BICOL UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINNERING
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
A.Y. 2016-2017

50 SOLVED PROBLEMS
TRANSPORT PROCESSES AND UNIT
OPERATIONS
GEANKOPLIS

Prepared by:

Neil Dominic D. Careo

BS Chemical Engineering IV

Professor:

Engr. Junel Bon Borbo, MSChE

PART I: MOMENTUM TRANSFER
1.Pressure Drop of a Flowing Gas. Nitrogen gas is flowing through a 4-in schedule 40
commercial steel pipe at 298K. The total flow rate is 7.40x10 -2 kg/s and the flow can be
assumed as isothermal. The pipe is 3000 m long and the inlet pressure is 200 kPa.
Calculate the outlet pressure.

Given:
From Appendix A.5
Ds40 = 102.3m/1000m= 0.1023 m A= 8.219x10-3 m2
MW N2 = 28 g/mol
From Appendix A.3
µ= 1.77x10-5 Pa-s L=3000m
P1 = 200kPa= 2x105 Pa Total mass flowrate= 7.40x10-2 kg/s

Solution:
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒
G=
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
7.40x10−2 kg/s
=
8.219x10−3 m2
G= 9.0035 kg/ m-s2

Ԑ
Ԑ= 4.6x10-5 m commercial steel Relative Roughness=
𝐷
4.6x10−5 m
=
0.1023 m
Relative Roughness= 4.497x10-4
𝐷𝐺 (0.1023 m)(9.0035 kg/ m−s2)
NRE = = = 52,037.18, Thus, Turbulent flow
µ 1.77x10−5 Pa−s
f= 0.0053
Assume pressure drop is less than 10% of P1
𝐉
4𝑓𝐿𝐺 2 𝑅𝑇 4(0.0053)(3000m)( 9.0035 kg/ m−s2)(𝟖𝟑𝟏𝟒.𝟓𝐠−𝐤)(𝟐𝟗𝟖𝑲)
P12 – P22 = = 28g
𝐷𝑀𝑊 (0.1023m)( )
mol
4.000x1010 - P22 = 4.457x1010
P2 = 188,528.5 Pa or 188.53 Kpa
2.000𝑥105 −1.885𝑥105
%Pressure drop= x100 = 5.75%
2.000𝑥105

2. Reynolds number for milk flow. Whole milk at 293K having a density of 1030 kg/m 3
and viscosity of 2.12 cp is flowing at the rate of 0.605 kg/s in a glass pipe having a
diameter of 63.5 mm.
a. Calculate the Reynolds number. Is this turbulent flow?
b. Calculate the flow rate needed in m3 /s for a Reynolds number of 2100 and the velocity
in m/s.

Given:
ρ= 1030 kg/m3 D= 0.0635m
𝜋𝐷2 (𝜋)(0.0635𝑚)2
µ= 2.12x10-3 Pa-s A= = =3.167x10-3 m2
4 4
mdot = 0.605 kg/s
Volumetric flowrate= (0.605kg/s)/(1030kg/m3 )= 5.874x10-4 m3 /s
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 5.874x10−4 m3 /s
Velocity= = = 0.1855m/s
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 3.167x10−3 m2
 0.1855m 1030kg
𝐷𝑉𝜌 (0.0635m)( s )( m3 )
a. NRE = = = 5,722.94 , Turbulent flow
µ 2.12x10−3 𝑃𝑎−𝑠
2100
b. (5.874x10-4 m3 /s) = 2.155x10-4 m3/s = Vdot
5722.94
2100
(0.1855m/s)= 0.0681 m/s= V
5722.94

3. Frictional Pressure Drop in Flow of Olive Oil. Calculate the frictional pressure drop
in pascal for olive oil at 293 K flowing through a commercial pipe having an inside
diameter of 0.0525m and a length of 76.2m. The velocity of the fluid is 1.22m/s. Use the
friction factor method. Is the flow laminar or turbulent?

Given:
T=293K D=0.0525m
V=1.22m/s L= 76.2m
From Appendix A.4
Olive Oil:
ρ=919.00kg/m3
µ= 0.084 Pa-s

Solution:
1.22m 919kg
𝐷𝑉𝜌 (0.0525m)( s )( m3 )
NRE = = = 700.74 , Laminar flow
µ 0.084𝑃𝑎−𝑠
f= 16/ NRE =16/700.74= 0.02283

919𝑘𝑔 1.22𝑚 2
4𝑓𝜌𝐿𝑉 2 (4)(0.02283)( 3 )(76.2𝑚)( )
𝑚 𝑠
Frictional Pressure drop= =
2𝐷 2(0.0525m)

Frictional Pressure drop= 90,649.78 N/m2 or 90.65 KN/ m2

4. Pipeline Pumping of Oil. A pipeline laid cross country carries oil at the rate of 795
m3/d. The pressure of the oil is 1793 kPg gage leaving pumping station 1. The pressure
is 862 kPa gage at the inlet to the next pumping station 1. The pressure is 862 kPa gage
at the inlet to the next pumping station, 2. The second station is 17.4m higher than the
first station. Calculate the lost work (ƩF friction loss) in J/kg mass oil. The oil density is
769kg/m3 .

