All populations - Both genders

Energy AR: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3005

Age Gender AI AR PRIs RI UL

Infants 6 months Male NA 2.5 MJ/day NA NA NA

Infants 7 months Male NA 2.7 MJ/day NA NA NA
Infants 8 months Male NA 2.8 MJ/day NA NA NA
Infants 9 months Male NA 2.9 MJ/day NA NA NA
Infants 10 months Male NA 3.0 MJ/day NA NA NA
Infants 11 months Male NA 3.1 MJ/day NA NA NA
Infants 6 months Female NA 2.3 MJ/day NA NA NA
Infants 7 months Female NA 2.4 MJ/day NA NA NA
Infants 8 months Female NA 2.5 MJ/day NA NA NA
Infants 9 months Female NA 2.6 MJ/day NA NA NA
Infants 10 months Female NA 2.7 MJ/day NA NA NA
Infants 11 months Female NA 2.8 MJ/day NA NA NA
Children 1 year Male NA 3.3 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.4
Children 2 years Male NA 4.3 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.4
Children 3 years Male NA 4.9 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.4
Children 4 years Male NA 5.3 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.4
Children 4 years Male NA 6 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.6
Children 4 years Male NA 6.8 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.8
Children 5 years Male NA 5.6 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.4
Children 5 years Male NA 6.4 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.6
Children 5 years Male NA 7.2 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.8
Children 6 years Male NA 5.9 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.4
Children 6 years Male NA 6.7 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.6
Children 6 years Male NA 7.6 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.8
Children 7 years Male NA 6.3 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.4
Children 7 years Male NA 7.2 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.6
Children 7 years Male NA 8.1 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.8
Children 8 years Male NA 6.7 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.4
Children 8 years Male NA 7.6 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.6
Children 8 years Male NA 8.6 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.8
Children 9 years Male NA 7 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.4
Children 9 years Male NA 8.1 MJ/day NA NA NA

Copyright @2019 EFSA 1 / 22

 Age Gender AI AR PRIs RI UL

PAL=1.6
Children 9 years Male NA 9.1 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.8
Children 10 years Male NA 8.1 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.6
Children 10 years Male NA 9.1 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.8
Children 10 years Male NA 10.1 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=2.0
Children 11 years Male NA 8.5 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.6
Children 11 years Male NA 9.6 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.8
Children 11 years Male NA 10.7 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=2.0
Children 12 years Male NA 9.1 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.6
Children 12 years Male NA 10.2 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.8
Children 12 years Male NA 11.4 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=2.0
Children 13 years Male NA 9.8 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.6
Children 13 years Male NA 11 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.8
Children 13 years Male NA 12.2 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=2.0
Children 14 years Male NA 10.5 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.6
Children 14 years Male NA 11.8 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.8
Children 14 years Male NA 13.1 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=2.0
Children 15 years Male NA 11.3 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.6
Children 15 years Male NA 12.7 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.8
Children 15 years Male NA 14.1 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=2.0
Children 16 years Male NA 11.9 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.6
Children 16 years Male NA 13.4 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.8
Children 16 years Male NA 14.9 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=2.0
Children 17 years Male NA 12.3 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.6
Children 17 years Male NA 13.8 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.8
Children 17 years Male NA 15.4 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=2.0
Children 1 year Female NA 3 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.4
Children 2 years Female NA 4 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.4
Children 3 years Female NA 4.6 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.4
Children 4 years Female NA 4.9 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.4
Children 4 years Female NA 5.6 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.6
Children 4 years Female NA 6.3 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.8

Copyright @2019 EFSA 2 / 22

 Age Gender AI AR PRIs RI UL

Children 5 years Female NA 5.2 MJ/day NA NA NA

PAL=1.4
Children 5 years Female NA 5.9 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.6
Children 5 years Female NA 6.7 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.8
Children 6 years Female NA 5.5 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.4
Children 6 years Female NA 6.3 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.6
Children 6 years Female NA 7.1 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.8
Children 7 years Female NA 5.8 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.4
Children 7 years Female NA 6.7 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.6
Children 7 years Female NA 7.5 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.8
Children 8 years Female NA 6.2 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.4
Children 8 years Female NA 7.1 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.6
Children 8 years Female NA 7.9 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.8
Children 9 years Female NA 6.6 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.4
Children 9 years Female NA 7.5 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.6
Children 9 years Female NA 8.4 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.8
Children 10 years Female NA 7.6 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.6
Children 10 years Female NA 8.6 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.8
Children 10 years Female NA 9.5 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=2.0
Children 11 years Female NA 8 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.6
Children 11 years Female NA 9 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.8
Children 11 years Female NA 10 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=2.0
Children 12 years Female NA 8.4 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.6
Children 12 years Female NA 9.4 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.8
Children 12 years Female NA 10.5 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=2.0
Children 13 years Female NA 8.8 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.6
Children 13 years Female NA 9.9 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.8
Children 13 years Female NA 11 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=2.0
Children 14 years Female NA 9.1 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.6
Children 14 years Female NA 10.2 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.8
Children 14 years Female NA 11.4 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=2.0
Children 15 years Female NA 9.3 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.6
Children 15 years Female NA 10.5 MJ/day NA NA NA

Copyright @2019 EFSA 3 / 22

 Age Gender AI AR PRIs RI UL

PAL=1.8
Children 15 years Female NA 11.7 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=2.0
Children 16 years Female NA 9.5 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.6
Children 16 years Female NA 10.6 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.8
Children 16 years Female NA 11.8 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=2.0
Children 17 years Female NA 9.5 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.6
Children 17 years Female NA 10.7 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.8
Children 17 years Female NA 11.9 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=2.0
Adults 18–29 years Male NA 9.8 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.4
Adults 18–29 years Male NA 11.2 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.6
Adults 18–29 years Male NA 12.6 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.8
Adults 18–29 years Male NA 14 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=2.0
Adults 30–39 years Male NA 9.5 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.4
Adults 30–39 years Male NA 10.8 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.6
Adults 30–39 years Male NA 12.2 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.8
Adults 30–39 years Male NA 13.5 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=2.0
Adults 40–49 year Male NA 9.3 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.4
Adults 40–49 year Male NA 10.7 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.6
Adults 40–49 year Male NA 12 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.8
Adults 40–49 years Male NA 13.4 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=2.0
Adults 50–59 years Male NA 9.2 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.4
Adults 50–59 years Male NA 10.5 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.6
Adults 50–59 years Male NA 11.9 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.8
Adults 50–59 years Male NA 13.2 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=2.0
Adults 60–69 years Male NA 8.4 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.4
Adults 60–69 years Male NA 9.6 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.6
Adults 60–69 years Male NA 10.9 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.8
Adults 60–69 years Male NA 12.1 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=2.0
Adults 70–79 years Male NA 8.3 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.4
Adults 70–79 years Male NA 9.5 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.6
Adults 70–79 years Male NA 10.7 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.8
Adults 70–79 years Male NA 11.9 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=2.0

