Polynomial elt V yh and Rational Functions We are surrounded by evidence thatthe world is profoundly mathematical. After turning & somerset, a diver's pith eat be modeled by & quadratic function, f(x) = ax* + bx + ¢, as can. the path ofa football tossed from quarterback to receiver or the path ofa fipped coin. Even if you throw an object directly upward, although its path s straight and vertical, its changing height overtime is dosertbed by a quadratie function, And talgatars bowaro Whether youre driving a ear, a motoreyco, ora true on dry or wet roads, an aray of quadatie functions that model your required stopping distances et various speeds is available to help you become a safer driver HERE'S WHERE YOU'LL FIND THESE APPLICATIONS: ‘The quadratic functions surrounding our long history of throwing things appear throughout the chapter, including Example 5 in Section 2.2 and Example 5 in Section 2.7, ‘Tailgaters should pay close attention to the Section 2.7 opener, Exercises 77-78 and 92-92 in Exercise Set 2.7, and Exercise 91 in the Chapter Review Exercises : —— 307308 Chapter 2 Polynomial and Rational Functions What am | supposed to learn? ‘ter studying this section, you shouldbe abl to: @ Ade and subtract complex numbers. @ Mutiply complex numbers. © Divide complex numbers. @ Perform operations with square roots of negative numbers. © Solve quadratic equations with complex imaginary solutions. Complex numbers Imaginary a+ bith #0 FIGURE 2.1. The complex number Complex Numbers ‘Who is this kid warning us about rye Kio. wilfo LEARNED AGouT mart ‘our eyeballs turning black if we attempt to find the square root of 9? Don't believe what you hear ‘on the street. Although square roots of negative numbers are not real numbers, they do play a significant role in algebra. In this section, we move beyond the i real numbers and discuss square | a5 roots with negative radicands. | Loe ere ae ener oe The Imaginary Unit i In this section, we will study equations whose solutions may involve the square roots of negative numbers. Because the square of a real number is never negative, there is no real number x such that x? = =I. To provide a setting in which such equations hhave solutions, mathematicians hhave invented an expanded system of numbers, the complex numbers, © Ror Chas'The New Yorker Coiection/Cartoonbank ‘The imaginary number i, defined tobe a solution of the equation x? = —1, is the basis of this new number system. The Imaginary Unit i ‘The imaginary unit jis defined as VAI, where # = - Using the imaginary unit , we can express the square root of any negative number asa real multiple of i. For example, Vii = VAVE = iV = si We can check this result by squaring Si and obtaining —25. (Si? = St? = 25(-1) = -25 Anew system of numbers, called complex numbers, is based on adding multiples of i, such as Si, to real numbers. ‘Complex Numbers and Imaginary Numbers The set of all numbers in the form a+ bi, with real numbers a and b, and i, the imaginary unit, is called the set of complex. numbers. The real number ais called the real part and the real number b is called the imaginary part of the complex number a + bi. If 6 # 0, then the complex number is called an imaginary number (Figure 2.1). An imaginary number in the form bi is called a pure imaginary number.@ Aes ar sttactcompox numbers -GREAT QUESTION! _ ‘Arc operations with complex ‘numbers similar to operations with polynomials? ‘Yes. The following examples, using the same integers asin Example L show how operations with ‘complex numbers are just like ‘operations with polynomials, a (5-1) + 7 +4) = 12-18 b. (-5 +x) (C1 - 6) xt + 6 1 Section 2.1 Complex Numbers 309 Here are some examples of complex numbers, Each number can be written in the form a + bi. 446i 28= 042i 3=340i ca theral bythe imaiy oer 6, the imaginny to pete ple pie. pa. et Can you see that b, the imaginary part, is not zero in the first two complex numbers? Because b # 0, these complex numbers are imaginary numbers, Furthermore, the imaginary number 2i is a pure imaginary number. By contrast, the imaginary part of the complex number on the right is zero, This complex number is not an imaginary number. The number 3, or 3 + Of, is a real number. ‘A complex number is said to be simplified if itis expressed in the standard form a + bi, If b contains a radical, we usually write 7 before the radical. For example, we write 7 + 3/V5 rather than 7 = 3V5i, which could easily be confused with 74 3V5i Expressed in standard form, two complex numbers are equal if and only if their real parts are equal and their imaginary parts are equal. Equality of Complex Numbers a + bi =c + diifand only ifa = cand = d. Operations with Complex Numbers The form of a complex numbera + biislike the binomial a + bx. Consequently, we can add, subtract, and multiply complex numbers using the same methods we used. for binomials, remembering that Adding and Subtracting Complex Numbers L (a+b) + (C+d)=(@t0+64Hi In words, this says that you add complex numbers by adding their real parts, adding their imaginary parts, and expressing the sum as a complex number. 