DRILLING
METHODS
An Improved Method for Computing Directional Surveys
G, J. WILSON
MEMBER AIME
Abstract
Dif]iculties experienced in correlating vertical and lateral
location.1· of .rnh.mrface fea/1/l'es that are <'l!Countered in di-
rectional wells prompted critical review of the tangential
method of computing directional surveys. Inherent discrep-
ancies were indicated to cause small incremental but sig-
nifica111ly large cumulative errors in computed Vc>rtical
depth and horizontal departure. A radius of curvature
method. developed for planning and analyzing directional
wells, was sllldied as a means of more accurately calculat-
ing survey data. Errors incurred in the ·tangential method
were not present in the radius of curvature method. Co11-
f/ic1ing as.1·11111ptio11s in calc11/a1ing dog-leg severity by the
tangential method were resolved by a new procedure that
was der!wd from the radius of curvature method. Remits
of ihe investigation showed the radius of curvature method
to he an improved method for computing direcrional sur-
veys.
lnb'ocluction
Many improvements in directional drilling tools and
techniques have been made in the past 10 years.' but the
method of computing survey data has remained virtually
unchanged. While use of computers greatly aids the pro-
cess of calculation' and eliminates many human errors,
manual and computer calculations are still made with the
assumption that the wellbore consists of straight-line seg-
ments. This paper points out discrepancies in the method
and presents an improved method in which the wellhore
is assumed to be curved.
Tangential Method
The method presently used to calculate vertical depth,
horizontal departure and direction coordinates with mea-
sured values of well o~pth, inclination angle and direction
angle is termed the tangential method. This term stems
from performing calculations with a series of straight-line
segments, with each segment assumed to be tangent to
the wellbore at a corresponding survey point. A segment
is defined by inclination and direction angles measured at
only the lower or deeper end. Consequently, a discrepancy
or error is introduced for each segment. Errors are not of
extreme magnitude, but cumulatively are significant due
Original manuscript received In Sod,•ty of Petroleum Engineers office
Sept, 8, 1967. Revised manuscript received June 17, 1968, Paper (SPE
1992) was presented at SPE 88th Annual California Regional Meeting
held in Los Angeles, Calif., Oct. 26-27, 1967, © Copyright 1068 Ameri•
can Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc.
'References given at end of paper.
This paper will be printed in Transactions volume 248, which will
cover 1968,
AUGUST, 1968
CONTINENTAL OIL CO.
HOUSTON, TEX.
Downloaded from http://onepetro.org/JPT/article-pdf/20/08/871/2222311/spe-1992-pa.pdf by guest on 22 June 2021
to the need to define as accurately as possible the vertical
and lateral location of subsurface features such as pav tops,
fluid contacts and fault cuts encountered in expensive di-
rectional wellbores.
In Fig. l, the curved-line segment ah represents a por-
tion of the actual borehole as viewed in the vertical plane.
Point$ a and h are survey stations and cf,, is the inclination
angle at point h. The curved-line segment ah is assumed to
be the straight-line segment a'/, of a length equal to ah and
tangent at point h to the curved-line segment. Lengths
11'c' and c'h are equal to a'h cos cf,,. and a'h sin cf,,. respec-
tively. Point a already has heen fixed by calculations per-
formed with survey data obtained at point a, and calculated
lengths a'c' and c'h arc projected as lengths ac" and c"I>'
from point a, rather than from point a'. Point /,' i~ thu,
fixed and assumed to represent the actual point h. Calcu-
lated length ac" is shorter than actual length cu·. and calcu-
lated length c"b' is longer than actual length cl>. Since h'
is the point from which the next deeper segment \\ ill be
projected, errors are cumulative.
Cumulative error continues to increase as long a~ \he in-
clination angle continues to increase. When the indination
angle decreases (Fig. 2). calculated length ac" is longer
than actual length ac, and calculated length c"I>' is shorter
than actual length cl>. These errors also are cumulative, hut
differences between calculated and actual lengths arc op-
posite in mathematical sign to differences dcmon~lrntcd in
a D
I
C f"- II
I ..................... C
I , ..
I
c' L___c,____....,..<j
V
Fig, I-Vertical depth and horizo11t{ll departure by tangen-
tial method, inclination angle increasing.
871
Fig. 1. Therefore, total error begins to diminish when re-
turn to vertical is started in an S-type hole. If return to
vertical is accomplished at the same rate and is surveyed
with the same spacing as the buildup portion, total error
tends to vanish at the return to \-ertical point. No cancella-
tion of error occurs in a slant-type hole, and total error in-
creases as maximum inclination angle, rate of angle build-
up and distance between survey stations increase.
The foregoing argument also applies to calculating the
bottom-hole location with values of horizontal departure
and direction angle. In this case, errors can be com-
pounded. As previously pointed out, calculated horizontal
departure can be longer or shorter than actual departure.
But even if calculated departure is correct, operations per-
formed still lead to errors. In Fig. 3, the actual wellbore as
viewed in the horizontal plane is represented by the curved-
line segment cb, and o. is the direction angle at point b.
segment c'b tangent at point b to the curved-line segment.
Lengths d'b and c'd' are equal to c'b cos o.
and c'h sin o•.
respectively. Point c already has been fixed, a1.d calculated
lengths d'h and c'd' are projected as lengths ti"/,' and eel".
Point h' is thus fixed and assumed to represent the actual
point b. Calculated coordinate distances d"b' and cd" differ
from actual distance dh and ct.l. Again, errors are cumula-
tive but can be offset by errors of an opposite mathematical
sign if the direction angle exhibits a reversal in trend.
A modified tangential method called the trapezoidal
method assumes half the measured depth segment to be
tangential to the wellbore at each of the upper and lower
survey stations. While the trape7(lidal method is an im-
provement, calculated lengths still are shorter than actual
curved lengths when angles are either decreasing or in-
creasing.
Radius of Curvature Method