Copyright @2019 EFSA 4 / 22

 Age Gender AI AR PRIs RI UL

Adults 18–29 years Female NA 7.9 MJ/day NA NA NA

PAL=1.4
Adults 18–29 years Female NA 9 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.6
Adults 18–29 years Female NA 10.1 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.8
Adults 18–29 years Female NA 11.2 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=2.0
Adults 30–39 years Female NA 7.6 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.4
Adults 30–39 years Female NA 8.7 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.6
Adults 30–39 years Female NA 9.8 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.8
Adults 30–39 years Female NA 10.8 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=2.0
Adults 40–49 years Female NA 7.5 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.4
Adults 40–49 years Female NA 8.6 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.6
Adults 40–49 years Female NA 9.7 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.8
Adults 40–49 years Female NA 10.7 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=2.0
Adults 50–59 years Female NA 7.5 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.4
Adults 50–59 years Female NA 8.5 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.6
Adults 50–59 years Female NA 9.6 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.8
Adults 50–59 years Female NA 10.7 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=2.0
Adults 60–69 years Female NA 6.8 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.4
Adults 60–69 years Female NA 7.8 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.6
Adults 60–69 years Female NA 8.8 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.8
Adults 60–69 years Female NA 9.7 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=2.0
Adults 70–79 years Female NA 6.8 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.4
Adults 70–79 years Female NA 7.7 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.6
Adults 70–79 years Female NA 8.7 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=1.8
Adults 70–79 years Female NA 9.6 MJ/day NA NA NA
PAL=2.0
Adults ≥ 80 years Both NA ND NA NA NA
genders
Pregnant women (1st ≥ 18 years Female NA (+) 0.29 MJ/ NA NA NA
trimester) day
Pregnant women (2nd ≥ 18 years Female NA (+) 1.1 MJ/ NA NA NA
trimester) day
Pregnant women (3rd ≥ 18 years Female NA (+) 2.1 MJ/ NA NA NA
trimester) day
Lactating women ≥ 18 years Female NA (+) 2.1 MJ/ NA NA NA
day

DRVs for energy are given as average requirements (ARs) of specified age and sex groups and are of limited use for individuals. They are expressed in units of
energy. 1 MJ = 238,83 kcal

For children and adults, ARs for energy are provided for different levels of physical activity (PAL). PAL values of 1.4, 1.6, 1.8 and 2.0 reflect low active (sedentary),
moderately active, active and very active lifestyles.

Copyright @2019 EFSA 5 / 22

 For adults, ARs for energy are calculated by multiplying estimates of resting energy expenditure (REE), predicted from anthropometric measures, with PAL
values. ARs for energy were not calculated for adults ≥ 80 years because of a lack of anthropometric data from EU countries for this age group.

For pregnant and lactating women value should be added to the AR of non-pregnant, non-lactating women.

Dietary fibre AI: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1462

Age Gender AI AR PRIs RI UL

Children 1-3 years Male 10 g/day NA NA NA NA

Children 1-3 years Female 10 g/day NA NA NA NA
Children 4-6 years Male 14 g/day NA NA NA NA
Children 4-6 years Female 14 g/day NA NA NA NA
Children 7-10 years Male 16 g/day NA NA NA NA
Children 7-10 years Female 16 g/day NA NA NA NA
Children 11-14 years Male 19 g/day NA NA NA NA
Children 11-14 years Female 19 g/day NA NA NA NA
Children 15-17 years Male 21 g/day NA NA NA NA
Children 15-17 years Female 21 g/day NA NA NA NA
Adults ≥ 18 years Male 25 g/day NA NA NA NA
Adults ≥ 18 years Female 25 g/day NA NA NA NA

Total carbohydrates RI: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1462

UL: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1462

Age Gender AI AR PRIs RI UL

Infants 7-11 months Both NA NA NA NA ND

genders
Children 1-17 years Male NA NA NA 45–60 E% ND
Children 1-17 years Female NA NA NA 45–60 E% ND
Adults ≥ 18 years Male NA NA NA 45–60 E% ND
Adults ≥ 18 years Female NA NA NA 45–60 E% ND

E%: percentage of energy intake

Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) AI: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1461

UL: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1461

Age Gender AI AR PRIs RI UL

Infants 7-11 months Both 0.5 E% NA NA NA ND

genders
Children 1 year Both 0.5 E% NA NA NA ND
genders
Children 2-3 years Both 0.5 E% NA NA NA ND
genders
Children 4-17 years Both 0.5 E% NA NA NA ND
genders
Adults ≥ 18 years Both 0.5 E% NA NA NA ND
genders
Pregnant women ≥ 18 years Female 0.5 E% NA NA NA ND
Lactating women ≥ 18 years Female 0.5 E% NA NA NA ND

E%: percentage of energy intake

Copyright @2019 EFSA 6 / 22

 Eicosapentaenoic acid, AI: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1461

Docosahexaenoic acid (EPA, UL: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2815

DHA)

Age Gender AI AR PRIs RI UL

Infants 7-11 months Both 100 mg/day NA NA NA ND

genders DHA
Children 1 year Both 100 mg/day NA NA NA ND
genders DHA
Children 2-3 years Both 250 mg/day NA NA NA ND
genders DHA +EPA
Children 4-17 years Both 250 mg/day NA NA NA ND
genders DHA +EPA
Adults ≥ 18 years Both 250 mg/day NA NA NA ND
genders DHA +EPA
Pregnant women ≥ 18 years Female (+) 100–200 NA NA NA ND
mg/day
DHA
Lactating women ≥ 18 years Female (+) 100–200 NA NA NA ND
mg/day
DHA

For pregnant and lactating women, the value should be added to the AI of non-pregnant, non-lactating women.

Linoleic acid (LA) AI: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1461

UL: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1461

Age Gender AI AR PRIs RI UL

Infants 7-11 months Both 4 E% NA NA NA ND

genders
Children 1 year Both 4 E% NA NA NA ND
genders
Children 2-3 years Both 4 E% NA NA NA ND
genders
Children 4-17 years Both 4 E% NA NA NA ND
genders
Adults ≥ 18 years Both 4 E% NA NA NA ND
genders
Pregnant women ≥ 18 years Female 4 E% NA NA NA ND
Lactating women ≥ 18 years Female 4 E% NA NA NA ND

E%: percentage of energy intake

Saturated fatty acids (SFA) AI: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1461

UL: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1461

Age Gender AI AR PRIs RI UL

Infants 7-11 months Both ALAP NA NA NA ND

genders
Children 1 year Both ALAP NA NA NA ND
genders
Children 2-3 years Both ALAP NA NA NA ND
genders
Children 4-17 years Both ALAP NA NA NA ND
genders
Adults ≥ 18 years Both ALAP NA NA NA ND
genders
Pregnant women ≥ 18 years Both ALAP NA NA NA ND
genders
Lactating women ≥ 18 years Both ALAP NA NA NA ND