2 (a+ bi) (+ di) =(@-) + O- Adi In words, this says that you subtract complex numbers by subtracting their real parts, subtracting their imaginary parts, and expressing the difference as a complex number, EXAMPLE 4 Adding and Subtracting Complex Numbers Perform the indicated operations, writing the result in standard form: a(S— Ui) +(7+4) — b (-S +4) — (-11 - 6). SOLUTION a (5-1) + (7+ 4) =S-Mit7+4i Remove the parentheses: =S4+7- Mit di Group real and imaginary terms. =(S+T)+ (ML 4A) Add rea parts and add imaginary parts =12-71 Simpl b. (5 +) (11-6) = —SH+E+IL+ 6; Remove the parentheses Change signs of real and imaginary parts inthe complex number being subtracted = -S+IL+E+ 6% Group real and imaginary terms. = (HSU) + (D+ 6) Add real parts and add imaginary part =6+7i Simplify. .310 Chapter 2 Polynomial and Rational Functions P check Point 1 Perform the indicated operations, writing the result in standard form: a (5-2) +B +3i) b. (2 +6) - (02-9, Multiplication of complex numbers is performed the same way as multiplication ‘of polynomials, using the distributive property and the FOIL method. After completing the multiplication, we replace any oceurrences of with —1, This idea is illustrated in the next example. © wutipty compiex numbers. EXAMPLE 2) Multiplying Complex Numbers Find the products: a. 4i(3 — Si) b. (7 ~ 3i(-2 ~ Si). SOLUTION a, 4i(3 — Si) 41-3 = 4i-Si Distibute 4 throughout the parentheses. = 121 — 207 Mattily. = 121 — 20(-1) Replace i? with =1, = 20+ 125 Simply to 12+ 20 and writen standard form b. (7 ~ 3i)(-2 - Si) Fou 14 si + 6 + 157” ‘Use the FOIL method. 14-3514 674 151) 1 1d - 15 - 351 + 63 Group real and imaginary terms 29 ~ 29) ‘Combine real and imaginary terms oe GD Check Point 2 Find the products: 2. 742 = 9) b. (5+ 416 - 70. © divide complex numbers. Complex Conjugates and Division Itis possible to multiply imaginary numbers and obtain a real number. This occurs when we multiply a + brand a ~ bi Fore (a + bi)(a — bi) = a? ~ abi + abi ~ BF Use the FOIL method a BCA) Rea =a to [otc that this product eliminates { For the complex number a + bi, we define its complex conjugate to be a ~ bi. The multiplication of complex conjugates results in a real number. Conjugate of a Complex Number ‘The complex conjugate of the number a + bi is a ~ bi, and the complex conjugate of a ~ bi is a + bi, The multiplication of complex conjugates gives areal number. (a+ bila - bi) =a +b (a~ bila + bi) = a +b© Perm operations wth square rot of esate numbers Section 2.1 Complex Numbers 311 Complex conjugates are used to divide complex numbers. The goal of the division procedure is to obtain a real number in the denominator. This real number becomes the denominator of a and 6 in the quotient a + bi. By multiplying the numerator and the denominator of the division by the complex conjugate of the denominator, you will obtain this real number in the denominator. EXAMPLE 3) Using Complex Conjugates to Divide Complex Numbers 744i Divide and express the result in standard form: ? * & SOLUTION ‘The complex conjugate of the denominator, 2 ~ Si, is 2 + Si. Multiplication of both the numerator and the denominator by 2 + 5i will eliminate i from the denominator while maintaining the value of the expression. 744i _ (144i) (2451) Multiply the numerator and the der DHS HS) AHS) —_“omPlex conjugate of the denomin inator by the Foote 14 + 351 + 84 +20 Use the FOIL method in the numerator and Bas (a bila + bi) = a + B in the denominator. 14 + 431 + 20(—1) In the numerator combine imaginary terme and 9 replace with 1. Inthe denominatr, PEs? 4s 25 ~ 29. 