Given:
Flowrate= 795 m3/d. Z1= 0m P1= 1793kPa
ρoil= 769kg/m3 Z2= 17.4m P2= 862kPa

Solution:
𝑉12 𝑃1 𝑉22 𝑃2
Z1 g + + - Ws = Z2 g + + ƩF
2𝑎 𝜌1 2𝑎 𝜌2
𝑉12 𝑉22
= W s =0
2𝑎 2𝑎
(1793𝐾𝑝𝑎𝑋1000) (862𝑘𝑃𝑎𝑋1000)
0+ 769𝑘𝑔 - 0= (17.4m)(9.81m/s2 ) + + ƩF
769𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
𝑚3
ƩF= 1039.97 J/kg
5. Pressure in a Sea Lab. A sea lab 5.m high is to be designed to withstand
submersion to 150m, measured from the sea level to the top of the sea lab. Calculate
the pressure on top of the sea lab and also the pressure variation on the side of the
container measured as the distance x in m from the top of the sea lab downward. The
density of seawater is 1020 kg/m3 .

Given:
h1 = 150m from sea level g = 9.81 m/s2
ρseawater= 1020 kg/m3
Lsea lab= 5m

Solution:
P1= h1 ρseawater g = (150m)(1020 kg/m3 )(9.81 m/s2 ) = 1.500x106 N/m2 or 1500KN/m2

Pvariation= h1 ρseawater g + x seawater g = (150+x)(1020 kg/m3 )( 9.81 m/s2 )

=(150+x)(10,006.2N/m2)

= (150+x)(10.0062) KN/m2

6. Pressure in a Spherical Tank. Calculate the pressure in psia and KN/m2 in a

spherical tank at the bottom of the tank filled with oil having a diameter of 8.0 ft. The top
of the tank is vented to the atmosphere having a pressure of 14.72 psia. The density of
the oil is 0.922g/cm3 .

Given:

P1 = 14.72 psia

h2= 8.0 ft ρ oil = 0.922g/cm3

P2
English Units
ρ oil = 0.922g/cm3 (62.43) = 57.56 lbm/ft3
P2 = (h2 )(ρ oil )(g/gc) + P0
8.0𝑓𝑡(57.56)(32.174) 1
=
(32.174)
(144) + 14.72𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎
= 17.92 psia

SI Units
P1 = (h2 )(ρ oil )(g/gc) + P0
P1= (14.72m)(6.89476)= 101.5x 10 N/m2
h2= 8.0ft(1m/3.2808ft) = 2.438m
ρ oil = 0.922g/cm3 (1000) = 922 kg/m3
P2 = 2.438m(922kg/m3 )(9.81m/s2 )+ 101.5 x103 N/m2
P2 = 123.5KN/m2
7. Test of Centrifugal Pump and Mechanical –Energy Balance. A centrifugal pump is
being tested for performance and during the test the pressure reading in the 0.305-m-
diameter sunction line just adjacent to the pump casing is -20.7 kPa (vacuum below
atmospheric pressure). In the discharge line with a diameter of 0.254 m at point 2.53
above the sunction line, the pressure is 289.6 kPa gauge. The flow of water from the
pump is measured as 0.1133m3 /s. (The density can be assumed as 1000kg/ m 3 ).
Calculate the kW input of the pump.

Given:

m= (0.1133m3/s)(1000 kg/m3 )= 113.3 kg/s P1 =-20.7 kPa below atm

𝜋 2 𝜋
A1 = (𝐷1 ) = (0.305𝑚)2 = 0.07306𝑚2
4 4
0.1133𝑚3 /𝑠
V1 = = 1.550 m/s
0.07306𝑚2
0.1133𝑚3 /𝑠
V2 = = 2.236 m/s
0.05067𝑚2
𝜋
A2 = (0.254𝑚)2 = 0.05067𝑚2
4
1.550𝑚 1000𝑘𝑔
𝐷𝑉𝜌 (0.305𝑚)( )( )
𝑠 𝑚3
If µ= 1x10-3 kg/m-s , NRE = = 1𝑋10−3 𝑘𝑔
= 4.73x105
µ
𝑚−𝑠
Thus, flow is turbulent and ɑ= 1.0

1 2 2 )
𝑃2 − 𝑃1
(𝑉2𝑎𝑣 − 𝑉1𝑎𝑣 + 𝑔(𝑍2 − 𝑍1 ) + + 𝑊𝑠 = 0
2𝑎 𝜌

1 (289.6 + 20.7)103
(2.2362 − 1.5502 ) + 9.81(2.53 − 0) + +0 =0
2 1000
W s = -336.4 J/kg
Pump input= 336.4x113.3 x1/1000 = 38.11kW

8. Friction Losses and Pump Horsepower. Hot water in an open storage tank at 82.2°C
is being pumped at the rate of 0.379m3 /min from this storage tank. The line from the
storage tank to the pump sunction is 6.1m of 2-in. schedule 40 steel pipe and it contains
three elbows. The discharge line after the pump is 61 m of 2-in. pipe and contains two
elbows. The water discharges to the atmosphere at a height of 6.1 m above the water
level in storage tank.
a. Calculate all frictional losses ƩF.
b. Make a mechanical-energy balance and calculate W s of the pump in J/kg.
c. What is the kW power of the pump if its efficiency is 75%?