Copyright @2019 EFSA 7 / 22

 Age Gender AI AR PRIs RI UL

genders

ALAP: as low as possible

Total fat AI, RI: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1461

UL: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1461

Age Gender AI AR PRIs RI UL

Infants 7-11 months Both 40 E% NA NA NA ND

genders
Children 1 year Both NA NA NA 35–40 E% ND
genders
Children 2-3 years Both NA NA NA 35–40 E% ND
genders
Children 4-17 years Both NA NA NA 20–35 E% ND
genders
Adults ≥ 18 years Both NA NA NA 20–35 E% ND
genders
Pregnant women ≥ 18 years Female NA NA NA 20–35 E% ND
Lactating women ≥ 18 years Female NA NA NA 20–35 E% ND

E%: percentage of energy intake

Trans-fatty acids (TFA) AI: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1461

UL: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1461

Age Gender AI AR PRIs RI UL

Infants 7-11 months Both ALAP NA NA NA ND

genders
Children 1 year Both ALAP NA NA NA ND
genders
Children 2-3 years Both ALAP NA NA NA ND
genders
Children 4-17 years Both ALAP NA NA NA ND
genders
Adults ≥ 18 years Both ALAP NA NA NA ND
genders
Pregnant women ≥ 18 years Both ALAP NA NA NA ND
genders
Lactating women ≥ 18 years Both ALAP NA NA NA ND
genders

ALAP: as low as possible

Protein AR, PRIs: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2557

Age Gender AI AR PRIs RI UL

Infants 7-11 months Male NA 1.12 g/kg 1.31 g/kg NA NA

bw per day bw per day
Infants 7-11 months Female NA 1.12 g/kg 1.31 g/kg NA NA
bw per day bw per day
Children 12-17 Male NA 0.95 g/kg 1.14 g/kg NA NA
months bw per day bw per day
Children 12-17 Female NA 0.95 g/kg 1.14 g/kg NA NA
months bw per day bw per day
Children 18-23 Male NA 0.85 g/kg 1.03 g/kg NA NA
months bw per day bw per day

Copyright @2019 EFSA 8 / 22

 Age Gender AI AR PRIs RI UL

Children 18-23 Female NA 0.85 g/kg 1.03 g/kg NA NA

months bw per day bw per day
Children 2 years Male NA 0.79 g/kg 0.97 g/kg NA NA
bw per day bw per day
Children 2 years Female NA 0.79 g/kg 0.97 g/kg NA NA
bw per day bw per day
Children 3 years Male NA 0.73 g/kg 0.9 g/kg bw NA NA
bw per day per day
Children 3 years Female NA 0.73 g/kg 0.9 g/kg bw NA NA
bw per day per day
Children 4 years Male NA 0.69 g/kg 0.86 g/kg NA NA
bw per day bw per day
Children 4 years Female NA 0.69 g/kg 0.86 g/kg NA NA
bw per day bw per day
Children 5 years Male NA 0.69 g/kg 0.85 g/kg NA NA
bw per day bw per day
Children 5 years Female NA 0.69 g/kg 0.85 g/kg NA NA
bw per day bw per day
Children 6 years Male NA 0.72 g/kg 0.89 g/kg NA NA
bw per day bw per day
Children 6 years Female NA 0.72 g/kg 0.89 g/kg NA NA
bw per day bw per day
Children 7 years Male NA 0.74 g/kg 0.91 g/kg NA NA
bw per day bw per day
Children 7 years Female NA 0.74 g/kg 0.91 g/kg NA NA
bw per day bw per day
Children 8 years Male NA 0.75 g/kg 0.92 g/kg NA NA
bw per day bw per day
Children 8 years Female NA 0.75 g/kg 0.92 g/kg NA NA
bw per day bw per day
Children 9 years Male NA 0.75 g/kg 0.92 g/kg NA NA
bw per day bw per day
Children 9 years Female NA 0.75 g/kg 0.92 g/kg NA NA
bw per day bw per day
Children 10 years Male NA 0.75 g/kg 0.91 g/kg NA NA
bw per day bw per day
Children 10 years Female NA 0.75 g/kg 0.91 g/kg NA NA
bw per day bw per day
Children 11 years Male NA 0.75 g/kg 0.91 g/kg NA NA
bw per day bw per day
Children 11 years Female NA 0.73 g/kg 0.9 g/kg bw NA NA
bw per day per day
Children 12 years Male NA 0.74 g/kg 0.9 g/kg bw NA NA
bw per day per day
Children 12 years Female NA 0.72 g/kg 0.89 g/kg NA NA
bw per day bw per day
Children 13 years Male NA 0.73 g/kg 0.9 g/kg bw NA NA
bw per day per day
Children 13 years Female NA 0.71 g/kg 0.88 g/kg NA NA
bw per day bw per day
Children 14 years Male NA 0.72 g/kg 0.89 g/kg NA NA
bw per day bw per day
Children 14 years Female NA 0.7 g/kg bw 0.87 g/kg NA NA
per day bw per day
Children 15 years Male NA 0.72 g/kg 0.88 g/kg NA NA
bw per day bw per day
Children 15 years Female NA 0.69 g/kg 0.85 g/kg NA NA
bw per day bw per day
Children 16 years Male NA 0.71 g/kg 0.87 g/kg NA NA
bw per day bw per day
Children 16 years Female NA 0.68 g/kg 0.84 g/kg NA NA
bw per day bw per day
Children 17 years Male NA 0.7 g/kg bw 0.86 g/kg NA NA

Copyright @2019 EFSA 9 / 22

 Age Gender AI AR PRIs RI UL

per day bw per day

Children 17 years Female NA 0.67 g/kg 0.83 g/kg NA NA
bw per day bw per day
Adults ≥ 18 years Male NA 0.66 g/kg 0.83 g/kg NA NA
bw per day bw per day
Adults ≥ 18 years Female NA 0.66 g/kg 0.83 g/kg NA NA
bw per day bw per day
Pregnant women (1st ≥ 18 years Female NA (+) 0.52 g/ (+) 1 g/day NA NA
trimester) day
Pregnant women (2nd ≥ 18 years Female NA (+) 7.2 g/ (+) 9 g/day NA NA
trimester) day
Pregnant women (3rd ≥ 18 years Female NA (+) 23 g/day (+) 28 g/day NA NA
trimester)
Lactating women (0– ≥ 18 years Female NA (+) 15 g/day (+) 19 g/day NA NA
6 months post
partum)
Lactating women (>6 ≥ 18 years Female NA (+) 10 g/day (+) 13 g/day NA NA
months post partum)

ARs/PRIs have to be multiplied by the reference body weight to calculate values in g/day.

For pregnant and lactating women, the value should be added to the AR/PRI of non-pregnant, non-lactating women.