643i Combine rel terms inthe numerator ~ 29 14+ 20(-1) = 4-20 = ~6. £8 Expres the standard or press the answer in standard frm. Observe that the quotient is expressed in the standard form a + bi, with a = —& and b = 8. one , S+4i Check Point 3 Divide and express the result in standard form; Roots of Negative Numbers ‘The square of 4i and the square of —4i both result in ~16: (4a? = 167? = 16(-1) = -16 (4)? = 16H? = 16(-1) = -16. Consequently, in the complex number system ~16 has two square roots, namely, 47 and —4i, We call 4i the principal square root of —16, Principal Square Root of a Negative Number For any positive real number 6, the principal square root of the negative number —b is defined by V=b = iV. Consider the multiplication problem Si-2i = 107? = 10(-1) = -10 ‘This problem can also be given in terms of principal square roots of negative numbers: V=25- V4,312. Chapter 2 Polynomial and Rational Functions Because the product rule for radicals only applies to real numbers, multiplying radicands is incorrect. When performing operations with square roots of negative numbers, begin by expressing all square roots in terms of i. Then perform the indicated operation. Comet Incorrect VB. Vaa = iV8-1VE V5 = VD 5i-2i Aioo = 10? = 10-1) =-10 EXAMPLE 4 Operations Involving Square Roots of Negative Numbers Perform the indicated operations and write the result in standard form: s+ V=50 5 a V=18 - V-8 SOLUTION Begin by expressing all square roots of negative numbers in terms of i a, V=18 - V=8 = iV18 - V8 = 1V9-2 - V4.2 = 31V2 - 212 = V2 =a stake b. (1+ V5) (1? + 2-185) + (FV. 1-215 + 2s 4-215 n+ z LNB VSL ~25 + siV2 2 1s V2 Vio = VBR = 5V2 25 siV2 FB EXP wie the comps number in sandrd frm a GS 54 2 simplify by dividing numerators and denominators by 5. eee 3thG GO Check Point 4 Perform the indicated operations and write the result in standard form: : a VZi+VB ob cue veR © Solve quadratic equations with Quadratic Equations with Complex Imaginary Solutions campleximaginary solions. We have seem that a quadratic equation can be expressed inthe general form ad+brte=0, a#0.GREAT QUESTION! _ ‘Where can I review quadratic ‘equations and how to solve them? Read Section P7, Objectives 6 through 11 Section 2.1 Complex Numbers 313 All quadratic equations can be solved by the quadratic formula: bt Ve = aac * 2a Recall that the quantity b — ac, which appears under the radical sign in the quadratic formula, is called the discriminant, Ifthe discriminant is negative, a quadratic equation has no real solutions. However, quadratic equations with negative discriminants do have two solutions These solutions are imaginary numbers that are complex conjugates, EXAMPLE 5) A Quadratic Equation with Imaginary Solutions Solve using the quadratic formula: 3x? — 2x + 4 = 0, SOLUTION ‘The given equation is in general form. Begin by identifying the values for a, b, and c. 32x +450 ana bo cos Use the quadratic formula, Substitute the values for 4, 3, b= ~2,and = 4. (9-2) = 2 and (-29? = (-2(-2) Subtract under the radical. Because the fpumber under the radial sign is negative, the sation will not be real number, V=44 = VARIED = VAT Factor 2 from the numerator, ‘Write the complex numbers in standard form, -ly 3 ‘The solutions are complex conjugates, and the solution set is Pah ae . 5 3+ GD Check Point 5 Solve using the quadratic formula: wt - 2x +2=0. ACHIEVING SUCCESS 00 Write down all the steps. In this textbook, examples are written that provide step-by-step solutions. No steps are omitted and each step is explained to the right of the mathematics. Some professors ate careful to write down every step of a problem as they are doing i in class others arent so fastidious. In either case, write down what the professor puts up and. when you get home, fill in whatever steps have been omitted (i any). In your math work, Including homework and tests show clear step-by-step solutions. Detailed solutions help ‘organize your thoughts and enhance understanding, Doing too many steps mentally often results in preventable mistakes.314 Chapter 2 Polynomial and Rational Functions ‘CONCEPT AND VOCABULARY CHECK Fill in each blank so that the resulting statement is true. 1. The imaginary unit is defined as i = 2. The set of all numbers in the form a + biis called the where setol numbers. If # 0, then the number is also called a/an number. If b = 0, then the number is also called a/an__ number. 3-94 37= 4. 101 — (-4/) 5. Consider the following multiplication problem: +296 - 59, Using the FOIL method, the product of the first terms is the product of the outside terms is and the product of the inside terms is ‘The product of the last terms in terms of i? is ___, which simplifies to EXERCISE SET 2.1 Practice Exercises {In Exercises 1-8, add or subtract as indicated and write the result in standard form. +2) + 0-4) 3. G42) - 6-7) §.6-(-5 +4) —CB- 9) 6.7 - (-9 +2) -(CIT- 9) 7. 81 (14 ~ 91) 8. 151 — (12-119) 2 (-246) 44-9 4 (745) - (9 = 119) In Exercises 9-20, find each product and write the result in standard form. 9. ~3i(ti ~ 5) 5 + 496 +) BB. (7 = 5-2 - 39) 15. 6 +56 - 59) 1. CS +9(-5-9) 9. 0+ 3i 0. -82 7) 2. -4- 88 49, 1 (= 49(-3 + 99) 16. 