Downloaded from http://onepetro.org/JPT/article-pdf/20/08/871/2222311/spe-1992-pa.pdf by guest on 22 June 2021

The tangential method assumes ch to be the straight-line
In the radius of curvature method, each segment is de-
I fined by data obtained at both ends of the segment, and
a the wellbore is assumed to be curved in either or both ver-
~ tical and horizontal projections. Directional survey data
I\ more often than not reflect changes in either or both in-
a I \ D clination and direction measured at two successive survey
stations. Curved wellbore segments are implied when rates
\
\
1\ of inclination an~le buildup and drop-off are expressed in
degrees/ J00 ft. and when dog-leg severity is stated in de-
\ \ grees/] 00 ft. Even so-called vertical wells often exhibit cur-
vature. It therefore appears reasonable to consider incre-
\ \ ments of measured depth between surv(;!y stations as curved
\ ~ increments. A radius of curvature method developed for
\ planning and analyzing directional wells then can be used
C b -'b to compute directional surveys.

C
II __1b
\ c'
\ I
f Fig. 4 demonstrates the manner in which expressions
derived in Appendix A are applied to survey computations.
The curved well bore is represented by the segment ah, and
,f,., and cf,,. arc inclination angles at points a and /J. Ry
definition, rate of change in cf, is the difference between <J,,.
and cf,. divided by the length of ah. Radius of curvature in
the vertical plane is the reciprocal of the rate of change in
V cf, with rate of change expressed in radians per unit length
nf the measured depth segment. True length ar is equal to
Fig. 2-Vertica/ depth and horizontal departure hy ta11gm-
tial method, inclination angle decl'easing.

w E
C d d

s Fig. 4--Vertical depth and horizontal departure hy radius

Fig, 3-Direction coordinates by tangential method. of curvature method.