Water AI: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1459

Age Gender AI AR PRIs RI UL

Infants 7-11 months Both 0.8-1.0 L/ NA NA NA NA

genders day
Children 1 year Both 1.1-1.2 L/ NA NA NA NA
genders day
Children 2-3 years Both 1.3 L/day NA NA NA NA
genders
Children 4-8 years Both 1.6 L/day NA NA NA NA
genders
Children 9-13 years Male 2.1 L/day NA NA NA NA
Children 9-13 years Female 1.9 L/day NA NA NA NA
Children 14-17 years Male 2.5 L/day NA NA NA NA
Children 14-17 years Female 2 L/day NA NA NA NA
Adults ≥ 18 years Male 2.5 L/day NA NA NA NA
Adults ≥ 18 years Female 2 L/day NA NA NA NA
Pregnant women ≥ 18 years Female 2.3 L/day NA NA NA NA
Lactating women ≥ 18 years Female 2.7 L/day NA NA NA NA

AIs for water relate to water from beverages of all kind, including drinking and mineral water, and water contained in food.

Calcium AI, AR, PRIs: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4101

UL: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2814

Age Gender AI AR PRIs RI UL

Infants 7-11 months Both 280 mg/day NA NA NA ND

genders
Children 1-3 years Both NA 390 mg/day 450 mg/day NA ND
genders
Children 4-10 years Both NA 680 mg/day 800 mg/day NA ND
genders
Children 11-17 years Both NA 960 mg/day 1150 mg/ NA ND
genders day
Adults 18-24 years Both NA 860 mg/day 1000 mg/ NA 2500 mg/

Copyright @2019 EFSA 10 / 22

 Age Gender AI AR PRIs RI UL

genders day day

Adults ≥ 25 years Both NA 750 mg/day 950 mg/day NA 2500 mg/
genders day
Pregnant women 18-24 years Female NA 860 mg/day 1000 mg/ NA 2500 mg/
day day
Pregnant women ≥ 25 years Female NA 750 mg/day 950 mg/day NA 2500 mg/
day
Lactating women 18-24 years Female NA 860 mg/day 1000 mg/ NA 2500 mg/
day day
Lactating women ≥ 25 years Female NA 750 mg/day 950 mg/day NA 2500 mg/
day

Chloride AI: NOT AVAILABLE YET

Safe and adequate intake: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5779

Age Gender AI AR PRIs RI UL Safe and

adequate
intake

Infants 7-11 months Both 0.3 g/day NA NA NA NA NA

genders
Children 1-3 years Both NA NA NA NA NA 1.7 g/day
genders
Children 4-6 years Both NA NA NA NA NA 2 g/day
genders
Children 7-10 years Both NA NA NA NA NA 2.6 g/day
genders
Children 11-17 years Both NA NA NA NA NA 3.1 g/day
genders
Adults ≥ 18 years Both NA NA NA NA NA 3.1 g/day
genders
Pregnant women ≥ 18 years Both NA NA NA NA NA 3.1 g/day
genders
Lactating women ≥ 18 years Both NA NA NA NA NA 3.1 g/day
genders

Copper AI: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4253

UL: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/assets/ndatolerableuil.pdf

Age Gender AI AR PRIs RI UL

Infants 7-11 months Both 0.4 mg/day NA NA NA ND

genders
Children 1-2 years Both 0.7 mg/day NA NA NA 1 mg/day
genders
Children 3 years Both 1 mg/day NA NA NA 1 mg/day
genders
Children 4-6 years Both 1 mg/day NA NA NA 2 mg/day
genders
Children 7-9 years Both 1 mg/day NA NA NA 3 mg/day
genders
Children 10 years Male 1.3 mg/day NA NA NA 3 mg/day
Children 10 years Female 1.1 mg/day NA NA NA 3 mg/day
Children 11-17 years Male 1.3 mg/day NA NA NA 4 mg/day
Children 11-17 years Female 1.1 mg/day NA NA NA 4 mg/day
Adults ≥ 18 years Male 1.6 mg/day NA NA NA 5 mg/day
Adults ≥ 18 years Female 1.3 mg/day NA NA NA 5 mg/day
Pregnant women ≥ 18 years Female 1.5 mg/day NA NA NA ND
Lactating women ≥ 18 years Female 1.5 mg/day NA NA NA ND

Copyright @2019 EFSA 11 / 22

 Fluoride AI: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3332

UL: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/assets/ndatolerableuil.pdf

Age Gender AI AR PRIs RI UL

Infants 7-11 months Both 0.4 mg/day NA NA NA ND

genders
Children 1-3 years Both 0.6 mg/day NA NA NA 1.5 mg/day
genders
Children 4-6 years Male 1 mg/day NA NA NA 2.5 mg/day
Children 4-6 years Female 0.9 mg/day NA NA NA 2.5 mg/day
Children 7-8 years Male 1.5 mg/day NA NA NA 2.5 mg/day
Children 7-8 years Female 1.4 mg/day NA NA NA 2.5 mg/day
Children 9-10 years Male 1.5 mg/day NA NA NA 5 mg/day
Children 9-10 years Female 1.4 mg/day NA NA NA 5 mg/day
Children 11-14 years Male 2.2 mg/day NA NA NA 5 mg/day
Children 11-14 years Female 2.3 mg/day NA NA NA 5 mg/day
Children 15-17 years Male 3.2 mg/day NA NA NA 7 mg/day
Children 15-17 years Female 2.8 mg/day NA NA NA 7 mg/day
Adults ≥ 18 years Male 3.4 mg/day NA NA NA 7 mg/day
Adults ≥ 18 years Female 2.9 mg/day NA NA NA 7 mg/day
Pregnant women ≥ 18 years Female 2.9 mg/day NA NA NA 7 mg/day
Lactating women ≥ 18 years Female 2.9 mg/day NA NA NA 7 mg/day

Iodine AI: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3660

UL: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/assets/ndatolerableuil.pdf

Age Gender AI AR PRIs RI UL

Infants 7-11 months Both 70 μg/day NA NA NA ND

genders
Children 1-3 years Both 90 μg/day NA NA NA 200 μg/day
genders
Children 4-6 years Both 90 μg/day NA NA NA 250 μg/day
genders
Children 7-10 years Both 90 μg/day NA NA NA 300 μg/day
genders
Children 11-14 years Both 120 μg/day NA NA NA 450 μg/day
genders
Children 15-17 years Both 130 μg/day NA NA NA 500 μg/day
genders
Adults ≥ 18 years Both 150 μg/day NA NA NA 600 μg/day
genders
Pregnant women ≥ 18 years Female 200 μg/day NA NA NA 600 μg/day
Lactating women ≥ 18 years Female 200 μg/day NA NA NA 600 μg/day

Iron AR, PRIs: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4254

UL: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/assets/ndatolerableuil.pdf

Age Gender AI AR PRIs RI UL

Infants 7-11 months Both NA 8 mg/day 11 mg/day NA ND

genders
Children 1-6 years Both NA 5 mg/day 7 mg/day NA ND
genders
Children 7-11 years Both NA 8 mg/day 11 mg/day NA ND
genders
Children 12-17 years Male NA 8 mg/day 11 mg/day NA ND
Children 12-17 years Female NA 7 mg/day 13 mg/day NA ND

Copyright @2019 EFSA 12 / 22

 Age Gender AI AR PRIs RI UL

Premenopausal ≥ 18 years Female NA 7 mg/day 16 mg/day NA ND

women
Postmenopausal ≥ 40 years Female NA 6 mg/day 11 mg/day NA ND
women
Adults ≥ 18 years Male NA 6 mg/day 11 mg/day NA ND
Pregnant women ≥ 18 years Female NA 7 mg/day 16 mg/day NA ND
Lactating women ≥ 18 years Female NA 7 mg/day 16 mg/day NA ND

For premenopausal women (including lactating and pregnant women), the PRI covers the requirement of approximately 95 % of women.

