22/7/2021 Cold Finished Stainless Steel Tube Technology Flow Chart - China Guanyu Stainless Steel Tube

Cold Finished Stainless Steel Tube Technology Flow Chart

Stainless Steel Seamless Pipes and Tubes Production Flow Chart:

Our specialized process for seamless tubing manufacturing begins with either an extruded hollow tube or a solid bar
drilled to our exacting specifications. The material is then reduced in size a number of times through various cold
working techniques until it reaches the specific size, tolerances, and temper required by our customer. After each
cold working cycle the tubes are cutted, cleaned and heat treated in preparation for the next cold working step.

Stainless Steel Bar-Inspection – Peeling – Cut – Center – Heating – Piercing – Inspection/Grinding – Pickling –
Cold Rolling/Drawing – Pickling – Solution Annealing – Straightening – Cutting –  Bright Annealing/Annealing
Pickeling – Composition Inspect – Marking – Packing – Storing – Shiping

Pilgering

Pilgering reduces the size of the tube across three dimensions – outside diameter (OD), internal diameter (ID) and
wall thickness. We roll a die set with a tapered groove across the outside of the tube while supporting the inside
diameter using a taper-matched, hardened steel mandrel. In a single cold working step, we can achieve a significant
reduction in cross-sectional area while minimizing material loss and, most importantly, improving the material’s
microstructure. Seamless tubes constitute the majority of volume processed by tube reducing or pilgering.

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Cold Rolling

Like pilgering, tube rolling also uses compression to reduce the size of seamless tubes. However, while pilgering
uses a pair of grooved, tapered dies to work the metal over a tapered mandrel, tube rolling utilizes one or two sets of
rolls with constant cross-section grooves on the circumference of the tube. Generally, the process employs a
cylindrical mandrel with little or no taper. The rolls are driven by rack and pinion gears of different radii along
profiled cams, completing multiple 360º rotations around the tube.

Cold rolling is a very precise method of reducing very thin walled and/or smaller diameter tubes, and is often used as
the final cold working step. By rolling, we’re able to achieve exceptional control over dimensional tolerances and
surface finish while also minimizing material loss and improving the metal’s microstructure. Because it uses
compression, tube rolling is well suited to processing unique metals like titanium and zirconium alloys.

Our cold rolling capabilities include both classic 2-roll (single roll set) tube rollers and an advanced 3-roll approach.

Cold Drawing

Typically used as the first form of size reduction for seamless tubes, cold drawing reduces the diameter by pulling
the tube through a die that is smaller than the tube. In order to fit the tube into the die, one end is ‘swaged’ or
‘tagged’ thereby reducing the diameter of the leading end before drawing. Next, the narrowed end is passed through
the die and clamped to a drawing trolley which pulls the tube through the die. After drawing the ‘tag’ is cropped
from the tube end prior to cleaning.

Three types of cold drawing techniques:

Sink drawing

This is the simplest of the three drawing methods, as there is no tooling to support the ID surface. The tube is drawn
through a die made of polished tool steel or industrial diamond, thereby reducing its inside and outside diameters.
Our specialized lubrication and application techniques, combined with our proprietary die profiles, enable the OD
surface to become smoother as the tube is drawn. Since the inside diameter is not constrained, the wall thickness of
the tube will normally increase during drawing, and the ID surface finish will normally become rougher during a
sink draw.

Rod drawing

Rod drawing is our most commonly used cold draw method, primarily for intermediate or in-process drawing stages,
where both the outside diameter and wall thickness are reduced at the same time.

The tube is loaded over a hardened steel mandrel rod and both are then drawn through a die. This squeezes the tube
onto the rod, reducing the outside diameter and thinning the wall simultaneously. The die and mandrel determine the
size of the drawn tube, which is then slightly expanded by applying pressure to the outside of the tube so that the rod
can be removed. Since larger reductions in cross-sectional area can be achieved by rod drawing, this method is used
for mid-process stages to reduce tube sizes prior to the final drawing cycle.

Plug drawing

This type of drawing is used to achieve the best possible surface finish and the greatest control over both dimensions
and final temper. The outside diameter and wall thickness of the tube are both reduced during plug drawing, as the
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22/7/2021 Cold Finished Stainless Steel Tube Technology Flow Chart - China Guanyu Stainless Steel Tube

tube travels through a die and over a stationary plug/mandrel made of high grade tool steel. The plug or mandrel has
a polished surface and is attached to a fixed back rod, which is carefully positioned within the drawing die. The tube
is loaded over the mandrel/back rod. As the tube passes through the die, the burnishing action of the metal flowing
over the stationary plug imparts a high tolerance surface finish inside the tube.

When properly lubricated and prepared, the ID will show very few flaws and finishes of 16 RMS or better can be
achieved. Plug drawing is normally chosen for the final draw stage because it achieves a high quality surface finish,
exceptional dimensional control, and positive influence on tensile strength requirements.

Annealing

Annealing is used to soften the metal before further cold working or fabrication processes, and improves the overall
metallurgical microstructure of the tube. During tube reduction or cold drawing, it can become hard and somewhat
brittle. To be able to draw the tube again, stresses formed during cold working need to be removed to return the
material to its normal state.

During annealing the tube is heated to a controlled temperature (up to 2100°F) and soak time. Through this process
the tube remains in shape, but the grains in the structure of the tube reform into a regular unstressed pattern. The
resulting annealed tube is softer and suitable for redrawing.

Our closely controlled annealing and heat treat processes are audited regularly by our nuclear, medical, and
aerospace customers.

Straightening
Drawing and annealing generally results in some degree of bowing, producing a slight bend in the tubing. We use
multiple roll mechanical straighteners in the first stage of finishing. The straightener applies pressure and flex to the
product in order to remove bends or bows, resulting in a straightness level of 0.010” per foot, or better. Straightening
can introduce slight changes to the size and mechanical properties of the tubing, so these aspects are very carefully
controlled during the process.

Previous: ASTM A789 S32205 S31803 Stainless Steel Tubes Material Purchase Specification

Next: Stainless Steel Seamless Pipe

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Manufacturer of Stainless Steel Tube, Stainless Steel Pipe, SS Pipe, Stainless Steel Tubing, Nickel Alloy Tubing in China.

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