Acta mater.

48 (2000) 2665±2673
www.elsevier.com/locate/actamat

DEFORMATION TEXTURE TRANSITION IN BRASS:

CRITICAL ROLE OF MICRO-SCALE SHEAR BANDS
E. EL-DANAF 1{, S. R. KALIDINDI 1{, R. D. DOHERTY 1 and C. NECKER 2
1
Department of Materials Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19103-2875, USA and 2Los
Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA

(Received 28 December 1999; accepted 29 January 2000)

AbstractÐThe transition in deformation textures between low stacking fault energy f.c.c. metals (e.g. brass
textures) and the medium to high stacking fault energy f.c.c. metals (e.g. copper textures) is addressed. A
detailed microscopy investigation was conducted in parallel with texture measurements on deformed
samples of copper and 70/30 brass to di€erent strain levels in three di€erent deformation paths, namely,
plane strain compression, simple compression, and simple shear. The objective of the study was to identify
the speci®c trends in the transition between the brass textures and the copper textures that correlated with
the onset of deformation twinning and those that correlated with the onset of micro-scale shear banding. It
was found that several important transitions in the evolution of the deformation textures, especially in the
rolled samples, correlated not with the onset of deformation twinning but with the onset of micro-scale
shear banding. These results strongly suggest that the critical feature in texture transition is not twinning
directly, but the shear banding promoted by the high strain hardening rates of low stacking fault energy
f.c.c. metal. 7 2000 Acta Metallurgica Inc. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Shear bands; Texture; Deformation twinning; Crystal structure; Copper alloys

1. INTRODUCTION that this transition shifted systematically to lower

Stacking fault energy (SFE) plays an important role
in f.c.c. metals and alloys in determining the pre-
vailing mechanisms of plastic deformation. Low
SFE metals exhibit a tendency for mechanical twin-
ning besides slip during large plastic deformations}.
Based largely on this correlation, Wassermann [3]
hypothesized that deformation twinning was re-
sponsible for the transition between the so-called
copper-type and the brass-type textures. A rigorous
analysis of the evolution of rolling textures in cop-
per and copper±zinc (brass) alloys, the latter having
a rapidly falling SFE as the zinc content increases,
was conducted by Hirsch et al. [4, 5]. These authors
demonstrated that the copper±brass transition of
the rolling texture can be characterized by an
abrupt decrease of the copper component …f111g 
h112i† accompanied by an increase in the orien-
tation density of the copper-twin orientation TC
…f255gh511i† (as predicted by Wassermann [3]), and
{ Present address: Department of Mechanical Design
and Production, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
{ To whom all correspondence should be addressed.
} Recent research by our group has re-examined the con-
nection between SFE and twinning in f.c.c. alloys, and
clari®ed the physics behind this correlation [1, 2].
strains with increasing the solute level from 2.5 to
30% zinc in pure copper. These observations were
attributed to the faster formation of mechanical
twins in the higher solute Cu±Zn alloys.
Le€ers and Kayworth [6] conducted a trans-
mission electron microscopy investigation on
deformed samples of brass and argued that the
volume fraction of the twinned regions was so small
that the development of the brass-type texture can-
not be a volume e€ect of deformation twins as
suggested by Wassermann [3] and Hirsch et al. [4,
5]. In 40% rolled 85/15 brass, Le€ers and
Kayworth [6] and Le€ers and Sorenson [7] found
that the fraction of the twinned material was only
about 2%. Duggan et al. [8] studied 76% rolled 70/
30 brass and also came to the conclusion that the
volume fraction of the twinned material was insu-
cient to have a decisive bulk e€ect on the texture,
at least directly. Le€ers and Jensen [9] have asserted
that neither the extent of twinning nor the degree of
orientation selectivity of twinning is suciently
great to account for the di€erences between copper
texture and the brass texture.
Le€ers [10] proposed an alternative model for
evolution of brass rolling texture. According to this
model, in early stages of deformation, 50% of the
grains would have twin lamellae and that would