Given:
f= 0.0048
4𝑓𝜌𝐿𝑉22 4(0.0048)(𝟔𝟕.𝟗𝟏)(𝟐.𝟗𝟏𝟖)𝟐
Ff= =
2𝐷 (0.0525)(2)
= 104.47 J/kg
Total loss, ƩF= 2.333+ 15.965+ 104.48= 122.77 J/kg
a. ƩF= 122.77 J/kg

V𝟐2
+ g𝑍2 + Ʃ𝐹 + 𝑊𝑠 = 0
2
(2.918)2 9.81m 122.77𝐽
+ ( 2 ) (6.1m) + + 𝑊𝑠 = 0
2 s 𝑘𝑔
b. Ws = -186.85 J/kg

mdot = (6.317x10-3 m3/s)(970.4 kg/m3 )= 6.130 kg/s

Ws= -ɦWp
-186.9 J/kg = -0.75 Wp
6.130
Wp= 249.13 = 1.527 kW
1000

9. Measurement of Pressure. An open U-tube manometer is being used to measure

the absolute pressure Pa in a vessel containing air. The pressure Pb is atmospheric
pressure, which is 754 mm Hg. The liquid in the manometer is water having a density of
1000kg/m3 . Assume that the density ρB is 1.30kg/m3 and that the distance Z is very
small. The reading R is 0.415 m. Calculate Pa in psia and kPa.

Given:
Z= negligible ρ A = 1000kg/m3
R= 0.415 m ρB = 1.30kg/m3
Pb= 754 mm Hg

Solution:
Pa – Pb = R(ρA - ρB ) g
= (0.415m)( 1000kg/m3 -1.30kg/m3 )(9.81m/s2 )
Pa – Pb = 4065.86 N/m2 = 4.066 KN/m2
754𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝑔
Pb = (101.325𝑘𝑃𝑎) = 100.53 KN/m2
760 𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝑔
Pa =100.53 KN/m2 + 4.066 KN/m2 =104.596 KN/m2

10. Shear Stress in Soybean Oil. Using Fig. 2.4-1, the distance between the two
parallel plates is 0.00914 m and the lower plate is being pulled at a relative velocity of
0.366 m/s greater than the top plate. The fluid used is soybean oil with viscosity of 4x10-
2 Pa-s at 303K (Appendix A.4).

a.Calculate the shear stress τ and the shear stress rate using lb force, ft, and s units.
b. Repeat, using SI units
c. If glycerol at 293 K having a viscosity of 1.069 kg/m-s is used instead of soybean oil,
what relative velocity in m/s is needed using the same distance between plates so that
the same shear stress is obtained as in part (a)? Also, what is the new shear rate?

Given:

V2 = 0
Δy=0.00914m

y=0 V1= 0.366m/s

μ= 4.0 x10-2 Pa-s 303K=40cP

y2= 0.00914 m= 0.030 ft
V2 = 0.366 m/s = 1.20 ft/s

a.English units
𝑙𝑏𝑚
6.7197−4 ( −𝑠)
𝑓𝑡
40𝑐𝑃( 𝑐𝑝
)(1.20−0)𝑓𝑡/𝑠
𝜇(𝑉2 −𝑉1 )
τ= = 32.174(𝑙𝑏𝑚−𝑓𝑡) =
𝑔𝑐(𝑦2 −𝑦1 ) (0.030−0)𝑓𝑡
𝑙𝑏𝑓−𝑠2
3.34x10-2 lbf/ft2 Shear stress
 𝑉 −𝑉 (1.20−0)𝑓𝑡/𝑠
Shear rate= (𝑦 2−𝑦 1 ) =
2 1 (0.03−0)𝑓𝑡

= 40.0 s-1 shear rate

b. SI Units
4.0𝑥10−2 𝑘𝑔
𝜇(𝑉2 −𝑉1 ) (0.366−0)𝑚/𝑠
𝑚−𝑠
τ= =
(𝑦2 −𝑦1 ) (0.00914−0)𝑚

= 1.602 N/m2 shear stress

𝑉 −𝑉 (0.366−0)𝑚/𝑠
Shear rate= (𝑦 2−𝑦 1 ) = = 40.04 s-1 shear rate
2 1 (0.00914)𝑚

c. A= Soybean B= Glycerol
μB= 1.069kg/m-s μA= 4.0x10-2kg/m-s
= 1,069cP

𝜇𝐴 (𝑉2 −𝑉1 ) 𝜇𝐵 (𝑉2 −𝑉1 )

