19EC3018 Lab Manual - July 2021

ODD Sem

LABORATORY MANUAL
19EC3018 Biomedical Electronics & IOT for Healthcare

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

STUDENT NAME

REG.NO

YEAR

SEMESTER

SECTION

FACULTY

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ODD Sem

EXPERIMENT NO.:

Date of the Session: ___/___/___ Time of the Session: _____to______

Aim: To simulate Neuron Action Potential

Pre-Requisites: -

1. Understanding of Central Nervous System

2. Simulation Tools

https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/neuron/latest/neuron_en.html

Objective: -

1. To understand Physiology.
2. To understand various VLAB tools.
3. To Understand the functionality of neuron.
4. To assess the change of fluids effects on Bio-Potentials.
Procedure

1. Select the type of patient from the waveform selector menu.

2. Set the desired sampling rate and the number of samples to be displayed on screen.
3. Run the Simulation.
4. Observe the various waveforms at different leads as shown in the figure.

Pre-Lab Work:

Study of Human Anatomy

To study the chemical level of organization, scientists consider the simplest building blocks of
matter: subatomic particles, atoms, and molecules. All matter in the universe is composed of one
or more unique pure substances called elements, familiar examples of which are hydrogen,
oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, calcium, and iron. The smallest unit of any of these pure substances
(elements) is an atom. Atoms are made up of subatomic particles such as the proton, electron,
and neutron. Two or more atoms combine to form a molecule, such as the water molecules,

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ODD Sem

proteins, and sugars found in living things. Molecules are the chemical building blocks of all
body structures.

A cell is the smallest independently functioning unit of a living organism. Even bacteria, which
are extremely small, independently living organisms, have a cellular structure. Each bacterium is
a single cell. All living structures of human anatomy contain cells, and almost all functions of
human physiology are performed in cells or are initiated by cells.

A human cell typically consists of flexible membranes that enclose cytoplasm, a water-based
cellular fluid together with a variety of tiny functioning units called organelles. In humans, as in
all organisms, cells perform all functions of life. A tissue is a group of many similar cells
(though sometimes composed of a few related types) that work together to perform a specific
function. An organ is an anatomically distinct structure of the body composed of two or more
tissue types. Each organ performs one or more specific physiological functions. An organ
system is a group of organs that work together to perform major functions or meet physiological
needs of the body.

This book covers eleven distinct organ systems in the human body. Assigning organs to organ
systems can be imprecise since organs that “belong” to one system can also have functions
integral to another system. In fact, most organs contribute to more than one system.

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ODD Sem

Levels of Structural Organization of the Human Body The organization of the body often is discussed in terms of six distinct
levels of increasing complexity, from the smallest chemical building blocks to a unique human organism.

Action Potentials
The information transmitted by a nerve is called an action potential (AP). APs are caused by an
exchange of ions across the neuron membrane and an AP is a temporary change in the membrane
potential that is transmitted along the axon. It is usually initiated in the cell body and normally
travels in one direction. The membrane potential depolarizes (becomes more positive), producing
a spike. After the peak of the spike the membrane repolarizes (becomes more negative). The
potential becomes more negative than the resting potential and then returns to normal. The action
potentials of most nerves last between 5 and 10 milliseconds.

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ODD Sem

Fig:1 Neuron Membrane potential

The conduction velocity of action potentials lies between 1 and 100 m/s. APs are initiated by
many distinct types of stimuli; sensory nerves respond to many types of stimuli, such as
chemical, light, electricity, pressure, touch, and stretching. On the other hand, the nerves within
the CNS (Central Nervous System) (brain and spinal cord) are mostly stimulated by chemical
activity at synapses. A stimulus must be above a threshold level to set off an AP. Very weak
stimuli cause a small local electrical disturbance, but do not produce a transmitted AP. As soon
as the stimulus strength goes above the threshold, an action potential appears and travels down
the nerve. The potentials generated by neuron are as shown in Fig. 1.

Steps in AP Generation in Human Brain

1. When the dendrites of a nerve cell receive the stimulus the Na+ channels will open. If the
opening is sufficient to drive the interior potential from −70 mV up to −55 mV, the process
continues.
2. As soon as the action threshold is reached, additional Na+ channels (sometimes called voltage-
gated channels) open. The Na+ influx drives the interior of the cell membrane up to
approximately +30 mV. The process to this point is called depolarization.

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ODD Sem

3. Then Na+ channels close and the K+ channels open. Since the K+ channels are much slower
to open, the depolarization has time to be completed. Having both Na+ and K+ channels open at
the same time would drive the system towards neutrality and prevent the creation of the action
potential.
4. Having the K+ channels open, the membrane begins to repolarize back towards its rest
potential.
5. The repolarization typically overshoots the rest potential to a level of approximately −90 mV.
This is called hyper polarization and would seem to be counterproductive, but it is important in
the transmission of information. Hyper polarization prevents the neuron from receiving another
stimulus during this time, or at least raises the threshold for any new stimulus. Part of the
importance of hyper polarization is in preventing any stimulus already sent up an axon from
triggering another action potential in the opposite direction. In other words, hyper polarization
ensures that the signal is proceeding in one direction.
6. After hyper polarization, the Na+/K+ pumps eventually bring the membrane back to its resting
state of −70 mV.

Observations: -
1. Identification of Number of Gated Channels
2. Identifying the Depolarization, Action Potentials, Hyper Polarization and Repolarization.
3. Draw the variations in channel behaviour in action potentials.
4. Identify the change of Ion concentration and signal variation with respect to Time.
5. Draw distinct types of neurons.

Viva: -
1. What is the functionality of Spinal Cord?