Magnesium AI: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4186

UL: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/assets/ndatolerableuil.pdf

Age Gender AI AR PRIs RI UL

Infants 7-11 months Both 80 mg/day NA NA NA ND

genders
Children 1-2 years Both 170 mg/day NA NA NA ND
genders
Children 3 years Both 230 mg/day NA NA NA ND
genders
Children 4-9 years Both 230 mg/day NA NA NA 250 mg/day
genders
Children 10-17 years Male 300 mg/day NA NA NA 250 mg/day
Children 10-17 years Female 250 mg/day NA NA NA 250 mg/day
Adults ≥ 18 years Male 350 mg/day NA NA NA 250 mg/day
Adults ≥ 18 years Female 300 mg/day NA NA NA 250 mg/day
Pregnant women ≥ 18 years Female 300 mg/day NA NA NA 250 mg/day
Lactating women ≥ 18 years Female 300 mg/day NA NA NA 250 mg/day

Manganese AI: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3419

UL: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/assets/ndatolerableuil.pdf

Age Gender AI AR PRIs RI UL

Infants 7-11 months Both 0.02–0.5 NA NA NA ND

genders mg/day
Children 1-3 years Both 0.5 mg/day NA NA NA ND
genders
Children 4-6 years Both 1 mg/day NA NA NA ND
genders
Children 7-10 years Both 1.5 mg/day NA NA NA ND
genders
Children 11-14 years Both 2 mg/day NA NA NA ND
genders
Children 15-17 years Both 3 mg/day NA NA NA ND
genders
Adults ≥ 18 years Both 3 mg/day NA NA NA ND
genders
Pregnant women ≥ 18 years Female 3 mg/day NA NA NA ND
Lactating women ≥ 18 years Female 3 mg/day NA NA NA ND

For infants, in view of the wide range of manganese intakes that appear to be adequate, a range is set for the AI of this age group.

Molybdenum AI: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3333

UL: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/assets/ndatolerableuil.pdf

Copyright @2019 EFSA 13 / 22

 Age Gender AI AR PRIs RI UL

Infants 7-11 months Both 10 μg/day NA NA NA ND

genders
Children 1-3 years Both 15 μg/day NA NA NA 0.1 mg/day
genders
Children 4-6 years Both 20 μg/day NA NA NA 0.2 mg/day
genders
Children 7-10 years Both 30 μg/day NA NA NA 0.25 mg/day
genders
Children 11-14 years Both 45 μg/day NA NA NA 0.4 mg/day
genders
Children 15-17 years Both 65 μg/day NA NA NA 0.5 mg/day
genders
Adults ≥ 18 years Both 65 μg/day NA NA NA 0.6 mg/day
genders
Pregnant women ≥ 18 years Female 65 μg/day NA NA NA 0.6 mg/day
Lactating women ≥ 18 years Female 65 μg/day NA NA NA 0.6 mg/day

Phosphorus AI: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4185

UL: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/assets/ndatolerableuil.pdf

Age Gender AI AR PRIs RI UL

Infants 7-11 years Both 160 mg/day NA NA NA ND

genders
Children 1-3 years Both 250 mg/day NA NA NA ND
genders
Children 4-10 years Both 440 mg/day NA NA NA ND
genders
Children 11-17 years Both 640 mg/day NA NA NA ND
genders
Adults ≥ 18 years Both 550 mg/day NA NA NA ND
genders
Pregnant women ≥ 18 years Female 550 mg/day NA NA NA ND
Lactating women ≥ 18 years Female 550 mg/day NA NA NA ND

Potassium AI: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4592

UL: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/assets/ndatolerableuil.pdf

Age Gender AI AR PRIs RI UL

Infants 7-11 months Both 750 mg/day NA NA NA ND

genders
Children 1-3 years Both 800 mg/day NA NA NA ND
genders
Children 4-6 years Both 1100 mg/ NA NA NA ND
genders day
Children 7-10 years Both 1800 mg/ NA NA NA ND
genders day
Children 11-14 years Both 2700 mg/ NA NA NA ND
genders day
Children 15-17 years Both 3500 mg/ NA NA NA ND
genders day
Adults ≥ 18 years Both 3500 mg/ NA NA NA ND
genders day
Pregnant women ≥ 18 years Female 3500 mg/ NA NA NA ND
day
Lactating women ≥ 18 years Female 4000 mg/ NA NA NA ND
day

Copyright @2019 EFSA 14 / 22

 Selenium AI: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3846

UL: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/assets/ndatolerableuil.pdf

Age Gender AI AR PRIs RI UL

Infants 7-11 months Both 15 μg/day NA NA NA ND

genders
Children 1-3 years Both 15 μg/day NA NA NA 60 μg/day
genders
Children 4-6 years Both 20 μg/day NA NA NA 90 μg/day
genders
Children 7-10 years Both 35 μg/day NA NA NA 130 μg/day
genders
Children 11-14 years Both 55 μg/day NA NA NA 200 μg/day
genders
Children 15-17 years Both 70 μg/day NA NA NA 250 μg/day
genders
Adults ≥ 18 years Both 70 μg/day NA NA NA 300 μg/day
genders
Pregnant women ≥ 18 years Female 70 μg/day NA NA NA 300 μg/day
Lactating women ≥ 18 years Female 85 μg/day NA NA NA 300 μg/day

Sodium AI: NOT AVAILABLE YET

Safe and adequate intake: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5778

Age Gender AI AR PRIs RI UL Safe and

adequate
intake

Infants 7-11 months Both 0.2 g/day NA NA NA NA NA

genders
Children 1-3 years Both NA NA NA NA NA 1.1 g/day
genders
Children 4-6 years Both NA NA NA NA NA 1.3 g/day
genders
Children 7-10 years Both NA NA NA NA NA 1.7 g/day
genders
Children 11-17 years Both NA NA NA NA NA 2 g/day
genders
Adults ≥ 18 years Both NA NA NA NA NA 2 g/day
genders
Pregnant women ≥ 18 years Both NA NA NA NA NA 2 g/day
genders
Lactating women ≥ 18 years Both NA NA NA NA NA 2 g/day
genders

Zinc AR, PRIs: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3844

UL: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/assets/ndatolerableuil.pdf

