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Kick Tolerance and Drilling Planing
Kick Tolerance and Drilling Planing
Summary. Kick tolerance is a drilling parameter that has prompted both confusion and misunderstanding in the drilling industry,
yet its importance to drilling engineers may be increasing exponentially. The increasing number of worldwide drilling catastrophes
may spur government agencies to tighten controls on casing-setting-depth criteria, requiring pipe to be set once minimal kick tolerance
values are reached. A thorough understanding of kick tolerance is necessary in both drilling operations and casing program design.
Confusion involving kick tolerance may be attributed to the concept of zero gain, which is commonly referred to in many accepted
definitions of kick tolerance. This paper presents an innovative approach to determining true kick tolerance that not only incorporates
the conditions of an influx within the well bore but also considers the possible reductions in kick tolerance caused by the circulation
of that influx from the wellbore. New techniques are available for hand-held calculators, which are now more accurate in determining
influx pressure and volume anywhere within the wellbore. A typical well example with illustrations describes kick tolerance and empha-
sizes the influence of other drilling parameters. Integration of kick-tolerance considerations into the well planning process also is dem-
onstrated.
Introduction
The concept of kick tolerance has been controversial in the drilling may be experienced earlier than anticipated, and governmental regu-
industry. Many say it fosters a false sense of security. 1 Much con- lations may require casing setting.
fusion can be credited to the term "zero gain," which is used in Studies have shown an increase in the number of blowouts world-
this commonly accepted definition: kick tolerance is the maximum wide,5 resulting in escalating costs and increasing liability. The
increase in mud weight allowed by the pressure integrity test of drilling program may soon come under close scrutiny by the vari-
the casing shoe with no influx (zero gain) in the wellbore. To the ous government agencies, which will undoubtedly set stricter guide-
drilling hand on the rig, this means, "How much I can weight up lines for the drilling of all wells, possibly including kick tolerance.
to kill the well without breaking down the shoe, assuming zero pit
gain?" All too often, the zero-gain condition is either misunder- Background
stood or omitted entirely. The derivation of kick tolerance (based on the accepted definition)
Previously published papers have defined kick tolerance in terms must be understood.
of a particular field or operation, developing equations that include For a given mud weight, the casing-shoe pressure-integrity test
safety factors, trip margins, and pit gains common to that environ- will define the maximum allowable shut-in casing pressure that will
ment. 2,3 Although interesting and discernible to the drilling engi- fracture the formation at the shoe (p cmax)' This relationship is
neer, this may add to the confusion of the average field drilling
Pcmax =(s- We,,)0.052Dsh · .......................... (1)
hand. In addition, governmental regulations may lead to further
misunderstanding when improperly interpreted. Minerals Manage- The casing-shoe pressure-integrity test, or shoe test, may be deter-
ment Service 250. 54 (a) (6) states, "A safe margin, as approved by mined by one oftwo different methods, each lithologically depend-
the District Supervisor, shall be maintained between the mud weight ent. In either case, a surface pressure is obtained during the testing
in use and the equivalent mud weight at the casing shoe as deter- procedure and is added to the existing hydrostatic pressure at the
mined in the pressure integrity test." 4 casing shoe. The shoe test is the sum of these pressures in mud-
Although each well should be considered individually in the de- weight equivalent (pounds per gallon) and identifies that pressure
termination of such a safe margin, many contend that the future to which the casing shoe was exposed.
will see a standard value for this parameter defined as 0.5 Ibm/gal. To avoid fracturing exposed formations, which will not heal when
This requirement could mislead many drillers into believing that pressure is reduced (such as in hard rock drilling), a simple pres-
they can continue to drill until the mud weight equals exactly 0.5 sure test may be incorporated. After a minimum of 10 ft is drilled
Ibm/gal less than their shoe test. below the casing shoe, the bit is pulled into the casing; the blowout
For a better understanding of kick tolerance, the derivation of preventer is closed around the drillpipe; and the casing and exposed
the kick tolerance equation, based on the above definition, is present- formations at the casing shoe are slowly pressured to some pre-
ed. This equation encompasses the effects of an influx in the well- determined value, which is based on the maximum mud weight re-
bore at initial shut-in conditions. And, of course, no examination quired to drill the next section of hole. Additionally, this value is
of kick tolerance would be complete without consideration of the sufficiently below the estimated fracture pressure at the casing shoe
effects as the influx is circulated from the wellbore. to prevent fracture. This pressure (to which the casing shoe and
It is likely that government regulatory agencies may soon dictate drilled formations have been exposed) may be converted to equiva-
not only a minimum value for kick tolerance, but also the method lent mud weight in pounds per gallon and represents the shoe-test
of determining that value. A thorough understanding of kick toler- value.
