Research RAR-408

MODULE - 2
TECHNICAL WRITING

Ar. KIRTI GUPTA Apeejay School of Architecture and Planning ( Research, RAR 408 - lecture 1) 1
 REFERENCING

What needs to be refer?

When to do referencing?
How to do referencing?

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 WHAT NEEDS TO BE REFERENCED?
What to reference?
You can cite references taken from a range of sources, e.g.:
• Books written by a single author
• Multiple edited books with contributions from a range of different authors
• Reference books of all types
• Notes supplied by a lecturer
• Legal documents
• Articles from journals
• Newspaper articles
• Reports of various kinds, e.g. official reports from government departments, university working papers, etc.
• Papers presented at conferences
• Internet sources, including weblogs (blogs) and email correspondence (but see below)
• DVD/CD databases
• Radio/television/videos/audio cassette/CD-ROMS
• Interview transcripts
• Cinema films, theatre plays and other creative productions
• Illustrations
• Song lyrics and other original musical works
• Works of art and design

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 WHAT NEEDS TO BE REFERENCED?

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 WHAT NEEDS TO BE REFERENCED?

When to reference: six scenarios

You should reference evidence in assignments in the following situations:
1 To give the reader the source of tables, statistics, diagrams, photographs and other
illustrations included in your assignment.
2 When describing or discussing a theory, model or practice associated with a
particular writer (this links specifically to the next two items).
3 To give weight or credibility to an argument supported by you in your assignment.
4 When giving emphasis to a particular theory, model or practice that has found a
measure of agreement and support among commentators.
5 To inform the reader of sources of direct quotations or definitions in your
Assignment.
6 When paraphrasing another person’s work, which is outside the realm of common
knowledge, and that you feel is particularly significant or likely to be a subject of
debate. This can also include definitions.
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 REFERENCE ELEMENTS

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 HOW TO DO REFERENCING?
The moral is that if you think a source might be useful to a particular assignment or
examination, then take an immediate note of it. Note taking and note making
serves a number of purposes. Notes act as a summary or reinforcement of the
main points of what you saw, heard or read. However, for referencing
purposes, notes are also an essential record of information
sources. They also remind you of other things you should do, for example, other
sources to check. You need to organize a system of note making that suits you,
although filing notes away by author, particularly for the author–date or author–
page referencing styles, or by topic, tend to be the best approaches. Your notes can
then be used to both remind you of the topic for revision purposes and help you
compile a list of references or a bibliography. This can be done either manually or
with the help of bibliographic software (see end of this chapter). The difference
between taking and making notes is about the transition from a passive to an
active process.
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 HOW TO DO REFERENCING?

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 WHAT ARE REFERENCING STYLES?

FLOWCHART OF REFERENCING STYLES

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 WHAT ARE REFERENCING STYLES?

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 WHAT is CITATION (in-text citation)?

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 WHAT is REFERENCE LIST?

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 EXAMPLES of REFERENCE LIST?

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

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 Credits and References

Book : The complete Guide to Referencing and Avoid Plagiarism by Colin Neville

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