2+ 792-7) 18 (-7- K-74) 20. (6-297 In Exercises 21-28, divide and express the result in standard form. ak 2 a a ast a 6. The conjugate of 2 — 9iis 7. The division 144i 2 is performed by multiplying the numerator and denominator by 8 V-20 = V20= V5 m4 t VER 425 9, x = SNE si ox 72 simplifies Si {In Exercises 20-44, perform the indicated operations and write the result in standard form. 29, V=64 -— VB 30, V8 - Vai BL SV=16+3V=81 a SV=8 43-18 a3, (-2 + V=a)? a4 (-5 - V=9)? 3, (-3- V1)" 36, (-2 + V=ii)* +V—a a a PA yp, 6 = Vo wo a V=8[ V3 - V5) 2. V=12(V=4 - V3) 48, (3-5) (-4V=12) 44, (3V=1) (2-8) {In Exercises 45-50, solve each quadratic equation using the ‘quadratic format, Express solutions in standard forms 45, — 6 +10 46, 8 = 26417 = 47 4 + ar + 13 =0 M8. 2x? + Oe + 3 49, 3x2 = 8-7 50, 3x7 = 4x — 6Practice Plus In Exercises 51-56, perform the indicated operations) and write the result in standard form. SL @-3)1-)-G-NB+) 52. (8 + 92-1) - (1-H + 3. +P -G-H 54. 4 — iP — (142i? 88. 5V=16 + 3/81 56. 5V-8 + 3-18 57. Evaluate x? — 2x + 2forx = 1+ i 88. 59. . Evaluate a? — 2x + Sforx = 1 ~ 2i. 49 Evaluate 4 60, Evaluate, Maya Application Exercises Complex numbers are used in electronics to describe the current inan electric circuit. Ohm's law relates the current ina circuit, inamperes, the voltage ofthe circuit, E,in volts. and the resistance of the circuit, Rin ohms, by the formula E = IR. Use this formula to solve Exercises 61-62 ‘L, Find E, the voltage of a circuit, if 1 = (4 — i) amperes and R= G +7) ohms (62, Find E, the voltage of a circuit, if 1 = (2 ~ 3) amperes and R= G+ 5) ohms 163, The mathematician Girolamo Cardano is credited with the first use (in 1545) of negative square roots in solving the now-famous problem, “Find two numbers whose sum is 10 and whose product is 40." Show that the complex numbers 5-+iVI5 and 5 ~ iVIS satisiy the conditions of the problem, (Cardano id not use the symbolism iVI5 or even ‘V=IS. He wrote Rm 15 for V=18, meaning “radix minus 15" He regarded the numbers 5 + Rim 1S and 5 ~ Ran 1Sas cttious” or “ghost numbers” and considered the problem “manifestly impossible” But in a mathematically adventurous spirit, he exclaimed, “Nevertheless, we will perate.") Explaining the Concepts 6A, What isi? (65. Explain how to add complex numbers. Provide an example with your explanation. 66. Explain how to multiply complex numbers and give an example, 67. What is the complex conjugate of 2 + 3i7 What happens when you multiply this complex number by its complex conjugate? (68, Explain how to divide complex numbers Provide an example ‘with your explanation, 9. Explain each of the three jokes inthe cartoon on page 308 A stand-up comedian uses algebra in some jokes, including tone about a telephone recording that announces “You have just reached an imaginary number. Please multiply by f and chal again.” Explain the joke. 28 Explain the error in Exercises 71-72. TL V=9 + V=16 = V/=25 = V5 = Si ma (V=8)? = V=9-V=9 = Vat Section 2.1 Complex Numbers 315 Critical Thinking Exercises Make Sense? In Exercises 73-76, determine whether each statement makes sense or does not make sense, and explain your reasoning, 173. The humor in the cartoon is based on the fact that “rational” and “real” have different meanings ‘mathematics andin everyday speech, 7A. The word imaginary in imaginary numbers tells re that these numbers are undefined. 78, By writing the imaginary number Si, Tecan immediately see that 5 is the constant and i is the variable 76, When T add or subtract complex numbers, T am basically combining like terms Be rational © 2007 G3 Caulkins {In Exercises 77-80, determine whether each statement is true or fale. If the statement is false, make the necessary change(s) to produce atrue statement. 71. Some irrational numbers are not complex numbers 78. @ + 73 ~ 7i)is an imaginary number. 74317 So3i Ss 80, In the complex number system, 2° + y* (the sum of two squares) can be factored as (x + yi)(x — yi) {In Exercises 81-83, perform the indicated operations and write the result in standard form. 4 asi S @rne-a iea* 1-3 Retaining the Concepts Use the graph of y = f(x) to solve Exercises 84-8. 84, Find the domain and the range off (Gection 12, Example 8) 85, For what value(s) of xis fe) = 1? (Section 1.2, Example 7(¢)) 86, Graph g() =f) +1 (Section 1.6, Example 8) Pore Ee Preview Exercises Exercises 87-89 wl help you prepare forthe material covered in the next section. Jn Exercises 87-88, solve each quadratic equation by the method of your choice. 