ance and how to calculate it while drilling are very important for In softer areas (the offshore environment) where formations will
the drilling representative at the rigsite. heal when pressure is reduced, a different type of casing-shoe
The drilling engineer in the office also must consider kick toler- pressure-integrity test is performed. Called the leakoff test, it deter-
ance during the well design. Pore pressure and fracture gradient mines the pressure, in mud-weight equivalent, at which the drill-
information, if available, are excellent when used effectively to ing fluid initiates small, vertical fractures in the exposed formations.
select casing setting points. However, kick tolerance must also be This test is similar to the above test, except no predetermined pres-
incorporated, especially in the case oflong, openhole sections. Other sure is used. The casing shoe and exposed formations are pressured
factors, such as hole stability, may require an increase in mud by the pumping of equal increments (usually \4 to Vz bbl in volume)
weight. Should this occur, the minimum allowable kick tolerance of drilling fluid. Surface pressures are recorded for each increment
pumped until the incremental pressure begins to decrease. The last
Copyright 1991 Society of Petroleum Engineers recorded surface pressure before the observed decrease is added
624
_8.000'
12.0 _10.000'
10.5 0.5 _12.000'
c:::J 14,000'
11.5
10.0 50 100
50 69.5 bbls Pit Gain bbls
100
Pil Gain bbl~
The value for kick tolerance computed from Eq. 10 is now com- shut-in conditions. Plotting kick tolerance vs. pit gain (Fig. 3) is
pared with that calculated by Eq. 9. The lesser of the two is con- simple for different drilling depths (these values are based on the
sidered the actual kick tolerance. use of the existing or current mud weight-in this case, 10.0
Ibm/gal). Any of the hand-held programmable calculators avail-
Example able today can easily provide the same information once pro-
Fig. 1 shows a well schematic and gives some pertinent informa- grammed with Eq. 9.
tion. Because the true influx gradient is unknown, the worst-case Should the mud weight be increased, new kick-tolerance values
scenario of a gas influx is used, and 0.1 psilft is approximated as must be calculated because of the reduction in P cmax' Fig. 4 shows
the influx gradient. that kick tolerance does indeed decrease with an increase in mud
Before determining kick tolerance for this example problem, we weight. Also notice that the maximum kick size has now dropped
consider the significance of an influx in the wellbore, with no in- to 26 bbl. The ability of the rig crew to shut in the well efficiently
crease in formation pressure. is now an even greater concern.
From Eq. 1, P emax is found to be 624 psi. If the bit is on or near Figs. 3 and 4 also portray, on the far left axes, the maximum
the bottom of the hole and a full column of mud exists within the formation pressure that may be drilled, given the existing shoe test,
drillstring, the shut-in drillpipe pressure is zero. Knowledge of the depth, mud weight, and anticipated pit gain. (Recall that Eq. 2,
hole geometry allows us to calculate the influx length and size that when divided by 0.052 D h , relates the maximum formation pres-
will correspond to a shut-in casing pressure of 624 psi. Using the sure to kick tolerance and existing mud weight.) Variations of these
information given, we determine that for a O.l-psilft influx gra- diagrams are helpful to the drilling engineer and the drilling repre-
dient, an influx length of 1,486 ft (69.5 bbl) would produce 624- sentative when discussing the current drilling situation. Fig. 5 rep-
psi shut-in casing pressure. Therefore, the casing-shoe integrity is resents the relationship between kick tolerance and pit gain at 10,000
compromised by a 69.5-bbl kick, without drilling into pressure. ft for different mud weights at initial shut-in conditions. It is in-
A second consideration involves the bit having been pulled uphole, teresting to note that, if 0.5 Ibm/gal is determined to be the mini-
as on a trip, and an influx being swabbed in. The influx length to mum kick tolerance and a horizontal line is drawn across Fig. 5
broach the casing shoe remains the same (1,486 ft). In this exam- at 0.5 Ibm/gal, the use of mud weights greater than 11.0 Ibm/gal
ple, however, the influx must fill the 8V2-in. hole, not just the cannot be recommended, to the dismay of those who felt comfort-
8V2 x4V2-in. annulus, requiring 104.3 bbl to reach the same length. able with a 13.0-lbm/gal shoe test.
