, and the B or C phase should start at (5 + 4 =) 9.

The winding should be connected between alternate North and South poles. First, R or A phase winding
is started. If one side of the coil is placed in slot no. 1, the other side of the coil should be placed in slot
no. 8, ie., the last coil side of phase R or A phase under the next pole. The coil side in slot no. 2 should
be connected to the last but one coil side of the same phase under the next pole, ie., slot no. 7, in this
case. Now, the coils formed by coil sides placed in the slots 1 and 8, and 2 and 7 belong to the same
phase, and are concentric with each other. They form a coil group.

The rule for connecting together the coils in a coils group is that the end wire of one coil must be
connected to the beginning of next coil in the group and so on. This is done in order that the emfs of the
coils in a coil group, add.

Fig. 4.10 gives the coil group connections for half coil winding for each phases.

1-8 7 -2 13 - 20 19 - 14 5 - 12 11 - 6 17 - 24 23 - 18

RS R or A Phase RF YS Y or B Phase YF

9 - 16 15 - 10 21 - 4 3 - 22
 BS B or C Phase BF

Fig. 4.10 Coil group connections for half coil winding

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1112 13 1415 16 17 18 19 20 2122 23 24

N1 S1 N2 S2

Fig. RS BF YS BS RF YF 4.10
gives the
Fig. 4.10 3 phase 4 pole 24 slots single layer winding main winding diagram (half coil)

complete main winding diagram for a 4 pole 24 slots ac machine using single layer half coil winding. In
Fig. 4.10, RS, RF, BS, BF, YS, and YF indicate the starting and finishing ends of RBY phases respectively.

Whole Coil Winding

 24 12
Total number of coils = = 6; Coils per phase = = 4; Number of coils of groups per phase = 3 x 2 = 6
4 3

If the first phase, say R or A phase starts at slot no.1, the Y or B phase should start at 1200/300 = 4 slots
away ie., in slot (1 + 4 = ) 5, and the B or C phase should start at (5 + 4 =) 9.

Starting with coil in slot no. 2, the start of R phase lies in slot no. 2, that of Y phase in slot no. (2 + 4 = ) 6
and that of B phase in slot no. (6 + 4 = ) 10.

Fig. 4.11 gives the coil group connections for whole coil winding for each phases.

2-7 8 - 13 14 - 19 20 - 1 6 - 11 12 - 17 18 - 23 24 - 5

RS R or A Phase RF YS Y or B Phase YF

10 - 15 16 - 21 22 - 3 4-9

BS B or C Phase BF

Fig. 4.11 Coil group connections for whole coil winding

To draw the main winding diagram, draw 24 solid lines of equal length and distance equal to the number
of slots, as shown in Fig. 4.12. For series connection, the finish of first coil of a phase is connected to the
finish of the second coil group of the same phase. The start of the second coil group is connected to the
start of the third coil group and so on. In Fig. 4.12, RS, RF, BS, BF, YS, and YF indicate the starting and
finishing ends of RBY phases respectively.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

N1 S1 N2 S2
RS BF YS BS RF YF
Fig. 4.12 3 phase 4 pole 24 slots single layer winding main winding diagram (whole coil)
Mush winding

In drawing this winding, the slots are numbered from 1 to 24 and the long and short sides are
alternatively drawn, as shown in Fig. 4.13.

If the first phase, say R or A phase starts at slot no.2, the Y or B phase should start at 120 0/300 = 4 slots
away ie., slot (2 + 4 = ) 6, and the B or C phase should start at (6 + 4 =) 10.

24
Slots per pole per phase = = 2. Thus a phase group has 2 slots.
3x 4

12
Coil span = = 6 slots. This is an even number and hence winding is not possible with a coil span of 6
2
slots. So a coil span of 5 slots is used.

Starting R phase in slot no. 2, the coil side in slot no. 2 is connected to the coil side (2 + 5 = ) 7. The coil
side 8 is connected to coil side (8 + 5 = ) 13, ie., 1. The coil groups are connected in such a manner that
their emfs add. The windings of the other phases are also similarly completed.

The current directions marked in Fig. 4.13, is an arbitrary direction at any instant.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
N1 S1 N2 S2

RS BF YS BS RF YF

Fig. 4.13 3 phase 4 pole 24 slots single layer winding main winding diagram (Mush winding)

Problem 3

Develop a 3 phase, single layer concentric type of winding for a 2 pole ac machine having 24 slots.

Solution

24
Slots per pole per phase = =4
3x 2
 24
From equation 3.5, slots per pole = = 12
2

180 180
From equation 3.8, angle between consecutive slots, β = = = 150.
slots per pole 12

The allotment of slots to the three phases for a pole pair is given in Fig. 4.14, and this allotment repeats
itself for other pole pairs.