872 JOUltNAJ. OF PETROLEUM TECHNOI.OG\'

radius of curvature multiplied by the difference between
sin 'P• and sin cp,. True length of cb is equal to radius of
curvature times the difference between cos cf,. and cos cJ,,,.
Comparison of Fig. 4 with Figs. I and 2 shows that errors
in computing vertical depth and horizontal departure with
the tangential method are eliminated by the radius of
curvature method.
Although true length of ch or horizontal departure is
defined by the radius of curvature method, this length also
can be curved. Rate of change in 0 is the difference be-
tween 0, and 8. divided by the length of ch. Radius of
curvature in the horizontal plane is the reciprocal of the
rate of change in 8 with rate of change expressed in ra-
dians per unit length of measured depth. In Fig. 5, the
North (or South) coordinate distance db is equal to radius
of curvature multiplied by the difference between sin 8,,
and sin 0.., and the East ( or West) coordinate distance cd
is e4ual to radius of curvature times the difference between
cos 0. and cos 0,. Comparison of Fig. 5 with Fig. 3 shows
that errors in computing directional coordinates by the tan-
gential method arc eliminated by the radius of curvature
method.
Application of the radius of curvature method is not
limited to the buildup and drop-off portions. The concept
is equally valid for so-called vertical and slant portions
when segments are curved in one or both the vertical and
horizontal planes. In whipstocked intervals, the wellbore
is probably best represented by straight-line segments and
the tangential method should be used.
Comparison of the Methods
The tangential and radius of curvature methods can be
compared in a hypothetical situation involving a vertical
well, a 30° slant-type well and a 60° slant-type well, all
drilled to the same horizon. A fluid contact is assumed
to have been encountered at 3,500 ft in the vertical well,
at 3.810 ft measured depth in the 30° well and at 4,538
ft measured depth in the 60° well. It is further assumed
that both directional wells were kicked off at 500 ft; in-
clination angle~ were built up ideally at 2° /100 ft of
FiR. 5-Directinn cnnrdinates by radius nj curvature
metliod.
AUGUST, 1968
measured depth; the wellbores were contained totally in
one vertical plane and directional surveys wern made at
each 100 ft of measured depth. Calculations with the
radius of curvature method show contacts in both devi-
ated wells to be at 3,500 ft vertical depth with a hori-
zontal departure of 1,289 ft in the 30° well and 2,331 ft
in the 60° well. The tangential method indicates the con-
tact to be at 3,494 (t vertical depth at a departure of
l,314 ft in the 30° well and at 3,475 ft vertical depth at
a departure of 2,375 ft in the 60° well. Different inter-
preta lions regarding the reservoir could be made with the
two sets of subsurface location data obtained with the
two different methods.
Interpretation of calculations made with the tangential
method has created problems in accurately depicting Louis-
iana Gulf Coast reservoirs. In one example, computations
with single-shot data indicated a spread of 40 ft in the
Downloaded from http://onepetro.org/JPT/article-pdf/20/08/871/2222311/spe-1992-pa.pdf by guest on 22 June 2021
vertical depth of an oil-water contact encountered by sev-
eral S type wells now known to have penetrated the same
reservoir. In early stages of development, several faults
were assumed to exist. As well density increased, insertion
of assumed faults became untenable as a means of recon-
ciling varying depths of the contact. Computations with
the radius of curvature method reduced the spread of con•
tact depths to only 5 ft. Although further investigation
showed tl-iat almost the same results could be obtained by
computing carefully multishot data with the tangential
method, such agreement was limited lO horizons located be-
low the return to vertical point. Computer calculations in-
dicated the tangential method to be in error by about 12
ft in vertical depth and about 40 ft in departure in hori-
zons encountered above the point at which return to ver-
tical was started. Data from wellbores inclined by more
than 35° were unavailable for study. Nevertheless, it
readily was seen that use of the tangential method could
lead to substantial errors in locating subsurface features,
particularly those encountered in high-scale, slant-type
wells.
Although the radius of curvature method is an improve-
ment over the tangential method, both methods assume
that points of change in the wellbore coincide with depths
of survey stations. Results of the two methods would be
essentially identical if surveys were to be conducted owr
very short intervals of 1. ft or so. Unfortunately, it is not
now feasible to survey on extremely short spacing. Pend-
ing development of a reliable and economic means of sur-
veying on a continuous basis, the radius of curvature
method is available for reconciling conflicting data, par-
ticularly that obtained in a number of wells now completed
to the same reservoir.
Dog-Leg Severity
In calculating dog-leg severity with the tangential meth-
od, two segments of measured depth are assumed to be
straight lines lying in a single plane that can be inclined
tu either or both vertical and horizontal axes. Total change
in angle between two segments is calculated as shown in
Appendix B. This total change then is assumed to have
occurred over the length of the deeper segment and, to
express dog•leg severity, the segment is said to be curv-
ing at a uniform rate. The two obviously conflicting as-
sumptions are resolved by the radius of curvature method
•in which measured depth segments are assumed initially to
be curved in either or both vertical and horizontal planes.
Calculations in Appendix C show dog-leg severity to be
a function of vertical curvature, horizontal curvature and
inclination angle.
878
 Although most failures of drill pipe, collars and casing