87, 0= -2r- 37 +8 88-2 tt 89, Use the graph of f(x) = x? to graph g(x) = (x +3)! + 1316 Chapter 2 Polynomial and Rational Functions What am | supposed to learn? ‘fer studying this section, you shouldbe able to: © ecognize characteristics of parabola. © raph parabola. © Determine a quadratic function's minimum or maximum value © SoWve problems involving a quadratic function's rium oF maximum value @ secogice charactors ot ars Quadratic Functions Many sports involve objects that are thrown, kicked, or hit, and then proceed with no additional force of their own, Such objects are called projectiles. Paths of projectiles, as well as their heights over time, can be modeled by quadratic functions, We have seen that a quadratic function is any function of the form fl) = ax? + bx + 6, where a, b, and c are real numbers, with a # 0. A quadratic function is a polynomial function whose greatest exponent is 2. In this section, you will learn to use graphs of quadratic functions to gain a visual understanding of the algebra that describes football, baseball, basketball, the shot put, and other projectile sports, Graphs of Quadratic Functions The graph of any quadratic function is called a parabola, Parabolas are shaped like bowls of inverted bowls, as shown in Figure 2.2. If the coetficient of x (the value of a in ax’ + bx + c) is positive, the parabola opens upward. If the coefficient of x’ is negative, the parabola opens downward. The vertex (or turning point) of the parabola is the lowest point on the graph when it opens upward and the highest point on the graph when it opens downward, ha y 1 t [Mute atinan pit) fil = ats be te a> 0} ote iin ps) 5 leat gaat 44> 0: Parabola opens upward, 44 0: Parabola opens downward FIGURE 2.2 Characteristics of graphs of quadratic functions Look at the unusual image of the word mirror shown here. The artist, Scott Kim, has created the image so that the two halves of the whole are mirror images of each other. A parabola shares this kind of symmetry, in halves match exactly@ craph paraboias sb = ale HR + Section 2.2 Quadratic Functions 317 Graphing Quadratic Functions in Standard Form In our earlier work with transformations, we applied a series of transformations to ‘the graph of f(x) = x*. The graph of this function is a parabola. The vertex for this parabola is (0, 0). In Figure 2.3(a), the graph of f(x) = ax* for a > 0 is shown in black; it opens upward. In Figure 2.3(b), the graph of f(x) = ax? for a < 0 is shown in black: it opens downward, ‘Transformations of f(x) = ax* » Aa yma x= fantom Yor i) h sh} = ale Bk Yan: (0,0) Sh = at eae hk Were (0, 0} ‘ ‘ FIGURE 2.3(a) > 0:Patabola opens upward FIGURE 2.3(b) 4 < 0: Patabols opens downward, Figure 2.3(a) and 2.3(b) also show the graph of g(x) = a(x — h)? + k in blue. ‘Compare these graphs to those of f(x) = ax. Observe that h determines a horizontal shift and k determines a vertical shift of the graph of f(x) = ax’ g(x) = a(x — A)? +k > 0, ta sepbat yale hile esteey Consequently, the vertex (0,0) on the black graph of f(x) = ax? moves to the point (i, &) on the blue graph of g(x) = a(x — hy? + k. The axis of symmetry is the vertical line whose equation is x ‘The form of the expression for g is convenient because it immediately identifies the vertex of the parabola as (i,k), This is the standard form of a quadratic function The Standard Form of a Quadratic Function ‘The quadratic function JQ) = ae — HP +k, a #0 is in standard form. The graph of fis a parabola whose vertex is the point (hk) ‘The parabola is symmetric with respect to the line x = h. Ifa > 0, the parabola opens upward: if a < 0, the parabola opens downward,318 Chapter 2 Polynomial and Rational Functions The sign of a in f(x) = a(x — hy? + k determines whether the parabola opens upward or downward. Furthermore, if [al is small, the parabola opens more flatly than if |a| is large, Here is a general procedure for graphing parabolas whose equations are in standard form: Graphing Quadratic Functions with Equations in Standard Form ‘To graph f(x) = a(x — hy + ky 1. Determine whether the parabola opens upward or downward. Ifa > 0, it opens upward. Ifa < 0, it opens downward 2. Determine the vertex of the parabola. The vertex is (1, k). 3. Find any x-intercepts by solving f(x) = 0. The function's real zeros are the x-intercepts 4. Find the y-intercept by computing /(0). 