1359-6454/00/$20.00 7 2000 Acta Metallurgica Inc. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
PII: S 1 3 5 9 - 6 4 5 4 ( 0 0 ) 0 0 0 5 0 - 1
2666 EL-DANAF et al.: DEFORMATION TEXTURE TRANSITION
result in mainly planar slip (slip parallel to twin
lamellae which in f.c.c. lie on {111} matrix planes)
in the twinned grains. In the other 50% of the
grains, that are free of twins, slip takes place on
multiple {111} slip planes in order to maintain
strain continuity. At later stages of deformation,
grains with {111} planes approximately parallel to
the rolling plane have a dense population of defor-
mation twins, which makes homogeneous slip on
these planes extremely dicult, and leads to in-
homogeneous deformation (shear bands) that pro-
duces a texture di€erent from that produced by a
more homogeneous deformation. This process
involves a non-Taylor (non-homogeneous) defor-
mation ®eld at the micro-scale that, according to
Le€ers [10], leads to a texture di€erent from the
copper-type texture. However, these authors have
not stated the strain levels at which the two distinct
stages of texture evolution outlined above operate.
Furthermore, Le€ers remarked [10] that a single
model (a modi®ed Sachs model assuming slip pre-
dominantly on a single {111} plane) provides good
predictions of deformed textures in brass during
both stages of texture evolution, although the
micro-scale deformation processes are entirely
di€erent in the two stages. This raises serious ques-
tions on whether there are indeed two separate and
distinct stages of texture evolution, as proposed by
these authors.
There is considerable disagreement and confusion
in literature on when the brass rolling texture starts
to deviate from copper rolling texture. Wassermann
[3], Kallend and Davis [11], Hirsch and Lucke [4],
and Singh et al. [12], reported that up to moderate
rolling deformations …050% rolling or 00:7 true
strain in plane strain compression) the texture in
brass develops by normal slip in the same manner
as copper, to produce a spread of orientations from
f112gh111i (copper orientation) to f110gh112i (brass
orientation). However, Le€ers and Kayworth [6]
disagreed with the interpretation of the experimen-
tal observations since the studies reported typically
refer to the {111} pole ®gures that show the di€er-
ence less clearly than {200} pole ®gures. Le€ers [13]
argued that there are distinct di€erences in textures
reported by Kallend and Davis [11] for copper and
for 90/10 brass even after a reduction of only 20%.
On the basis of ODFs, Tobisch and Mucklich [14]
showed that the texture of 73/27 brass deviates sig-
ni®cantly from that of copper at rolling reduction
of 30%. It might be noted, however, that Kallend
and Davis [11], and Hirsch et al. [4] have also used
ODF techniques to study these deformation tex-
tures.
Another unresolved issue in the evolution of the
brass-type rolling texture is an understanding of the
mechanism responsible for the higher brass com-
ponent …f110gh112i† in these textures compared with
the copper-type texture. By studying orientation
Schmid factors for twinning and for slip, Hirsch et
al. [4] found that the part of the b-®ber (covering
orientations from the ``copper'' component to the
``brass'' component through the ``S'' orientation in
Euler angle space), found near the ``copper'' orien-
tation …f111gh112i† should twin most easily. Thus,
the copper orientation might be expected to be
transformed to the TC (twin copper) orientation
…f255gh511i). According to Hirsch et al. [4], sub-
sequent deformation (rolling) causes TC to rotate
to an intermediate orientation Y …f111gh112i† which
then rotates to the Goss orientation G …f110gh001i†
by the process of shear bands. These authors hy-
pothesize that the Goss orientation is only a meta-
stable orientation and will then rotate to the brass
orientation. This model, for the development of
brass orientation in brass-type textures, relies on a
volume e€ect of deformation twinning and is there-
fore very questionable in light of the ®ndings from
Le€ers and co-workers described above. On the
other hand, Le€ers and Sorenson [7] argue that the
development of the brass component in brass-type
rolling texture is a natural consequence of the non-
homogeneous deformation ®eld promoted by the
production of deformation twins, and that this fea-
ture is captured well by their modi®ed Sachs model.
However, the main problem with this hypothesis, in
the opinion of the present authors, is that this
model should result in a grossly heterogeneous
strain ®eld at the grain-scale (due to the di€erences
in orientations of twins in the di€erent crystal
orientations) and give rise to large di€erences in
grain morphologies in the deformed microstructure
for di€erently oriented grains. There is no evidence
for such features in the deformed microstructures in
the studies reported to date.
Sevillano et al. [15] argued that shear bands are
present in rolled f.c.c. metals of low SFE from the
point where the brass texture starts to form, and
investigated if the shear bands in¯uenced the tex-
ture evolution signi®cantly in both low and high
SFE f.c.c. metals. Their numerical study of texture
evolution in these metals led them to conclude that
shear bands did not play a signi®cant role in the
texture evolution. On the other hand, Duggan et al.
[8] conducted a thorough experimental investigation
of microstructure evolution in brass and concluded
that shear bands did play a major role in the defor-
mation process and the texture evolution.
The above discussion provides a brief summary
of the contradicting views held in current literature
on the origin of the transition from the copper-type
textures to brass-type textures in f.c.c. polycrystals.
The main handicap in resolving some of the issues