can be related to magnitude of dog-legs calculated by the
tangential method, failures have occurred at relatively
small dog-legs, and some severe dog-legs have apparently
caused little or no damage.• These anomalies in relation-
ship between pipe failures and absolute magnitude of dog-
legs could result from neglecting curvature in the wellbore.
Due t0 twisting of drill pipe in a dog-leg composed of cur-
vature in two planes, the effects of a double curved dog-leg
would be more severe than the effects of a dog-leg lying in
only one plane. Nevertheless, a basic problem in evaluat-
ing dog-leg severity is that it is not known whether a dog-
leg is gradual or abrupt. Surveying on very short spacing
cannot resolve the problem.• But consideration of the rela-
tive degree of difficulty encountered in controlling a direc-
tionally drilled interval, as well as analysis of original and
resurvey data, often can indicate the method most likely
to yield a close approximation of true dog-leg severity.
Conclusion
The radius of curvature method for computing direc-
tional surveys can eliminate inherent errors in vertical
depth, horizontal departure, direction coordinates and
dog-leg severity that occur when the presently used tan-
gential method is applied.
Nomenclature
M "" measured depth, ft
V = vertical depth, ft
D = horizontal departure, ft
N = North (or South) coordinate distance, ft
E = East (or West) coordinate distance, ft
h == inclination angle buildup rate, degrees/ft
/,' = inclination angle drop-off rate, degrees/fl
R cc, radius of curvature in vertical plane with ,J,
increasing, ft/radian
R' =-= radius of curvature in vertical plane with ,J,
decreasing, ft/radian
c = rate of change in direction angle. degrees/ft
C ,... radius of curvature in horizontal plane,
ft/radian
.,· = inclination angle, radians
<J, = inclination angle, degrees
y = direction angle, radians
0 = direction angle, degrees
(1 = total change in angle between two directed
straight lines, degrees
a= rate of change in total curvature, degrees/ft
a= dog-leg severity, degrees/ JOO ft
Acknowledgments
The author expresses his appreciation to the management
of Continental Oil Co. for permission to publish this paper.
Computer programming and analyses performed by W.W.
Lowry and C. R. Lysinger, with the Sperry-Sun Well Sur-
veying Co. in Westwego, La., are gratefully acknowledged.
References
1. Pickett, G. W.: "Techniques and Deflection Tools in High-
Angle Drilling: Past, Present and Future", J. Pet. Tech.
(April, 1967) 469-476.
2. Sparks, F. W. and Rees, P. K.: Plane Trigonometry, Rev.
Ed., Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N. J. (1947) 142-
144.
3. Middlemiss, R. R.: DiOeremial and /11tegral Calculus, 2nci
Ed., McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York (1946) 327-328.
4. Taylor, A. E.: Advanced Calrn/11s, Ginn and Co., Boston
(1955) 366-367.
874.
5. Wilson, G. J.: "Dog-Leg Control in Directionally Drilled
Wells", J. Pet. Tech. (Jan., 1967) 107-112.
6. Lubinski, A.: "Maximum Permissible Dog-Legs in Rotary
Boreholes", !. Pet. Tech. (Feb., 1961) 175-194.
APPENDIX A
Basic Mathematical Concepts-
Radius of Curvature Method
Mathematical expressions defining relationships among
all parameters at all points in a directional well can be used
to advantage in well planning. Although the mathematical
procedure is somewhat more accurate than the graphical
procedure usually employed, the principal advantage of the
mathematical, method is elimination of the need for speci-
fic graphs depicting depths vs inclination angles at various
rates of buildup and drop-off. With the mathematical ex-
Downloaded from http://onepetro.org/JPT/article-pdf/20/08/871/2222311/spe-1992-pa.pdf by guest on 22 June 2021
rressions and a set of plane trigonometric tables, wells can
be planned using any reasonable inclination angle, buildup
rate and drop-off rate. Trial-and-error calculations are not
needed to plan a directional program when the kickoff
point, return to vertical point, total depth or departure are
fixed in advance. The mathematical procedure also per-
mits analytical study of survey data after the directional
program has been executed. Effective inclination angles
can be determined from actual survey data. The difference
hetween effective and pl .. nned angles can be indicative of
the amount of difficulty encoLJntered in contro1Jing the
path of the borehole. By relating these differences to rig
time expended, an optimum directional drilling plan can
be developed for a rarticular field or area.
In Fig. S, let the several parameters be designated by
symbols listed in the Nomenclature, and Jet the principal
points of interest be designated as:
0 = surface or datum point
1 = kickoff point
2 = point at which cf, reaches a maximum
J = ;10int at v:hich return to vertical is started in an
S-type hole or total depth in a slant-type hole
0 D
4
5
V
Fig. 6-Directional well planned with rndius of curvature
method.
JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY
 4 = return to vertical pomt in an S-type hole the drop-off portion is
5 = total depth in an S-type hole. D, - D. = B' (1 - cos cf,,) . . . . . . . (A-15)
General expressions for determining vertical distances
across the buildup and drop-off portions are derived. Maximum permissible inclination angle cf,.,, when D, - D,
is fixed, points 2 and 3 are coincident and V, - V, is not
By definition fixed, is
q> = x(180'1r) , . . . . . . . . . (A-1)
- •l D, - D,
cf,., - cos B + B' . . . . . . . . (A-16a)
and
cf, = bM, , . . . . . . . . . . . (A-2) and for a slant-type hole
where M, is measured distance between the kickoff point _ _,D,-D,
and the point at which ¢ is determined, M, ~ (M, - M,). </> ... - cos B . . . . . . . . (A-16b)
Then
An expression is derived for determining the inclination
x= (bw/180)M, ........ (A-3) angle required when total departure, kickoff point and re-
turn to vertical point (or total depth in a slant-type welt)