Pole pitch

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

R B Y
Fig. 4.14 Slots per pole per phase

Half coil winding

If the first phase, say R or A phase starts at slot no.1, the Y or B phase should start at 1200/150 = 8 slots
away ie., in slot (1 + 8 = ) 9, and the B or C phase should start at (9 + 8 =) 17.

The winding should be connected between alternate North and South poles. First, R or A phase winding
is started. If one side of the coil is placed in slot no. 1, the other side of the coil should be placed in slot
no. 16, ie., the last coil side of phase R or A phase under the next pole. The coil side in slot no. 2 should
be connected to the last but one coil side of the same phase under the next pole, ie., slot no. 15, in this
case. Now, the coils formed by coil sides placed in the slots 1 and 16, 2 and 15, 3 and 14, and 4 and 13
belong to the same phase, and are concentric with each other. They form a coil group.

The rule for connecting together the coils in a coils group is that the end wire of one coil must be
connected to the beginning of next coil in the group and so on. This is done in order that the emfs of the
coils in a coil group, add.

Fig. 4.15 gives the coil group connections for half coil winding for each phases.

1 - 16 2 - 15 3 - 14 4 - 13

RS R or A Phase RF

5 - 12 11 - 6 17 - 24 23 - 18
 YS Y or B Phase YF
17 - 8 18 - 7 19 - 6 20 - 5

BS B or C Phase BF

Fig. 4.15 Coil group connections for half coil winding

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

N S
Fig.
RS 4.16 gives theBF
complete main winding
YS diagram RF
for a 2 pole 24 slots
BS ac machine using
YF single layer half
coil winding. In Fig. 4.16, R S, RF, BS, BF, YS, and YF indicate the starting and finishing ends of RBY phases
respectively.
Fig. 4.16 3 phase 2 pole 24 slots single layer winding main winding diagram (half coil)
Whole Coil Winding

24 12
Total number of coils = = 6; Coils per phase = = 4; Number of coils of groups per phase = 3 x 2 = 6
4 3

If the first phase, say R or A phase starts at slot no.1, the Y or B phase should start at 1200/150 = 8 slots
away ie., in slot (1 + 8 = ) 9, and the B or C phase should start at (9 + 8 =) 17.

Starting with coil in slot no. 4, the start of R phase lies in slot no. 4, that of Y phase in slot no. (4 +8 = ) 12
and that of B phase in slot no. (12 + 8 = ) 20.

Fig. 4.17 gives the coil group connections for whole coil winding for each phases.

4 - 13 14 - 3 2 - 15 16 - 1 12 - 21 22 - 11 10 - 23 24 - 9

RS R or A Phase RF YS Y or B Phase YF

8 - 17 18 - 7 19 - 6 20 - 5

BS B or C Phase BF

Fig. 4.17 Coil group connections for whole coil winding

To draw the main winding diagram, draw 24 solid lines of equal length and distance equal to the number
of slots, as shown in Fig. 4.18. For series connection, the finish of first coil of a phase is connected to the
finish of the second coil group of the same phase. The start of the second coil group is connected to the
start of the third coil group and so on. In Fig. 4.18, RS, RF, BS, BF, YS, and YF indicate the starting and
finishing ends of RBY phases respectively.
 CHECK

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 12 13 14 1516 17 1819 20 21 22 2324

N S

RS BF YS RF BS YF

Fig. 4.18 3 phase 2 pole 24 slots single layer winding main winding diagram (whole coil)

Mush winding

In drawing this winding, the slots are numbered from 1 to 24 and the long and short sides are
alternatively drawn, as shown in Fig. 4.19.

If the first phase, say R or A phase starts at slot no.2, the Y or B phase should start at 1200/150 = 8 slots
away ie., in slot (2 + 8 = ) 10, and the B or C phase should start at (10 + 8 =) 18.

24
Slots per pole per phase = = 4. Thus a phase group has 4 slots.
3x 2

24
Coil span = = 12 slots. This is an even number and hence winding is not possible with a coil span of
2
12 slots. So a coil span of 11 slots is used.
Starting R phase in slot no. 2, the coil side in slot no. 2 is connected to the coil side (2 + 11 = ) 13. The
coil side 14 is connected to coil side (14 + 11 = ) 25, ie., 1. The coil groups are connected in such a
manner that their emfs add. The windings of the other phases are also similarly completed.

The current directions marked in Fig. 4.19, is an arbitrary direction at any instant.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
N S

CHECK

RS BF YS RF BS YF

Fig. 4.19 3 phase 4 pole 24 slots single layer winding main winding diagram (Mush winding)