Age Gender AI AR PRIs RI UL

Infants 7-11 months Both NA 2.4 mg/day 2.9 mg/day NA ND

genders
Children 1-3 years Both NA 3.6 mg/day 4.3 mg/day NA 7 mg/day
genders
Children 4-6 years Both NA 4.6 mg/day 5.5 mg/day NA 10 mg/day
genders
Children 7-10 years Both NA 6.2 mg/day 7.4 mg/day NA 13 mg/day
genders
Children 11-14 years Both NA 8.9 mg/day 10.7 mg/day NA 18 mg/day
genders
Children 15-17 years Male NA 11.8 mg/day 14.2 mg/day NA 22 mg/day
Children 15-17 years Female NA 9.9 mg/day 11.9 mg/day NA 22 mg/day

Copyright @2019 EFSA 15 / 22

 Age Gender AI AR PRIs RI UL

Adults (LPI 300 mg/ ≥ 18 years Male NA 7.5 mg/day 9.4 mg/day NA 25 mg/day
day)
Adults (LPI 600 mg/ ≥ 18 years Male NA 9.3 mg/day 11.7 mg/day NA 25 mg/day
day)
Adults (LPI 900 mg/ ≥ 18 years Male NA 11 mg/day 14 mg/day NA 25 mg/day
day)
Adults (LPI 1200 mg/ ≥ 18 years Male NA 12.7 mg/day 16.3 mg/day NA 25 mg/day
day)
Adults (LPI 300 mg/ ≥ 18 years Female NA 6.2 mg/day 7.5 mg/day NA 25 mg/day
day)
Adults (LPI 600 mg/ ≥ 18 years Female NA 7.6 mg/day 9.3 mg/day NA 25 mg/day
day)
Adults (LPI 900 mg/ ≥ 18 years Female NA 8.9 mg/day 11 mg/day NA 25 mg/day
day)
Adults (LPI 1200 mg/ ≥ 18 years Female NA 10.2 mg/day 12.7 mg/day NA 25 mg/day
day)
Pregnant women ≥ 18 years Female NA (+) 1.3 mg/ (+) 1.6 mg/ NA 25 mg/day
day day
Lactating women ≥ 18 years Female NA (+) 2.4 mg/ (+) 2.9 mg/ NA 25 mg/day
day day

For infants and children, the fractional absorption of zinc considered in setting PRIs was based on data from mixed diets expected to contain variable quantities
of phytate; therefore, no adjustment for phytate intake has been made.

For adults, ARs and PRIs for zinc are provided for four levels of phytate intake (LPI): 300, 600, 900 and 1,200 mg/day.

For pregnant and lactating women, the value should be added to the AR/PRI of non-pregnant, non-lactating women.

Biotin AI: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3580

UL: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/assets/ndatolerableuil.pdf

Age Gender AI AR PRIs RI UL

Infants 7-11 months Both 6 μg/day NA NA NA ND

genders
Children 1-3 years Both 20 μg/day NA NA NA ND
genders
Children 4-6 years Both 25 μg/day NA NA NA ND
genders
Children 7-10 years Both 25 μg/day NA NA NA ND
genders
Children 11-17 years Both 35 μg/day NA NA NA ND
genders
Adults ≥ 18 years Both 40 μg/day NA NA NA ND
genders
Pregnant women ≥ 18 years Female 40 μg/day NA NA NA ND
Lactating women ≥ 18 years Female 45 μg/day NA NA NA ND

Choline AI: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4484

Age Gender AI AR PRIs RI UL

Infants 7-11 months Both 160 mg/day NA NA NA NA

genders
Children 1-3 years Both 140 mg/day NA NA NA NA
genders
Children 4-6 years Both 170 mg/day NA NA NA NA
genders
Children 7-10 years Both 250 mg/day NA NA NA NA
genders
Children 11-14 years Both 340 mg/day NA NA NA NA
genders

Copyright @2019 EFSA 16 / 22

 Age Gender AI AR PRIs RI UL

Children 15-17 years Both 400 mg/day NA NA NA NA

genders
Adults ≥ 18 years Both 400 mg/day NA NA NA NA
genders
Pregnant women ≥ 18 years Female 480 mg/day NA NA NA NA
Lactating women ≥ 18 years Female 520 mg/day NA NA NA NA

Values relates to choline in free or esterified forms (e.g. glycerophosphocholine, phosphocholine, phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin).

Cobalamin (vitamin B12) AI: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4150

UL: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/assets/ndatolerableuil.pdf

Age Gender AI AR PRIs RI UL

Infants 7-11 months Both 1.5 μg/day NA NA NA ND

genders
Children 1-3 years Both 1.5 μg/day NA NA NA ND
genders
Children 4-6 years Both 1.5 μg/day NA NA NA ND
genders
Children 7-10 years Both 2.5 μg/day NA NA NA ND
genders
Children 11-14 years Both 3.5 μg/day NA NA NA ND
genders
Children 15-17 years Both 4 μg/day NA NA NA ND
genders
Adults ≥ 18 years Both 4 μg/day NA NA NA ND
genders
Pregnant women ≥ 18 years Female 4.5 μg/day NA NA NA ND
Lactating women ≥ 18 years Female 5 μg/day NA NA NA ND

Folate AI, AR, PRIs: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3893

UL: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/assets/ndatolerableuil.pdf

Age Gender AI AR PRIs RI UL

Infants 7-11 months Both 80 μg DFE/ NA NA NA ND

genders day
Children 1-3 years Both NA 90 µg DFE/ 120 μg DFE/ NA 200 μg/day
genders day day
Children 4-6 years Both NA 110 µg DFE/ 140 μg DFE/ NA 300 μg/day
genders day day
Children 7-10 years Both NA 160 µg DFE/ 200 μg DFE/ NA 400 μg/day
genders day day
Children 11-14 years Both NA 210 µg DFE/ 270 μg DFE/ NA 600 μg/day
genders day day
Children 15-17 years Both NA 250 µg DFE/ 330 μg DFE/ NA 800 μg/day
genders day day
Adults ≥ 18 years Both NA 250 µg DFE/ 330 μg DFE/ NA 1000 μg/day
genders day day
Pregnant women ≥ 18 years Female 600 μg DFE/ NA NA NA 1000 μg/day
day
Lactating women ≥ 18 years Female NA 380 µg DFE/ 500 μg DFE/ NA 1000 μg/day
day day

Values relate to food folate and folic acid.

DFE: dietary folate equivalents. Natural food folates have a lower bioavailability than folic acid. DFE have been introduced to account for these differences. For
combined intakes of food folate and folic acid, DFEs can be computed as follows: μg DFE = μg food folate + (1.7 x μg folic acid).

The UL applies to folic acid (synthetic).