Downloaded from http://onepetro.org/JPT/article-pdf/20/08/871/2222311/spe-1992-pa.pdf by guest on 22 June 2021

By inspection
are fixed.
dV = cos x dM . . . . . . . . . . (A-4) By inspection
Substituting Eq. A-3 sin cf>, D, - (L), - D") - IJ,
. (A-17)
dV = cos (b,r/180) M,dM . . . . . . (A-5) cos cf,, V, - (V, - V,) -=Tv, - V,) - v:
Integrating Substituting El(s. A-8, A9, A-14 and A-15, simplifying and
rearranging.
V, - V, = (l80/h1r) [sin (b1r/l80) M,
(V,- V,)sincf>,+ (B-1 B' - D,)coscj,, '--' B; H'.
- sin (/>,r/180) M,] (A-6)
Substituting Eq. A-3 and B = 180/b,r,
and cf> is defined by'
V, - V, = B(sin cf,, - sin <fa,) . . . . (A-7)
Since <,~,
is
= U, total change in V across the buildup portion ,f,, =Ian' [ 8
:•;;,~•I),] - cos'
V, - V, =-= B sin rJ,, • . (A-8) - ... . . _B_°! B' ·- - ---...,
[ y(B + B' - D,)' -i (V, - V,)'
1. (A-19)
Since rj,, = </>, = 0 and </>, = <fa,, total change in V across
the drop-off portion is Eq. A-19 is simplified to include the first right-hand term
twice
V, - v. = B' sin</>, . (A-9)
Maximum permissible inclination angle q,,,., when V, -
V, is fixed, points 2 and 3 are coincident and D, - D, is
</>, = tan·' [
8
~•;;, ~• D,] · cos·•

not fixed, is B + B' . _, V, - V, ] (A 20 )

[ V, _ V, sm tan 8 + 8 , _ D, . - a
<J,,. = sm. ·• V,B +- B'V, , . . . . . . .
(A 10 )
- a For a slant-type hole, Eq. A-20a reduces to
and for a slant-type hole
,I. - • _, v,-v, . . . . . . . (A-!Ob)
</>, = tan·' [v, - v,]
B _ D. - cos·
I

y, .. - sm
[ v. ~ ~ ;,• J . .
8
V, sin tan·• · ~- (A-20b)
General expressions for determining horizontal dis-
tances across the buildup and drop-off portions are de- For well planning purposes, vertical distances in the
rived. vertical portions of the well are equal to measured dis-
tances. In the slant portion between points 2 and 3, vertical
By inspection and horizontal distances are:
dD = sin x dM . ......... (A-11) V, - V, = (M, - M,) cos </>, . (A-21)
Substituting Eq. A-3 D, - D, = (M, - M2) sin cf>, • (A-22)
dD = sin (b 1rl 180) M. dM . . . . . (A-12) The following expressions complete the set needed to
Integrating, substituting Eq. A-3 and B = IBO/b1r and re- plan directional wells:
arranging, From Eq. A-2
D, - D, = B(cosef,, - cos(/,,) .... (A-13)
M, - M, = c/>,; cf,, . . . . . . . . (A-23)
Since </>, = 0, total change in D across the buildup portion
is
Since cf,,= 0.
D, - D, = B (1 - COS<p,) • • . . . • (A-14) <p,
M,-M,=,; . . . . . . . . . . (A-24)
Since ,fl, = <J,, = 0, and cf,, = cf,., total change in D across