τ1= = =τ2
(𝑦2 −𝑦1 ) (𝑦2 −𝑦1 )
(y2 – y1)A = (y2 – y1)B
(4.0x10-2kg/m-s )(0.366m/s-0m/s)A= 1.069kg/m-s(V2 – V1)B
(V2 – V1)B = 0.01369 m/s or 0.0449 ft/s

(𝑉2 −𝑉1 ) 0.01369𝑚/𝑠

Shear rate= = = 1.50 s-1
(𝑦2 −𝑦1 ) 0.00914 𝑚

11. Water Flow Rate in an Irrigation Ditch. Water is flowing in an open channel in an
irrigation ditch. A rectangular weir having a crest length L= 1.75 ft is used. The weir
head is measured as h0 = 0.47 ft. Calculate the flow rate in ft3 /s and m3/s.
Given:
1𝑚
L= 1.75ft= 1.75ft x = 0.5344m
3.281𝑓𝑡
1𝑚
h0 = 0.47 ft. x = 0.1433m
3.281𝑓𝑡

q= 0.415(L-0.2 h0) h01.5√2𝑔

English units

32.174𝑓𝑡
q= 0.415[1.75ft-0.2 (0.47ft) (0.47ft)1.5 ] √2( )
𝑠2

q= 1.776 ft3/s
SI units

9.80665𝑓𝑡
q= 0.415[0.5334m-0.2 (0.1433m) (0.1433m)1.5 ] √2( )
𝑠2

q= 0.0503 m3/s
12. Brake Horsepower of Centrifugal Pump. Using Fig. 3.3-2 and a flowrate of 60
gal/min, do as follows.
a.Calculate the brake hp of the pump using water with a density of 62.4 lbm/ft 3. Compare
with the value from the curve.
b.Do the same for a nonviscous liquid having a density of 0.85 g/cm3.
Given:
q= 60 gal/min ρ= 62.4 lbm/ft3
For 60gal/min, brake hp= 0.80 hp
ή=0.58 H= 31ft
60𝑔𝑎𝑙 1𝑚𝑖𝑛 1 𝑙𝑏𝑚
mflowrate= ( )( )( 7.481𝑔𝑎𝑙 )(62.4 3 ) = 8.34 lbm/s
𝑚𝑖𝑛 60𝑠 𝑓𝑡
3
𝑓𝑡

Ws= -Hg/gc = -31ft-lbf/lbm

8.34𝑙𝑏𝑚
−𝑊𝑠 𝑚 −(−31𝑓𝑡−𝑙𝑏𝑓/𝑙𝑏𝑚)( 𝑠
)
Brake hp= = = 0.810 hp
ή𝑥550 0.58(550)
1𝑘𝑊
0.810hp x = 0.604kW broke hp= 0.81hp or 0.604kW
1.3410ℎ𝑝
b. ρ= 62.4 lbm/ft3
ρ= 62.4 lbm/ft3(0.85)= 53.1lbm/ft3
brake hp and ρ brake hp= 0.810hp(53.1lbm/ft3)/62.4lbm/ft3
= 0.689hp
1𝑘𝑊
0.689hp = 0.513 kW brake hp= 0.689hp or 0.513 kW
1.3410ℎ𝑝

13. Power for Liquid Agitation. It is desired to agitate a liquid having a viscosity of 1.5
x10-3 Pa-s and a density of 969kg/m3 in a tank having a diameter of 0.91m. The agitator
will be a six-blade open turbine having a diameter of 0.305m operating at 180 rpm. The
tank has four vertical baffles each with a width J of 0.076m. Also, W= 0.0381m. Calculate
the required kW. Use curve 2, Fig 3.4-4
Given:
μ=1.5x10-3 Pa-s N= 180/3= 3 s-1
ρ= 969kg/m3 J= 0.076m
Dtank = 0.91m 4 vertical baffles
Dturbine = 0.305m at 180 rpm

Dtank/J= 0.91m/0.076m= 12.0

Using the curve 2, Fig 3.4-4
969𝑘𝑔
2
𝐷𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑁𝜌 (0.305𝑚)2 (3.0𝑠−1 )( )
𝑚3
NRE= =
𝜇 1.5𝑥10−3 𝑃𝑎−𝑠
=180, 300 Turbulent
Curve 2, Np = 2.5
𝑃
Np=
𝜌 𝑁3 𝐷5 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒
𝑃
2.5= 969𝑘𝑔
( 3 )(3 𝑠−1 )3 (0.305𝑚)5
𝑚