Also, shut-in casing and drillpipe pressures will be 624 psi, unless Fig. 6 displays the same example problem with some additional
a drillpipe float is used and is holding pressure. Understanding the pump information and an influx circulated to the casing shoe. To
significance of an influx in the wellbore (Fig. 2) is essential if kick complete our investigation of kick tolerance for this problem, we
tolerance as a drilling tool is to be used to its full potential. Armed must consider the pressure of the influx when its top reaches the
with this insight, let us now consider kick tolerance for this exam- shoe. Using the pressure/volume calculator program previously
ple problem. mentioned (see the Appendix), we plot the data obtained from Eq.
Again, using the information given and applying Eq. 9, we can 10 with that information gained from Eq. 9 (Fig. 7). We find that
now determine kick tolerance for any given influx size at initial above about 37 -bbl initial gain, expansion of the influx will cause
1.5 r-r--g--r=-.~K:iC~k~T:OI=er=a=nc=e-:D:-:-ec:-::r=ea=se=s~W:it=h~T=ru=e-=Y:-:-ert=i-ca-:I:De=p:th:l
• Kick Tolerance Decreases With Increasing Pit Gain TVD : 10,000'
• Kick Tolerance Decreases With longer DC lengths Mud Wt : 10 ppg
Shoe Test: 13 ppge
Hole Size : 8 112"
4000' Drill Pipe : 4 112" 16.60 ppf
Drill Collars : 7" x 2 13/16" (200')
Casing: 9 5/8" (Assume 8 112" 10)
Pumps : 7" x 12" Triplex @ 95%
Pump Rate : 45 spm
Assumptions : No Migration, Influx
o~~~-L~~~·~~~~~~L-~~~~
o
14.5 2$ 39 50 53J 11.5
Remains as a Slug
100
bbl. bbl. bbl. Pil Gain b~~ bbl.
10,000'
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10 BLOWOUTS/ I()() WELLS US GULF OF MEXICO-OCS
t- 0.5 0.5
0.395
0.4 0.4
12
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
14
0.1 0.06 0.1
the shoe pressure experienced when the influx is circulated to the Well Planning
shoe to exceed considerably that experienced initially. It is addi- When designing a well, the drilling engineer must consider kick
tionally shown that the maximum pit gain of 69.S bbl discussed tolerance, especially when long, openhole sections are anticipated.
earlier could not have been circulated out with the driller's method Commonly, O.S-lbm/gal kick and trip margins are plotted on the
of well control without breaking down the shoe. diagrams of pore pressure/fracture gradient and are used to select
Diagrams like Figs. 3 through Sand 7 are useful to illustrate the casing setting depths. 9 From the previously discussed example
effects of other drilling parameters on kick tolerance. As previ- problem, pore pressure and fracture gradient data were obtained
ously shown, drilling personnel can easily develop these, not only to develop Fig. 8. On the basis of the 0.5-lbm/gal margins, inter-
mediate casing would be set at a depth of 11,700 ft. However, at
to perform their job responsibilities better, but also to emphasize
11,700 ft, the mud weight will exceed 12.0 Ibm/gal if the pore-
to the rig crew the importance of minimizing the influx. The failure pressure information is accurate. The earlier example indicated that
of the rig crew to react to the warning signs of a kick is a signifi- this mud weight offered little kick tolerance at 10,000 ft. Further-
cant factor in many blowouts. It is also the principal reason behind more, Fig. 5 shows only O.S-lbm/gal kick tolerance available to
the tremendous amounts of time and effort invested in the training 11. 7S-lbm/gal mud at 10,000 ft with zero pit gain. From a safe-
of personnel. 8 It benefits the drilling representative to train his rig drilling standpoint, this should be considered absolute minimal stan-
crew and thus improve the efficiency of the drilling operation. dards at 10,000 ft.