Copyright @2019 EFSA 17 / 22

 Niacin AR, PRIs: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3759

UL: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/assets/ndatolerableuil.pdf

Age Gender AI AR PRIs RI UL

Infants 7-11 months Both NA 1.3 mg NE/ 1.6 mg NE/ NA ND

genders MJ MJ
Children 1-3 years Both NA 1.3 mg NE/ 1.6 mg NE/ NA 150 mg/day
genders MJ MJ nicotinamide
Children 1-3 years Both NA 1.3 mg NE/ 1.6 mg NE/ NA 2 mg/day
genders MJ MJ nicotinic
acid
Children 4-6 years Both NA 1.3 mg NE/ 1.6 mg NE/ NA 220 mg/day
genders MJ MJ nicotinamide
Children 4-6 years Both NA 1.3 mg NE/ 1.6 mg NE/ NA 3 mg/day
genders MJ MJ nicotinic
acid
Children 7-10 years Both NA 1.3 mg NE/ 1.6 mg NE/ NA 350 mg/day
genders MJ MJ nicotinamide
Children 7-10 years Both NA 1.3 mg NE/ 1.6 mg NE/ NA 4 mg/day
genders MJ MJ nicotinic
acid
Children 11-14 years Both NA 1.3 mg NE/ 1.6 mg NE/ NA 500 mg/day
genders MJ MJ nicotinamide
Children 11-14 years Both NA 1.3 mg NE/ 1.6 mg NE/ NA 6 mg/day
genders MJ MJ nicotinic
acid
Children 15-17 years Both NA 1.3 mg NE/ 1.6 mg NE/ NA 700 mg/day
genders MJ MJ nicotinamide
Children 15-17 years Both NA 1.3 mg NE/ 1.6 mg NE/ NA 8 mg/day
genders MJ MJ nicotinic
acid
Adults ≥ 18 years Both NA 1.3 mg NE/ 1.6 mg NE/ NA 900 mg/day
genders MJ MJ nicotinamide
Adults ≥ 18 years Both NA 1.3 mg NE/ 1.6 mg NE/ NA 10 mg/day
genders MJ MJ nicotinic
acid
Lactating women ≥ 18 years Female NA 1.3 mg NE/ 1.6 mg NE/ NA ND
MJ MJ
Pregnant women ≥ 18 years Female NA 1.3 mg NE/ 1.6 mg NE/ NA ND
MJ MJ

Values relate to niacin in the form of nicotinamide and nicotinic acid. Niacin can be synthesised in the human body from the indispensable amino acid
tryptophan.

NE: niacin equivalent (1 NE = 1 mg niacin = 60 mg dietary tryptophan)

Niacin requirement is related to energy requirement and therefore expressed in mg NE/MJ. Values expressed in mg NE/day can be calculated based on the
energy requirement of the group considered (EFSA NDA Panel, 2013).

Pantothenic acid AI: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3581

UL: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/assets/ndatolerableuil.pdf

Age Gender AI AR PRIs RI UL

Infants 7-11 months Both 3 mg/day NA NA NA ND

genders
Children 1-3 years Both 4 mg/day NA NA NA ND
genders
Children 4-10 years Both 4 mg/day NA NA NA ND
genders
Children 11-17 years Both 5 mg/day NA NA NA ND
genders
Adults ≥ 18 years Both 5 mg/day NA NA NA ND
genders
Pregnant women ≥ 18 years Female 5 mg/day NA NA NA ND

Copyright @2019 EFSA 18 / 22

 Age Gender AI AR PRIs RI UL

Lactating women ≥ 18 years Female 7 mg/day NA NA NA ND

Riboflavin AI, AR, PRIs: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4919

Age Gender AI AR PRIs RI UL

Infants 7-11 months Both 0.4 mg/day NA NA NA ND

genders
Children 1-3 years Both NA 0.5 mg/day 0.6 mg/day NA ND
genders
Children 4-6 years Both NA 0.6 mg/day 0.7 mg/day NA ND
genders
Children 7-10 years Both NA 0.8 mg/day 1 mg/day NA ND
genders
Children 11-14 years Both NA 1.1 mg/day 1.4 mg/day NA ND
genders
Children 15-17 years Both NA 1.4 mg/day 1.6 mg/day NA ND
genders
Adults ≥ 18 years Both NA 1.3 mg/day 1.6 mg/day NA ND
genders
Pregnant women ≥ 18 years Female NA 1.5 mg/day 1.9 mg/day NA ND
Lactating women ≥ 18 years Female NA 1.7 mg/day 2 mg/day NA ND

Values relate to riboflavin in the form of free riboflavin, flavin mononucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide.

Thiamin AR, PRIs: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4653

UL: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/assets/ndatolerableuil.pdf

Age Gender AI AR PRIs RI UL

Infants 7-11 months Both NA 0.072 mg/ 0.1 mg/MJ NA ND

genders MJ
Children 1-3 years Both NA 0.072 mg/ 0.1 mg/MJ NA ND
genders MJ
Children 4-6 years Both NA 0.072 mg/ 0.1 mg/MJ NA ND
genders MJ
Children 7-10 years Both NA 0.072 mg/ 0.1 mg/MJ NA ND
genders MJ
Children 11-14 years Both NA 0.072 mg/ 0.1 mg/MJ NA ND
genders MJ
Children 15-17 years Both NA 0.072 mg/ 0.1 mg/MJ NA ND
genders MJ
Adults ≥ 18 years Both NA 0.072 mg/ 0.1 mg/MJ NA ND
genders MJ
Pregnant women ≥ 18 years Female NA 0.072 mg/ 0.1 mg/MJ NA ND
MJ
Lactating women ≥ 18 years Female NA 0.072 mg/ 0.1 mg/MJ NA ND
MJ

Thiamin requirement is related to energy requirement and therefore expressed in mg/MJ. Values expressed in mg/day can be calculated based on the energy
requirement of the group considered (EFSA NDA Panel, 2013).

Vitamin A AR, PRIs: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4028

UL: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/assets/ndatolerableuil.pdf

Age Gender AI AR PRIs RI UL

Infants 7-11 months Both NA 190 μg RE/ 250 μg RE/ NA ND

genders day day
Children 1-3 years Both NA 205 μg RE/ 250 μg RE/ NA 800 μg RE/

Copyright @2019 EFSA 19 / 22

 Age Gender AI AR PRIs RI UL

genders day day day

Children 4-6 years Both NA 245 μg RE/ 300 μg RE/ NA 1100 μg RE/
genders day day day
Children 7-10 years Both NA 320 μg RE/ 400 μg RE/ NA 1500 μg RE/
genders day day day
Children 11-14 years Both NA 480 μg RE/ 600 μg RE/ NA 2000 μg RE/
genders day day day
Children 15-17 years Male NA 580 μg RE/ 750 μg RE/ NA 2600 μg RE/
day day day
Children 15-17 years Female NA 490 μg RE/ 650 μg RE/ NA 2600 μg RE/
day day day
Adults ≥ 18 years Male NA 570 μg RE/ 750 μg RE/ NA 3000 μg RE/
day day day
Premenopausal 18-59 years Female NA 490 μg RE/ 650 μg RE/ NA 3000 μg RE/
women day day day
Postmenopausal ≥ 40 years Female NA 490 μg RE/ 650 μg RE/ NA ND
women day day
Pregnant women ≥ 18 years Female NA 540 μg RE/ 700 μg RE/ NA 3000 μg RE/
day day day
Lactating women ≥ 18 years Female NA 1020 μg RE/ 1300 μg RE/ NA 3000 μg RE/
day day day

Values relate to vitamin A in the form of retinol, retinyl esters and provitamin A carotenoids.