mentioned is a lack of quantitative information on
when (i.e. at what strain levels) deformation twin-
ning and micro-scale shear banding initiate in the
deformed microstructure in the di€erent metals dis-
cussed. If the information on the initiation and
evolution of these microstructural features is gath-
ered in conjunction with texture evolution, then it
 EL-DANAF et al.: DEFORMATION TEXTURE TRANSITION
should be possible to clarify some of the issues
raised above and resolve them in an unambiguous
manner. In recent studies, our group has demon-
strated there are clear correlations between in-
itiation of deformation twinning and initiation of
micro-scale shear banding in the deformed micro-
structure and certain characteristic features in the
strain hardening plots [1, 2, 16]. The purpose of this
study is to extend these correlations to changes in
texture evolution, and thereby explore if any of the
transitions in the texture evolution can be speci®-
cally correlated with either the initiation of defor-
mation twinning or the initiation of micro-scale
shear banding in the deformed microstructures.
2. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS
2.1. Mechanical testing
The materials used in this study are mainly cop-
per and 70/30 brass, which are both f.c.c. metals
and are representative of low SFE and medium
SFE metals, respectively. The as-received materials
were heat treated to provide equiaxed grain struc-
tures with an average grain size of 30±40 mm (the
heat treatment details to obtain di€erent grain sizes
in these metals are provided in Ref. [2]). The initial
textures in the annealed samples were nominally
random. Simple compression, plane strain com-
pression, and simple shear tests were conducted on
the annealed samples. The details of these exper-
iments and the measured stress±strain responses,
have already been discussed by the authors in a
recent publication [16]. In this study, these exper-
iments were repeated to produce samples subjected
to di€erent strain levels in all three modes of defor-
mation, and the evolution of underlying texture for
each deformation path was documented (details of
texture measurements are presented in the next sec-
tion). Since the strain levels corresponding to in-
itiation of deformation twinning and micro-scale
shear banding in these materials (with the chosen
grain sizes) have already been established in our
previous study [1, 16], we selected deformation
levels such that we can speci®cally examine the
changes in texture evolution brought upon by onset
of deformation twinning and by onset of micro-
scale shear banding in the low SFE f.c.c. metals.
2.2. Texture measurements
Crystallographic textures were measured by X-
ray re¯ection technique on a Scintag X1 ®ve-axis
pole ®gure goniometer using Cu-Ka radiation. The
beam is a point source, circularly collimated to
0.8 mm. The detector is a Peltier cooled solid state
detector with a slit of 2 mm. The (111), (200) and
(220) pole ®gures were measured. The samples were
oscillated 4 mm to collect data from as many grains
as possible. Data were collected out to 808 sample
2667
tilt in 58 sample rotation and tilt increments with a
1 s counting time.
The data were analyzed using the popLA soft-
ware [17], to produce corrected and recalculated
pole ®gures and orientation distributions. The raw
data were corrected for background and defocusing
using a correction ®le generated from a copper
sample with a random texture. The data were then
run through a harmonics algorithm to extrapolate
the outer fringes of the pole ®gure data and then
the data were re-normalized. These data were run
through the WIMV algorithm to produce recalcu-
lated pole ®gures and orientation distributions.
3. RESULTS
3.1. Stress±strain responses
Figure 1(a) shows the equivalent true stress±
equivalent true strain responses in simple com-
pression, plane strain compression and simple shear
for 70/30 brass for a grain size of about 30 mm, as
reported in our previous work [16]. In this plot, the
equivalent stress and its work±conjugate equivalent
strain were de®ned using the von Mises de®nitions.
Figure 1(b) shows the normalized strain hardening
rate plotted against normalized stress parameter
…s ÿ s0 †=G (s0 being the initial yield strength of the
alloy, and G the shear modulus). We have pre-
viously demonstrated that the initiation of the ®rst
plateau in the strain hardening curve (labeled as
Stage B in our previous work [1]) correlated with
the onset of deformation twinning in the micro-
structure [16]. Furthermore, we have also veri®ed
that the cross-over point between the simple com-
pression and plane strain compression stress±strain
curves in Fig. 1(a) (corresponding to an equivalent
strain of about 0.5 and an equivalent stress of
about 450 MPa) correlated with initiation of exten-
sive micro-scale shear banding in the deformed
microstructures [16]. Note that this cross-over point
also corresponds to the point where there is a
noticeable drop in the strain hardening rate plot for
plane strain compression compared with simple
compression [Fig. 1(b)]. We have also reported pre-
viously that in simple compression deformed
samples of 70/30 brass micro-scale shear bands in-
itiated at about a true strain of ÿ0:6, and that the
numbers of these shear bands in simple compression
deformed samples were signi®cantly much lower
than those in plane strain compression deformed
samples [1, 16].
3.2. Texture evolution
The evolution of texture in plane strain com-
pression of copper and 70/30 brass was documented
by measuring texture at various strain levels in the
range of ÿ0:25 to ÿ1:50: The (111), (100) and (110)
equal-area projection pole ®gures for both copper
2668 EL-DANAF et al.: DEFORMATION TEXTURE TRANSITION