P= 172.0 W
P= 0.172 kW or 0.231hp
14. Surface Area in a Packed Bed. A packed bed is composed of cubes 0.020 m on a
side and the bulk density of packed bed is 980 kg/m 3. The density of the solid cubes is
1500 kg/m3.
a. Calculate ε, effective diameter Dp, and a.
b. Repeat for the same conditions but for cylinders having diameter of D =
0.02 m and a length h=1.5D.
Solution:
a. basis = 1.0 m3 of packed bed
kg
Bulk density = 980
m3
kg
density of solid cubes = 980
m3
980kg
mass ofbed = ( ) ( 1.0m3 ) = (980 kg of solid cubes)
m3
980 kg
volume of solid cubes = = 0.6533 m3
kg
1500 ( 3 )
m
Eq. (3.1 − 6)
volume of void [total vol − solid vol] 1.0 − 0.6533
ε= = =
total volume of bed total vol 1.0
𝛆 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟒𝟔𝟕
surface area of particle
Sp = 6D2

volume of particle
Vp = D3
Eq. (3.1 − 7)
Sp 6D2 6
aV = = 3 =
Vp D D

Eq. (3.1 − 9)
6
6
Dp = = 6 =D 𝐃𝐩 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟎 𝐦
av D
Eq. (3.1 − 10)
6(1 − ε) 6(a − 0.3467)
a= =
Dp 0.020

𝐚 = 𝟏𝟗𝟔. 𝟎 𝐦−𝟏
b. ε = 0.3467 h = 1.5D
πD2
Sp = 2 ( ) + πD(1.5D) = 2.0πD2
4

πD2 1.5 3
Vp = ( ) (1.5D) = πD
4 4

Eq. (3.1 − 7)
Sp 2.0πD2 8
aV = = =
Vp 1.5 πD3 1.5D
4
Eq. (3.1 − 9)
6
6 9 9
Dp = = 8 = D = (0.02) 𝐃𝐩 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟐𝟓 𝐦
av 1.5D 8 8
Eq. (3.1 − 10)
6(1 − ε) 6(a − 0.3467)
a= =
Dp 0.0225

𝐚 = 𝟏𝟕𝟒. 𝟐𝐦−𝟏
15. Flow Measurement Using a Pitot Tube. A pitot tube is used to measure the flow
rate of water at 20oC in the center of a pipe having an inside diameter of 102.3 mm. The
manometer reading is 78 mm. the manometer reading is 78 mm carbon tetrachloride at
20oC. the pitot tube coefficient is 0.98.
a. Calculate the velocity at the center and the average velocity.
b. Calculate the volumetric flow rate of the water.
Solution:
102.3 78
𝐷= = 0.1203𝑚 𝐶𝑝 = 0.98 ∆ℎ = = 0.78𝑚 𝑇 = 20𝑜 𝐶
1000 1000
𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑥 𝐴. 2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
 𝑘𝑔
𝜌 = 998.23 𝜇 = 1.005𝑥10−3 𝑃𝑎 ∙ 𝑠
𝑚3
𝜋
𝐴= (0.1023)2 = 8.219𝑥10−3 𝑚2
4
𝑘𝑔
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑟𝑒𝑓. (𝑃1), 𝜌𝐴 (𝐶𝐶𝑙4 ) = 1595 𝑎𝑡 20𝑜 𝐶
𝑚3
𝑎. 𝐸𝑞. (3.2 − 3)
∆𝑝 = ∆ℎ(𝜌𝐴 − 𝜌)𝑔
= 0.078(1595 − 998.23)(9.81)
= 456.6 𝑃𝑎
𝐸𝑞. (3.2 − 2)

2(𝑝2 − 𝑝1 ) 2(456.5) 𝑚
𝑣 = 𝐶𝑝 √( = 0.98√ = 0.9372
𝜌 998.23 𝑠

𝐷𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝜌 0.1023(0.9372)(998.23)
𝑁𝑅𝑒 = = = 95230
𝜇 1.005𝑥10−3

𝐹𝑖𝑔. 2.10 − 2
𝑣𝑎𝑣
= 0.825
𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑣𝑎𝑣 = 0.825(0.9372) = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟕𝟑 𝒎/𝒔
𝑏.
𝐴 = 8.219𝑥10−3 𝑚2
𝑞 = 𝑣𝑎𝑣 𝐴 = 0.773(8.219𝑥10−3 )
𝟔. 𝟑𝟓𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒎𝟑
𝑞=
𝒔

16.Force on a Cylinder in a Wind Tunnel. Air at 101.3 kPa absolute and 25oC is flowing
at a velocity of 10m/s in a wind tunnel. A long cylinder having a diameter of 90 mm is
placed in the tunnel and the axis of the cylinder is held perpendicular to the air flow. What
is the force on the cylindrical per meter length.

Solution:
𝑡 = 25𝑜 𝐶 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑎𝑡 101.3 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑚 90
𝑣𝑜 = 10 𝐷𝑝 = = 9.0 𝑥10−2
𝑠 1000
𝐿 = 1.0 𝑚
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑥 𝐴. 3
𝑘𝑔
𝜌 = 1.187 𝜇 = 1.845𝑥 10−5 𝑘𝑔/𝑚 ∙ 𝑠
𝑚3
𝐸𝑞. (3.1 − 3)
𝐷𝑝 𝑣𝑜 𝜌 [9.0𝑥10−2 (10)(1.187)]
𝑁𝑅𝑒 = = = 5.79𝑥104
𝜇 1.845𝑥10−5
𝑓𝑖𝑔. 3.1 − 2 𝒄𝑫 = 𝟏. 𝟑