5, Plot the intercepts, the vertex, and additional points as necessary. Connect these points with a smooth curve that is shaped like a bowl or an inverted bowl. In the graphs that follow, we will show each axis of symmetry as a dashed vertical line, Because this vertical line passes through the vertex, (h, k) its equation is x = h. ‘The line is dashed because itis not part of the parabola. EXAMPLE 1 Graphing a Quadratic Function in Standard Form raph the quadratic function f(x) = -2(x — 3° + 8. SOLUTION We can graph this function by following the steps in the preceding box. We begin by identifying values for a, h, and k. id tom 108) = as — hy? +e i fst Sle) = 2x - 3F +8 Step 1_ Determine how the parabola opens. Note that a, the coefficient of x7 is 2, Thus, a < 0; this negative value tells us that the parabola opens downward, Step2 Find the vertex. The vertex of the parabola is at (h, ). Because h = 3 and k= 8, the parabola has its vertex at 3,8) Step 3 Find the x-intercepts by solving f(x) = 0. Replace f(x) with 0 in fx) = -26e - 37 + 8, 0 = 2% - 3P +8 Find x-intercepts, setting /lx) equal to O. Solve for x Add 2(x — 3)? to both sides of the equation Divide both sides by 2. ‘Apply the square rot property: Iu? then u = Vd or = Vd va xa5 xe ‘Add 3 to both sides in each equation, ylatr—10 FIGURE 2.4 The graph of fs) = 2-37 +8 The x-intercepts are 1 and 5. The parabola passes through (1,0) and (5, 0).iso oem = 3 FIGURE 2.5 The graph of fe) (rsa Section 2.2 Quadratic Functions 319 Step 4 Find the fe) = 2x -3P +8. flO) = -2(0 ~ 3)? + 8 = -2(-3)' + 8 = -209) + “The y-intercept is ~10. The parabola passes through (0, —10) Step 5 Graph the parabola. With a vertex at (3,8), intercepts at S and 1, and a y-intercept at —10, the graph of f is shown in Figure 2.4. The axis of symmetry is ‘the vertical line whose equation is x = 3, . intercept by computing /(0). Replace x with 0 in 10 GD Check Point 1 Graph the quadratic function f(x) = —(« — 1) + 4. EXAMPLE 2 Graphing a Quadratic Function in Standard Form Graph the quadratic function f(x) = (x + 3° + 1 SOLUTION ‘We begin by finding values for a, h, and k. fle) = ale — hy? + Se fr a ade etn HO) = (+ 3 FL Gin to FG) = 1G — 3) +1 Step 1 Determine how the parabola opens. Note that a, the coefficient of x, is 1 ‘Thus, a > 0; this positive value tells us that the parabola opens upward, Step 2 Find the vertex. The vertex of the parabola is at (lt, k). Because h = and k = 1, the parabola has its vertex at (—3, 1), Step 3 Find the intercepts by solving f(x) = 0. Replace f(x) with 0 in ‘Mix) = (x + 3 + 1. Because the vertex is at (~3, 1), which lies above the x-axis, and the parabola opens upward, it appears that this parabola has no x-intercepts. ‘We can verify this observation algebraically 0-43 Find possible xintercepts setting fi) equal to 0, (e+ 3p Solve for x Subtract 1 from both sides KABA VAL or xF3—-VAL Apply the square root property x435i xe3ec vas xa-34i X= 3= 1 Thesoutions ae -3 + i Because this equation has no real solutions, the parabola has no »-intercepts Step 4 Find the yintercept by computing (0). Replace x with 0 in fs) = (2 3 +1 f(0) Ht 10 0+ 3+ ‘The y-intercept is 10, The parabola passes through (0, 10) Step 5 Graph the parabola, With a vertex at (-3,1), no xintercepts, and a ysintercept at 10, the graph of f is shown in Figure 2.5. The axis of symmetry is the vertical line whose equation is x = ~3. see320 Chapter 2 Polynomial and Rational Functions -GREAT QUESTION! 0 'm confused about finding & from the equation f(x) = a(x — hy? + k. Can you help me out? Ws easy tomake a sgn error when finding h the x-coordinate of the vertex. In fle) = ale - hy + ky ‘is the number that follows the subtraction sgn + fa)= 26-3 +8 + 1) The sumbr tr saben 3h e+e a (aye ta GO Check Point 2 Graph the quadratic function f(x) = (x = 298 + 1 Graphing Quadratic Functions in the Form f(x) = ax? + bx + ¢ Quadratic functions are frequently expressed in the form f(x) = ax? + bx + «. How can we identify the vertex of a parabola whose equation is in this form? Completing the square provides the answer to this question, fs) = ar + bx be oe + tr) +e Factor out arom a+ be wa : + as ! if es Compas th sgn ing he ‘he etic a \ + R= + i als Weite the trinomial as the square of a binomial and implify the constant term. Compare this form of the equation with « quadratic function's standard form, Sided tim 08) = ale — HY A ee + Ein in oy a: _ ¢ 2 yy hen & ‘The important part ofthis observation is that fh, the a-coordinate of the vertex, is — =. The y-coordinate can be found by evaluating the function at ~~ qi The» y 7 2a The Vertex of a Parabola Whose Equation Is f(x) = ax? + bx + ¢ Consider the parabola defined by the quadratic function f(x) = ax? + bx + . 6 6 ‘The parabola’s vertex is 2 >) ‘The x-coordinate is —5-. The y.coordinate is found by substituting the x-coordinate into the parabola's ‘equation and evaluating the function at this value of x.Section 2.2 Quadratic Functions 321 We can apply our five-step procedure to graph parabolas in the form fla) = ax? + bx +e. Graphing Quadratic Functions with Equations in the Form fo) = ax + bx +c To graph f(x) = ax? + bx +6, 1. Determine whether the parabola opens upward or downward. Ifa > 0, it opens upward. Ifa < 0, it opens downward. 