RE: retinol equivalent. Provitamin A carotenoids have a lower bioavailability than retinol. In order to take into account these differences, RE have been introduced
and defined as 1 μg RE = 1 μg of retinol = 6 μg of β-carotene = 12 μg of other carotenoids with provitamin A activity.

The UL applies to vitamin A as retinol or retinyl esters. No adequate data to derive a UL for β-carotene.

Vitamin B6 AI, AR, PRIs: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4485

UL: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/assets/ndatolerableuil.pdf

Age Gender AI AR PRIs RI UL

Infants 7-11 months Both 0.3 mg/day NA NA NA ND

genders
Children 1-3 years Both NA 0.5 mg/day 0.6 mg/day NA 5 mg/day
genders
Children 4-6 years Both NA 0.6 mg/day 0.7 mg/day NA 7 mg/day
genders
Children 7-10 years Both NA 0.9 mg/day 1 mg/day NA 10 mg/day
genders
Children 11-14 years Both NA 1.2 mg/day 1.4 mg/day NA 15 mg/day
genders
Children 15-17 years Male NA 1.5 mg/day 1.7 mg/day NA 20 mg/day
Children 15-17 years Female NA 1.3 mg/day 1.6 mg/day NA 20 mg/day
Adults ≥ 18 years Male NA 1.5 mg/day 1.7 mg/day NA 25 mg/day
Adults ≥ 18 years Female NA 1.3 mg/day 1.6 mg/day NA 25 mg/day
Pregnant women ≥ 18 years Female NA 1.5 mg/day 1.8 mg/day NA 25 mg/day
Lactating women ≥ 18 years Female NA 1.4 mg/day 1.7 mg/day NA 25 mg/day

Values relate to vitamin B6 in the form of pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine and their phosphorylated forms.

Vitamin C AR, PRIs: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3418

UL: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/assets/ndatolerableuil.pdf

Age Gender AI AR PRIs RI UL

Infants 7-11 months Both NA NA 20 mg/day NA ND

genders

Copyright @2019 EFSA 20 / 22

 Age Gender AI AR PRIs RI UL

Children 1-3 years Both NA 15 mg/day 20 mg/day NA ND

genders
Children 4-6 years Both NA 25 mg/day 30 mg/day NA ND
genders
Children 7-10 years Both NA 40 mg/day 45 mg/day NA ND
genders
Children 11-14 years Both NA 60 mg/day 70 mg/day NA ND
genders
Children 15-17 years Male NA 85 mg/day 100 mg/day NA ND
Children 15-17 years Female NA 75 mg/day 90 mg/day NA ND
Adults ≥ 18 years Male NA 90 mg/day 110 mg/day NA ND
Adults ≥ 18 years Female NA 80 mg/day 95 mg/day NA ND
Pregnant women ≥ 18 years Female NA NA 105 mg/day NA ND
Lactating women ≥ 18 years Female NA 140 mg/day 155 mg/day NA ND

Vitamin D AI: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4547

UL: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5365

Age Gender AI AR PRIs RI UL

Infants 7-11 months Both 10 μg/day NA NA NA 35 μg/day

genders
Children 1-3 years Both 15 μg/day NA NA NA 50 μg/day
genders
Children 4-6 years Both 15 μg/day NA NA NA 50 μg/day
genders
Children 7-10 years Both 15 μg/day NA NA NA 50 μg/day
genders
Children 11-14 years Both 15 μg/day NA NA NA 100 μg/day
genders
Children 15-17 years Both 15 μg/day NA NA NA 100 μg/day
genders
Adults ≥ 18 years Both 15 μg/day NA NA NA 100 μg/day
genders
Pregnant women ≥ 18 years Female 15 μg/day NA NA NA 100 μg/day
Lactating women ≥ 18 years Female 15 μg/day NA NA NA 100 μg/day

Values relate to vitamin D in the form of ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) and cholecalciferol (vitamin D3).

The setting of the AI for vitamin D assumes minimal cutaneous vitamin D synthesis. In the presence of endogenous vitamin D synthesis, the requirement for
dietary vitamin D is lower or may even be zero.

Vitamin E as α-tocopherol AI: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4149

UL: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/assets/ndatolerableuil.pdf

Age Gender AI AR PRIs RI UL

Infants 7-11 months Both 5 mg/day NA NA NA ND

genders
Children 1-2 years Both 6 mg/day NA NA NA 100 mg/day
genders
Children 3 years Both 9 mg/day NA NA NA 100 mg/day
genders
Children 4-6 years Both 9 mg/day NA NA NA 120 mg/day
genders
Children 7-9 years Both 9 mg/day NA NA NA 160 mg/day
genders
Children 10 years Male 13 mg/day NA NA NA 160 mg/day
Children 10 years Female 11 mg/day NA NA NA 160 mg/day
Children 11-14 years Male 13 mg/day NA NA NA 220 mg/day

Copyright @2019 EFSA 21 / 22

 Age Gender AI AR PRIs RI UL

Children 11-14 years Female 11 mg/day NA NA NA 220 mg/day

Children 15-17 years Male 13 mg/day NA NA NA 260 mg/day
Children 15-17 years Female 11 mg/day NA NA NA 260 mg/day
Adults ≥ 18 years Male 13 mg/day NA NA NA 300 mg/day
Adults ≥ 18 years Female 11 mg/day NA NA NA 300 mg/day
Pregnant women ≥ 18 years Female 11 mg/day NA NA NA 300 mg/day
Lactating women ≥ 18 years Female 11 mg/day NA NA NA 300 mg/day

Vitamin K as phylloquinone AI: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4780

UL: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/assets/ndatolerableuil.pdf

Age Gender AI AR PRIs RI UL

Infants 7-11 months Both 10 μg/day NA NA NA ND

genders
Children 1-3 years Both 12 μg/day NA NA NA ND
genders
Children 4-6 years Both 20 μg/day NA NA NA ND
genders
Children 7-10 years Both 30 μg/day NA NA NA ND
genders
Children 11-14 years Both 45 μg/day NA NA NA ND
genders
Children 15-17 years Both 65 μg/day NA NA NA ND
genders
Adults ≥ 18 years Both 70 μg/day NA NA NA ND
genders
Pregnant women ≥ 18 years Female 70 μg/day NA NA NA ND
Lactating women ≥ 18 years Female 70 μg/day NA NA NA ND

Vitamin K naturally occurs in food as phylloquinone (vitamin K1) and menaquinones (vitamin K2). However, current evidence on menaquinones is insufficient,
and the AI for vitamin K is based on phylloquinone only.

Copyright @2019 EFSA 22 / 22