𝐸𝑞. (3.1 − 2)
𝐴𝑝 = 𝐿𝐷𝑝 = (1.0)(9.0𝑥10−2 ) = 0.090 𝑚2

𝑣𝑜2 102
𝐹𝐷 = 𝐶𝑑 𝜌𝐴𝑝 ( ) = (1.3)(1.187)(0.090) ( ) = 6.944
2 2

𝑭𝑫 = 𝟔. 𝟗𝟒 𝑵
17. Molecular Transport of a Property with Variable Diffusivity. A property is being
transported through a fluid at steady state through a constant cross-sectional area. At
point 1 the concentration Γ1 is 2.78 x 10-2 at point 2 at a distance of 2.0 m away. The
diffusivity depends on concentration Γ as follows.
𝛿 = 𝐴 + 𝐵Γ = 0.150 + 1.65Γ
a. Derive the integrated equation for the flux in terms of Γ1 and Γ2. Then
calculate the flux.
b. Calculate Γ at z = 1.0 m
Solution:
𝑑Γ 𝑑Γ
𝜓𝑧 = −𝛿 = −(𝐴 + 𝐵Γ)
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
𝑧2 Γ2
𝜓𝑧 ∫ 𝑑𝑧 = ∫ (𝐴 + 𝐵Γ)𝑑Γ
𝑧1 Γ1

Γ
𝐵Γ 2 2 𝐵
𝜓𝑧 (𝑧2 − 𝑧1 ) = [−𝐴Γ − ] = 𝐴(Γ1 − Γ2 ) + (Γ12 − Γ22 )
2 Γ 2
1

𝑎.
𝑩
𝑨(𝚪𝟏 − 𝚪𝟐 ) + 𝟐 (𝚪𝟏𝟐 − 𝚪𝟐𝟐 )
𝝍𝒛 =
𝒛𝟐 − 𝒛𝟏
𝑏.
𝑧2 = 2.0 𝑚 𝑧1 = 1.0 𝑚 𝐴 = 0.150 𝐵 = 1.65 Γ1 = 2.78 𝑥 10−2 Γ2 = 1.5𝑥10−2
1.65
0.150(2.78𝑥10−2 − 1.5𝑥10−2 ) + 2 [(2.78𝑥10−2 )2 − (1.50𝑥10−2 )2 ]
𝜓𝑧 =
2.0 − 1.0
𝝍𝒛 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟖𝟔 𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒂𝒎𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒚/𝒔 ∙ 𝒎𝟐
18. Minimum Fluidization and Expansion of Fluid Bed. Particles having size of 0.10
mm, a shape factor of 0.86, and a density of 1200 kg/m 3 are to be fluidized using air at
25oC and 207.65 kPa abs pressures. The void fraction at minimum fluidizing conditions
is 0.43. The bed diameter is 0.60 m and the bed contains 350 kg of solids.
a. Calculate the minimum height of the fluidized bed.
b. Calculate the pressure drop at the minimum fluidizing conditions.
c. Calculate the minimum velocity for fluidization.
d. Using 4.0 times the minimum velocity estimate the porosity of the bed.
Given:
0.10 𝑘𝑔
𝐷𝑝 = = 0.00010 𝑚 ∅𝑠 = 0.86 𝜌𝑝 = 1200
1000 𝑚3
𝑝 = 2.0265 𝑥105 𝑃𝑎 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑎𝑡 25𝑜 𝐶 𝜀𝑚𝑓 = 0.43
𝑘𝑔
𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑥 𝐴. 3 𝜌 = 2.374 𝜇 = 1.845𝑥10−5 𝑃𝑎 ∙ 𝑠 𝐷𝑏𝑒𝑑 = 0.6 𝑚
𝑚3
𝑎.
𝜋
𝐴𝑏𝑒𝑑 = (0.6)2 = 0.2827 𝑚2 𝑏𝑒𝑑 ℎ𝑎𝑠 350 𝑘𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑠
4
350𝑘𝑔
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑠 = = 0.2917 𝑚3
1200𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
0.2917𝑚3
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝜀1 = 0 𝐿1 = = 1.032 𝑚
0.2827𝑚2
𝐿2 = 𝐿𝑚𝑓 𝜀2 = 𝜀𝑚𝑓 = 0.43
𝐿1 1 − 𝜀2 1.032 1 − 1.43
= , =
𝐿2 1 − 𝜀2 𝐿𝑚𝑓 1

𝑳𝒎𝒇 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟏𝟎 𝒎

𝑏.