6 2. Determine the vertex of the parabola. The vertex is (- 2 (- +) 3. Find any x-intercepts by solving f(x) = 0. The real solutions of ax? + bx + ¢ = Oare the x-intercepts 4. Find the y-intercept by computing /(0). Because f(0) = c (the constant term in the function’s equation), the y-intercept is ¢ and the parabola passes. through (0, ¢) 5. Plot the intercepts, the vertex, and additional points as necessary. Connect these points with a smooth curve, EXAMPLE 3 Graphing a Quadratic Function in the Form fix) = ax? + bx + ¢ =x? = 2x +1, Use the graph to identity the Graph the quadratic function f(s) function’s domain and its range. SOLUTION Step 1 Determine how the parabola opens. Note that a, the coefficient of x*, is “1, Thus, a < 0; this negative value tells us that the parabola opens downward. 6 Step2 Find the vertex. We know that the x-coordinate of the vertex is x ‘We identify a, b, and c in fx) = ax? + bx + 6, fl) -2e +d bea cmt Substitute the values of a and b into the equation for the x-coordinate: BL 2a 2-1) ‘the s-coordinate ofthe vertex is ~1. We substitute 1 for xin the equation ofthe funetion, f(x) = —x? — 2x + 1, to find the y-coordinate: f(t) = (1? = U1) $= 1241-2. ‘The vertex is at (—1, 2) Step 3 Find the x-intercepts by solving flx) = 0. Replace f(x) with 0 in fl) = —x8 = De +1, We obtain 0 = -x* ~ 2x + 1. This equation cannot be solved by factoring. We will use the quadratic formula to solve it,322. Chapter 2 Polynomial and Rational Functions GREAT QUESTION! “Are there rules to find domains ‘and ranges of quadratic functions? ‘Yes, The domain of any quadratic function includes all real numbers. the vertex is the graph's highest point, the range includes all, real sumbers at or below the ‘y-coordinate of the vertex. Ifthe Yertex isthe graph’s lowest point, the range includes all real numbers ator above the y-coordinate of the vertex, We substitute —1 for a, 2 for b, and 1 for c into the quadratic formula. po be Vi aac _ 0-2) = VORP =A) _ 2 * VE= 4) 2(-1) 2 / ji re 2t MB gy or VS 04 2 2 The x-intercepts are approximately —2.4 and 0.4. The parabola passes through (-24, 0) and (0.4, 0) Step 4 Find the y-intercept by computing /(0). Replace x with 0 in fax) = = AO) = -P - 2-041 The y-intercept is 1, which is the constant term in the function's equation. The parabola passes through (0,1) Step S Graph the parabola. With a vertex at (1,2), xintereepts at approximately ~2.4 and 04, and a y-intercept at 1, the graph of f is shown in Figure 2.6(a). The axis of symmetry is the vertical line whose equation is x = FIGURE 2.6(a) The graph of FIGURE 2.6(b) Determining the domain and fs) = 204 range of ft) = = Now we are ready to determine the domain and range of f(x) = x" - 2x + 1. We can use the parabola, shown again in Figure 2,6(b), to do so. To find the domain, look for all the inputs on the x-axis that correspond to points on the graph. As the graph widens and continues to fall at both ends, can you see that these inputs include all, real numbers? Domain of fis (r|xis a real umber} or (=, °) To find the range, look for all the outputs on the y-axis that correspond to points on the graph. Figure 2.6(b) shows that the parabola’s vertex, (~1, 2), is the highest point ‘on the graph. Because the y-coordinate of the vertex is 2, outputs on the y-axis fall at or below 2. Range of fis {y|y = 2) or (-*, 2] ae GP Check Point 3 Graph the quadratic function f(x) graph to identify the function’s domain and its range.© seine a quate tons rrr of rerum a. Section 2.2 Quadratic Functions 323 GREAT QUESTION! 0 feel overwhelmed by the amount of information required to graph just one quadratic function. Is there a way I can organize the information and gain a hetter understanding ‘of the graphing procedure? ‘You're right: The skills needed to graph a quadratic function combine information from ‘many of the topics we've covered so far. Try organizing the items you need to graph {quadratic functions in a table something like ths Graphing f(s) = a(x RJE+K oF f(x) = aX? bx 1, Opens upmardifa>0, |, Find the vertex Opens downward if a0. rn heb or(-2 4-2) 3. Find intercepis 4 Find the yinverceph ‘Sve fe Find £0). Find reel solutions. Minimum and Maximum Values of Quadratic Functions Consider the quadratic function f(x) = ax* + bx + c, Ifa > 0, the parabola opens upward and the vertex is its lowest point, If a < 0, the parabola opens downward can find the minimum or maximum value of f by evaluating the quadratic function b atr=— 2a Minimum and Maximum: Quadratic Functions Consider the quadratic function f(x) = ax* + bx + ¢ 1. Ifa > 0, then f has a minimum that occurs at x = — vatueis /(-4) 2. Ifa <0, then