AUGUST, 1968 376

Smee ¢, = 4> 1 and q,, = q,., dN
dD = cos y . . . . . . . . (C-6)
._q,,
M -M•-,;; ... . . . . (A-25)
Combining Eqs. C-2 and C-4

APPENDIX B :;=(77/J80)csinx ....... (C-7)

Dog-Leg Severity-Tangential Method
Combining Eqs. C-4 and C-5
Let the several parameters be designated by symbols
listed in the Nomenclature. Let three successive survey sta- dE . .
tions be represented by points l, 2 and 3. Straight-line
dM = sm x sm y . . . . . . . (C-8)
segments are assumed, and the total change in angle at
Combining Eqs. C-4 and C-6
point 2 is'
dN .
/1, = cos·• [ (E,-E,) (E,-E,) -1- dM = sm x cos y . • . • . . . . . (C-9)
(M,-M,) (M,-M,)

Downloaded from http://onepetro.org/JPT/article-pdf/20/08/871/2222311/spe-1992-pa.pdf by guest on 22 June 2021

The derivatives of Eqs. C-8, C-9 and C-3 are respectively
(N,-N,) (N,-N,) + (V,-V,) (V,-V,)] . (B-I)
(M,-M,) (M,-M,) (M,-M,) (M,.-M,) d'E
dM'- (.r/180) (hcosxsiny+csin'.,cosy),
The tangential method assumes
. (C-IO)
E, - E,., = (M,.-M,,_,) sin <J,,. dn 0,.,
d'N
N,. - N •. , == (M.-M •. ,) sin <J,. cos 0,. and ~,iw'= (-;:-/180) (h cos x cosy - c sin' x sin y).

V .. - V,_, = (M .. - M,. ,) cos <J, ... (C-11)

Then, ,rv
dM' - - ( n / l 80) (I, sin x) . (C-12)
/3, = q,, sin <J,") (sin 0, sin 0, +
cos·' [(sin
Curvature of a curve of length M with rectangular coordi-
cos 0, cos 0,) +cos if,, cos <J,,] . . . ( B-2)
nates E. N and V is defined by'
Dog-leg severity in the measured depth increment between
points 2 and 3 is then said to be
l00 /3,
. . . . ( B-3)
(..-1180) a ="J(d'E)' + (J'N)'
JM' dM' + dM' (d'JI)" . (C-13)

M,-M, Substituting Eqs. C-10 through C-12, squaring each term.

and simplifying,
APPENDIX C
a== yc'sin'4,-+b' . . . . . . . . (C-14)
Rate of Total Curvature or Dog-Leg By convention. dog-leg severity is expressed in degrees/
Severity-Radius of Curvature Method JOO ft
Let the several parameters be designated by symbols «<, = JOO ye' sin' cJ, + b' , . . . . . (C-15)
listed in the Nomenclature. By definition or inspection,
where a 9 is the dog-leg severity at the point at which ,j,
dx
dM=(r./180)b, ......... (C-1) is determined. ***
dy
dD = (;i-/180) c, . . . . . . . . . (C-2)
G. J. Wilson is a staff engineer with
Continental Oil Co.'s Production Engi-
dV neering Services in Hou.~/on. Wilson.
dM =cos·'"• . . . . . . . . . . . (C-3)
who graduuled from Louisiana Tech
wi1h a BS degree in mechanical engi-
dD .
dM == sm x, . . . . . . . . . . . (C-4) neering, is connected wilh offshore drill-
ing and prod11cing nperations on the
dE Bay of Campeche, Mexicn, and along
dD = sm. y, • . . . . . . . . . . (C-5) thC' Loui.viana Gulf Coast. Prior to join-
inf.f Conti11e111al in /960, Wilson was
C'lllployed by Creole Petrulr11111 Co.

876 JOURN,\L OF PETROLE.UM TECHNOLOGY