Fig. 1. (a) Equivalent true stress±equivalent true strain responses (von Mises) in simple compression,
plane strain compression and simple shear for 70/30 brass for a grain size of about 30 mm. (b)
Normalized strain hardening rate plotted against normalized stress parameter.

and 70/30 brass corresponding to strains of ÿ0:25
and ÿ1:50 are shown in Figs 2 and 3, respectively.
As expected, at high strain levels the deformation
texture in copper resembles a copper-type texture
while the corresponding texture in 70/30 brass is
akin to a brass-type texture. At the low strain
levels, however, there is only a slight di€erence, in
agreement with the observations made previously
by Le€ers and Jensen [9]. In order to compare
quantitatively the texture evolution between these

Fig. 2. (111), (100) and (110) equal-area projection pole ®gures for both copper and 70/30 brass at a
strain of ÿ0:25 in plane strain compression.
 EL-DANAF et al.: DEFORMATION TEXTURE TRANSITION 2669

Fig. 3. (111), (100) and (110) equal-area projection pole ®gures for both copper and 70/30 brass at a
strain of ÿ1:50 in plane strain compression.

low and medium SFE metals, the volume fraction ponent in 70/30 brass increases with strain up to
of grains oriented along the most important orien- about a strain of 0.5, and then there is a distinct
tations in the f.c.c. rolling textures, namely the cop- change in that it decreases with strain beyond this
per orientation, the brass orientation, and the S strain level. Figure 5 shows the evolution of the
orientation, were calculated from the experimental volume fraction variation of the brass orientation
data. The volume fractions were calculated using …011†‰112Š in both 70/30 brass and copper with the
the following relation [18]: imposed strain. It is seen that the general trends are
the same for both materials except that the rate of
DV X increase of the brass component is somewhat higher
ˆ f … g†Dg …1†
V in 70/30 brass compared with copper (especially at
where g represents an orientation in the Euler angle low strains up to a strain of about 0.5). Figure 6
space, f( g ) denotes the normalized orientation den- shows the evolution of the volume fraction of the S
sity output from the computer code popLA (pre-
ferred orientation package from Los Alamos [17]),
and the summation is performed on all orientations
within a 15 deg Rodriguez angle of the selected
ideal orientation. Since the output from popLA
code for f( g ) is provided in a discretized orien-
tation space (5 deg bins in all three Euler angles), a
weighting function is used on orientations that are
between 15 and 16 deg Rodriguez angle from the
ideal orientation such that the orientations at
15 deg are weighted with a factor of 1.0 and the
orientations at 16 deg are weighted with a factor of
0.0, and the weighting function is varied linearly in
between these two limits.
Figure 4 shows the evolution of the volume frac-
Fig. 4. Evolution of the volume fraction variation of the
tion of the copper orientation …112†‰111Š in both 70/ copper orientation …112†‰111Š in both 70/30 brass and cop-
30 brass and copper with the imposed strain. It can per with the imposed strain for a bin size of 15 deg of
be seen that the volume fraction of the copper com- Rodriguez angle in plane strain compression.
2670 EL-DANAF et al.: DEFORMATION TEXTURE TRANSITION
Fig. 5. Evolution of the volume fraction variation of the
brass orientation …011†‰112Š in both 70/30 brass and cop-
per with the imposed strain for a bin size of 15 deg of
Rodriguez angle in plane strain compression.
orientation …123†‰634Š with the imposed strain for
both copper and 70/30 brass. It is seen that the
evolution of the S orientation in 70/30 brass shows
some of the trends seen in the evolution of the cop-
per orientation (Fig. 4). Speci®cally, the volume
fraction of the S orientation in 70/30 brass starts to
decline around a strain of 0.5, although the e€ect
here is not as severe as was seen earlier for the cop-
per orientation.
The texture evolution in simple compression
deformed samples of both 70/30 brass and copper