f has a maximum that occurs at ’ vatue is f(—2 1-35) In each case, the value of x gives the location of the minimum or maximum. b value, The value of y, or s(-2). gives that minimum or maximum value, EXAMPLE 4 Obtaining Information about a Quadratic Function from Its Equation Consider the quadratic function f(x) = —3x + 6x — 13. a. Determine, without graphing, whether the function has a minimum value ot a maximum value, b. Find the minimum or maximum value and determine where it ours € Identify the function's domain and its range324 Chapter 2 Polynomial and Rational Functions SOLUTION ‘We begin by identifying a, b, and e in the function's equation: fx) = 3x? + 6 = 13. b=6 a. Because a <0, the function has a maximum value. b. The maximum value occurs at (3) ‘The maximum value occurs at x= 1 and the maximum value of (fle) = -3x? + 6x — 13 is fl) =3-P +6-1-13=-3+6- = 10 ‘We see thatthe maximum is ~10 at x = 1 «Like all quadratic functions, the domain is (~», »). Because the function's maximum value is ~10, the range includes all real numbers at or below —10. ‘The range is (—", —10), eee We can use the graph of f(x) = -3x* + 6x — 13 to visualize the results of Example 4. Figure 2.7 shows the graph in a [~6,6, 1] by [—50,20, 10] viewing rectangle. The maximum function feature verifies that the function's maximum is -10 at x = 1, Notice that x gives the location of the maximum and y gives the maximum value, Notice, too, that the maximum value is -10 and not the ordered pair (1, —10). £6.6,1by[-50,20,10] GO Check Point 4 Repeat parts (a) through (c) of Example 4 using the FIGURE 27 quadratic function f(x) = 4x" — 16x + 1000. © Soive proviems involving a Applications of Quadratic Functions ‘quadratic function's minimum Many applied problems involve finding the maximum or minimum value of a or maximum value. Heath functi ‘. ‘quadratic function, as well as where this value occurs. EXAMPLE 5 The Parabolic Path of a Punted Football Figure 2.8 shows that when a football is kicked, the nearest defensive player is 6 feet from the point of impact with the kicker’s foot. The height of the punted football, f(x), in feet, ean be modeled by fed) = —0.0L2 + 1.18% + 2, where x is the bal’s horizontal distance, in feet, from the point of impact with the kicker’s foot ‘a, What is the maximum height of the punt and how far from the point of impact does this occur? b, How far must the nearest defensive player, who is 6 feet from the kicker’s point of impact, reach to block the punt? ¢. If the ball is not blocked by the defensive player, how far down the field will it go before hitting the ground? Distance from the Point of Impact (Let) 4. Graph the function that models the football's parabolic FIGURE 2.8 path, 12345678 9ONIDsISISIOSection 2.2 Quadratic Functions 325 SOLUTION a, We begin by identifying the numbers a, b, and c in the function's equation. fle) = D01x? + 118 +2 ano bon en? b Because 4 < 0, the function has a maximum that occurs at x =~ 6 1s * 3g = “3-001 ~~) = 8 This means that the maximum height of the punt occurs 59 feet from the kkicker's point of impact. The maximum height of the punt is J(59) = -0.01(59)? + 1.18(59) + 2 = 3681, or 36.81 feet. b, Figure 2.8 shows that the defensive player is 6 feet from the kicker’s point of impact. To block the punt, he must touch the football along its parabolic path, This means that we must find the height of the ball 6 feet {rom the kicker. Replace x with 6 in the given function, f(x) = —0.01x? + 118r + 2. AG) = -0.01(6)? + 118(6) + 2 = -0.36 + 708 + 2 = 8:72 The defensive player must reach 8,72 feet above the ground to block the punt. ©. Assuming that the ball is not blocked by the defensive player, we ate interested in how far down the field it will go before hitting the ground We are looking for the ball's horizontal distance, x, when its height above the ground, /(x), is 0 feet. To find this x-intercept, replace f(x) with 0 in f(s) = -O01e? + 118" +2, We obtain 0 = ~00Lx? + 118 +2, or 0.01? + 118 + 2 = 0. The equation cannot be solved by factoring. We will use the quadratic formula to solve it -0.01x? + 118% +2=0 (ne ele tt died nb Vee = dae _ -1.18 = V(0.18 = 4-0.01)2) _ -1.18 + Vi.4724 “The equation for determining he bal's * 2a 2-001) ‘maxim horizontal stance 18 + Vi.4724 2 xed X= 119.7 Use a caloulator and round tothe nearest tenth Ifthe football isnot blocked by the defensive player, it will go approximately 119.7 feet down the field before hitting the ground, . In terms of graphing the model for the football's parabolic path, JG) = -0.0L + 1.18x + 2, we have already determined the vertex and the approximate x-intercept. vertex: (59, 36.81) xintercept 119.7