was also studied systematically. Figure 7 shows the
(111), (100) and (110) equal-area projection pole
®gures for both 70/30 brass and copper at a true
strain of ÿ1:0: In order to make quantitative com-
parisons, we computed the volume fractions of
grains in the (110), (111) and (100) ®ber texture
components in both 70/30 brass and copper as a
function of the imposed strain. The results of these
calculations are shown in Figs 8±10. As expected,
the results indicate a strong buildup of the (110)
®ber components. However, an interesting feature
observed was that there was a slow but distinct
increase in the (111) ®ber component in 70/30 brass
at high strain levels beyond a strain of about ÿ0:55:
It was also noted that although the (100) ®ber com-
Fig. 6. Evolution of the volume fraction variation of the S orientation …123†‰634Š in both 70/30 brass
and copper with the imposed strain for a bin size of 15 deg of Rodriguez angle in plane strain com-
pression.
ponent is quite small in both the metals, it declined
much more quickly in 70/30 brass than in copper.
The textures from the simple shear deformed
samples were also measured. However, at the strain
levels we investigated (up to a shear strain of ÿ1:6),
there were no signi®cant di€erences in the deformed
textures measured in 70/30 brass and copper
samples. In the interest of space, these have not
been presented here, but interested readers can refer
to Ref. [19].
4. DISCUSSION
4.1. Plane strain compression/rolling
A comparison of the texture evolution in plane
strain compression deformed samples of 70/30 brass
and copper (of roughly the same initial average
grain size) reveals the following points (Figs 4±6):
1. There is a drastic change in the evolution of the
volume fraction of the copper component at
about a strain of ÿ0:5: A similar change also
occurs for the volume fraction of the S orien-
tation, although the e€ect is less severe. These
changes correlate very well with the onset of
micro-scale shear banding in the deformed
microstructures [16]. Note that deformation twin-
ning initiates at about a strain of ÿ0:08 in 70/30
brass. Since the change in the evolution of the
volume fractions of the copper and S orien-
tations occur well beyond the initiation of defor-
mation twinning and coincide with the onset of
shear banding, it is reasonable to attribute these
changes as consequences of micro-scale shear
banding in the material.
2. There is a noticeable di€erence in the rate of
increase of the brass component between the two
metals, especially at low strains. The brass com-
ponent builds up faster in 70/30 brass compared
with copper, and this is attributable as a conse-
quence of deformation twinning. The nature of
this in¯uence, we believe, is unlikely to be a bulk
volume fraction e€ect of twinning, but it could
 EL-DANAF et al.: DEFORMATION TEXTURE TRANSITION 2671

Fig. 7. (111), (200) and (220) equal-area projection pole ®gures for both 70/30 brass and copper at a
true strain of ÿ1:0 in simple compression.

be an indirect e€ect of twinning on the slip pro-
cess, as argued by Le€ers [10].
4.2. Simple compression
A comparison of the texture evolution in simple
compression deformed samples of 70/30 brass and
copper (of roughly the same initial average grain
size) reveals the following points (Figs 8±10):
1. There is a slight increase in the volume fraction
of (111) ®ber component at large strains in 70/30
brass, beyond a strain of about ÿ0:55: Note that
this change in texture evolution also correlates to
a slower buildup of the (110) ®ber component in
70/30 brass compared with copper at the same
strain levels. This change in evolution of the
(111) ®ber component once again correlates very
well with the onset of micro-scale shear banding
in the deformed microstructures [1]. Note that
deformation twinning initiates in 70/30 brass in
simple compression deformed samples at about a
strain of ÿ0:07: Since the change in the evolution
of the (111) ®ber component occurs well beyond
the initiation of deformation twinning and co-
incides with the onset of shear banding, it is
reasonable to attribute this change as a conse-

Fig. 8. Volume fractions of grains in the (110) ®ber texture Fig. 9. Volume fractions of grains in the (111) ®ber texture
components in both 70/30 brass and copper as a function components in both 70/30 brass and copper as a function
of the imposed strain for a bin size of 15 deg of Rodriguez of the imposed strain for a bin size of 15 deg of Rodriguez
angle in simple compression. angle in simple compression.
2672 EL-DANAF et al.: DEFORMATION TEXTURE TRANSITION
quence of micro-scale shear banding in the ma-
terial. Note that the results presented here are in
agreement with the reported data on the evol-
ution of the ratios of intensities of the di€erent
peaks presented previously by Asgari et al. [1].
However, since the previous data were reported
as ratios of intensities, there were no quantitative
data on the evolution of the individual ®ber com-
ponents, such as presented in this study.
2. There is a noticeable di€erence in the rate of
decrease of the (100) ®ber component between
the two metals at low strains. The (100) ®ber
component drops much faster in 70/30 brass
compared with copper, and this is attributable as
a consequence of deformation twinning. This
result has been noted in previous studies [20],
and has been attributed to the fact that the
grains in the (100) ®ber texture are ideally
oriented for deformation twinning (with the lar-
gest resolved shear stress on the twinning sys-
tems).
4.3. Simple shear
It was observed that the shear textures in 70/30
brass and copper were quite similar at least to the
strain level of ÿ1:6 as investigated in this study.
Optical microscopy investigation of the simple
shear deformed samples in 70/30 brass revealed an
absence of any micro-scale shear bands. However,
our previous studies [16] demonstrated that there
was a substantial amount of deformation twinning
in the same samples as were investigated for texture
here. Furthermore, the amount of deformation
twinning in the shear samples was found to be com-
parable with that in simple compression samples
[16]. So, in spite of the high frequency of defor-
mation twins in simple shear deformation there
appears to be no major in¯uence of deformation
twinning on texture evolution. This observation
provides support for the arguments made in this
Fig. 10. Volume fractions of grains in the (100) ®ber tex-
ture components in both 70/30 brass and copper as a func-
tion of the imposed strain for a bin size of 15 deg of
Rodriguez angle in simple compression.
paper that some of the major changes in texture
evolution described above between 70/30 brass and
copper are clearly correlated with onset of extensive
micro-scale shear banding and not with the onset of
twinning. That is not to say that twinning and low
stacking fault energy play no indirect role in texture
di€erences. Low stacking fault energy promotes the
condition for twinning as discussed for example by
El-Danaf et al. [2], and twinning in turn promotes
increased strain hardening, see for example Asgari
et al. [1]. Numerous studies, for example by
Duggan et al. [8] and Korbel et al. [22], have shown
that alloys that twin show much enhanced shear
banding. Therefore, there is clearly an indirect link
between twinning and texture changes but the key
structural feature that correlates with the texture
change is the onset of strain localization, shear
banding. Other studies, for example by Baumann
and Doherty [21], have shown that solute enhanced
strain hardening in aluminum promotes shear band-
ing. Therefore, an important test for the ideas pre-
sented here will be to see if heavy cold rolling of
high solute aluminum alloys also shows a change
from a copper to a brass type rolling texture.
Future work also appears necessary to try to
understand why the shear banding observed in
brass causes the texture changes seen here for plane
strain compression (or rolling) and for simple com-
pression deformation.
5. CONCLUSIONS
This study demonstrates that several of the im-
portant di€erences occurring in the evolution of de-
formation textures between low SFE f.c.c. metals
such as brass and medium SFE f.c.c. metals such as
copper correlate with onset of micro-scale defor-
mation banding and not with the onset of defor-
mation twinning in the deformed microstructures.
Speci®cally, these include:
1. The decrease of the copper component in 70/30
brass at high strain levels (beyond a strain level
of ÿ0:5 for a 30 mm grain-sized material) in
plane strain compression.
2. The decrease of the S component in 70/30 brass
at high strain levels (beyond a strain level of
ÿ0:5 for a 30 mm grain-sized material) in plane
strain compression.
3. The increase of the (111) ®ber component in 70/
30 brass at high strain levels (beyond a strain
level of ÿ0:55 for a 30 mm grain-sized material)
in simple compression.
It was also found that in simple shear where there
was twinning but no shear banding, the two metals,
copper and brass, each with very di€erent SFE
showed similar textures to a strain of 1.6.
AcknowledgementsÐThis work was supported ®nancially
by NSF (CMS 9503943). Cold-rolled plates of 70/30 brass
 EL-DANAF et al.: DEFORMATION TEXTURE TRANSITION
were kindly provided for this work by Dr James Breedis
of Olin Corporation, CT.
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