∆𝑝 = 𝐿𝑚𝑓 (1 − 𝜀𝑚𝑓 )(𝜌𝑝 − 𝜌)𝑔

= 1.810(1 − 0.43)(1200 − 2.374)(9.81)

∆𝒑 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟏𝟐𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝑷𝒂
𝑐.
2
1.75 (𝑁𝑅𝑒,𝑚𝑓 ) 150(1 − 𝜀𝑚𝑓 ) 𝐷𝑝3 𝜌(𝜌𝑝 − 𝑝)𝑔
3 + 3 (𝑁𝑅𝑒,𝑚𝑓 ) − =0
∅𝑠 ∙ 𝜀𝑚𝑓 ∅2𝑠 ∙ 𝜀𝑚𝑓 𝜇2
2
1.75 (𝑁𝑅𝑒,𝑚𝑓 ) 150(1 − 0.43) 0.00013 (2.374)(1200 − 9.3)9.81
+ (𝑁𝑅𝑒,𝑚𝑓 ) − =0
0.86(0.43)2 0.862 ∙ 0.433 (1.84𝑥10−5 )2
𝑁𝑅𝑒,𝑚𝑓 = 0.05628
 ′ ′
𝐷𝑝 𝑣𝑚𝑓 𝜌 (0.001)(𝑣𝑚𝑓 )(2.374)
𝑁𝑅𝑒,𝑚𝑓 = 0.05628 = =
𝜇 1.845𝑥10−5
𝒗′𝒎𝒇 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟑𝟕𝟒 𝒎/𝒔
′
𝑑. 𝑈𝑠𝑒 4 𝑥 𝑣𝑚𝑓

𝑣 ′ = 4(0.004374) = 0.01750 𝑚/𝑠

𝜀3
𝑣 ′ = 𝑘1
1−𝜀
𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑚𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

′
(0.43)2
𝑣𝑚𝑓 = 0.004374 = 𝑘1
1 − 0,43
𝑘1 = 0.03136 𝑚/𝑠
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑣 ′ = 0.01750
𝜀3 𝜀3
0.01750 = 𝑘1 = 0.03136
1−𝜀 1−𝜀
𝜀 = 0.57
𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 1 𝜀 = 0.57
(0.57)3
𝑣′ = 0.03136 = 0.01351
1 − 0.57
𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 2 𝜀 = 0.60
(0.603 )
𝑣 ′ = 0.03136 = 0.01693
1 − 0.60
𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 3 𝜀 = 0.604

′
(0.604)3
𝑣 = 0.03136 = 0.01745
1 − 0.604
𝜺 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎𝟒
19. Minimum Fluidization Velocity Using a Liquid. A tower having a diameter of 0.1524
m is being fluidized with the water at 20.2 oC. The uniform spherical beads in the tower
bed have a diameter of 4.42 mm and a density of 1603 kg/m 3. Estimate the minimum
fluidizing velocity and compare with the experimental value of 0.02307 of Wilhelm and
Kwauk(W5).
Given:
4.42
𝐷𝑝 = = 0.0044 𝑚 ∅𝑠 = 1.00(𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒)
1000
𝑘𝑔
𝜌𝑝 = 1603 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑡 20.2𝑜 𝐶
𝑚3
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐴. 2
𝑘𝑔
𝜌 = 997.5 𝜇 = 1.00𝑥10−3 𝑃𝑎 ∙ 𝑠
𝑚3
Solution:
1

2
0.0408𝐷𝑝3 𝜌(𝜌𝑝 − 𝜌)𝑔 2
𝑁𝑅𝑒,𝑚𝑓 = [(33.7) + ]
𝜇2
1
2
0.048(0.00442)3 (997.5)(1603 − 997.5)(9.81) 2
𝑁𝑅𝑒,𝑚𝑓 = [(3.7) + ]
(1.0𝑥10−3 )2

𝑁𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑓 = 114.6
′
𝐷𝑝 𝑣𝑚𝑓 𝜌
𝑁𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑓 =
𝜇
′
(0.0042)(𝑣𝑚𝑓 )(997.5)
114.6 =
1.0𝑥10−3
𝒗′𝒎𝒇 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟓𝟗𝟗 𝒎/𝒔
𝑚 𝑚
The value predicted is 0.02599 while the experimental value is 0.020307
𝑠 𝑠

Thus, the predicted value is slightly higher than the experimental value.

20. Pressure with Two Liquids, Hg and Water. An open test tube at 293 K is filled at
the bottom with 12.1 cm of Hg and 5.6 cm of water is placed above the Hg. Calculate the
pressure at the bottom of the test tube if the atmospheric pressure is 756 mm Hg. Use a
density of 13.55 g/cm3 for Hg and 0.998 g/cm3 for water. Give the answer in terms of
dyn/cm2, psia, and KN/m2. See Appendix A.1 for Conversion factors.
Solution:
𝑑𝑦𝑛 𝑁
10 2
=1 2
𝑐𝑚 𝑚
𝑁
1 𝑑𝑦𝑛 = 1
𝑚2
𝑃2 = 𝑃1 + 𝑃𝑜 = ℎ1 𝜌1 + ℎ2 𝜌2 + 𝑃𝑜
𝑔 𝑔 13.5955𝑔 980𝑐𝑚
𝑃2 = [(5.6𝑐𝑚) (0.998 𝑐𝑚3 ) + (12.1 𝑐𝑚) (13.55 𝑐𝑚3 ) + (75.6𝑐𝑚) ( )] ( )
𝑐𝑚3 𝑠2
𝑔 ∙ 𝑐𝑚
𝑃2 = 1.175 𝑥 106 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟕𝟓 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒅𝒚𝒏/𝒄𝒎𝟐
𝑐𝑚2 ∙ 𝑠 2

𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐴. 1 − 8
𝑑𝑦𝑛
1 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎 = 6.8947 𝑥 104
𝑐𝑚2
1.175𝑥106 𝑑𝑦𝑛
𝑃2 = 𝑐𝑚2 = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟎 𝒑𝒔𝒊𝒂
6.8947𝑥104 𝑑𝑦𝑛
𝑐𝑚2
𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎
 𝑥106 𝑑𝑦𝑛
(1.175 ) 1.175𝑥105 𝑁
𝑐𝑚2
𝑃2 = = = 𝟏𝟏𝟕. 𝟓 𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟐
𝑑𝑦𝑛 𝑚 2
𝑐𝑚 2
10 𝑁
𝑚2
PART II: HEAT TRANSFER
21. Chilling Frozen Meat. Cold air at -28.90C and 1 atm is recirculated at a velocity of
0.61 m/s over the exposed top flat surface of a piece of frozen meat. The sides and bottom
of this rectangular slab of meat are insulated and the top surface is 254mm by 254mm
square. If the surface of the metal is at -6.70C, predict the average heat-transfer coefficient
that either Eq.(4.6.2) or (4.6-3) can be used, depending on the NRE L.
Given:
V= 0.61m/s Appendix A.3 for air at -17.80C
P=1 atm ρ= 1.379kg/m3 k= 0.0225W/m-k
L=0.254m Npr= 0.720 μ= 1.62x10-5 kg/m-s

Solution:
𝑇𝑏 + 𝑇𝑤 −28.90 𝐶 + (−6.70 𝐶)
𝑇𝑓 = = = −17.80 𝐶
2 2
0.61𝑚 1.379𝑘𝑔
𝐿𝑉𝜌 (0.254𝑚)( 𝑠 )( 𝑚3 )
𝑁𝑅𝐸,𝐿 = = −5 = 1.319𝑥104
𝜇 1.62𝑥10 𝑘𝑔
𝑚−𝑠
Using Eq. 4.6-2
1
𝑘 0.5 3
ℎ = (0.664)(𝑁𝑅𝐸,𝐿 )(𝑁𝑃𝑅 )
𝐿
0.0225𝑊
1
= 𝑚 − 𝑘 (0.664)(1.319𝑥104 )0.5 (0.720)3
0.254𝑚
𝑊
ℎ = 6.05
𝑚3 −𝑘

22. Natural Convection Cooling of an Orange. An orange 102mm in diameter having

a surface temperature of 21.10C is placed on an open shelf in a refrigerator at 4.4 0C.
Calculate the heat loss by natural convection, neglecting radiation. As an approximation,
the simplified equation for vertical planes can be used with L replaced by the radius of the
sphere (M1). For a more accurate correlation, see (S2).
Given:
Tw= 21.10C Tb= 4.40C
D=0.102 m R= 0.051m
Plate correlation
∆𝑇 = 𝑇𝑤 − 𝑇𝑏 = 21.10 𝐶 − 4.40 𝐶 = 16.70 𝐶 = 16.7𝐾
𝐿3 ∆𝑇 = (0.051𝑚)3 (16.7𝐾) = 2.22𝑥10−3
Thus, use Table 4.7-2
∆𝑇
ℎ = 1.37 ( )
𝐿
1
16.7𝐾 4 5.828𝑊
= 1.37 ( ) = 2
0.051𝑚 𝑚 −𝑘
 𝐴 = 4𝜋𝑅 2 = 4𝜋(0.05𝑚)2 = 0.03268 𝑚2
5.2828𝑊
𝑞 = ℎ𝐴∆𝑇 = ( 2 ) (0.03268𝑚2 )(16.7𝐾)
𝑚 −𝑘
𝑞 = 3.181𝑊
23. Effect of Convective Coefficients on Heat Loss in Double window. Repeat
Problem 5 for heat loss in double window. However, include a convective coefficient of
h=11.35 W/m2•K on the outside surface of one side of the window and an h of 11.35 on
the other side surface. Also calculate the overall U.
Given:
𝐴 = 0.914𝑥1.83 = 1.673𝑚2
𝑊
ℎ𝑖 = ℎ𝑜 = 11.35
𝑚2∙𝐾
∆𝑥𝐴 = ∆𝑥𝐵 = ∆𝑥𝐶 = 0.00635 𝑚
𝑊
𝑘𝐴 = 𝑘𝑐 = 0.869
𝑚∙𝐾
𝑊
𝑘𝐵 = 0.026
𝑚∙𝐾
∆𝑇𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 27.8 𝐾
Solution:
1 1 𝐾
𝑅𝑖 = = = 0.052663 = 𝑅𝑜
ℎ𝑖 𝐴𝑖 (11.35)(1.673) 𝑊
∆𝑥𝐴 0.00635 𝐾
𝑅𝐴 = = = 0.00436 = 𝑅𝐶
𝑘𝐴 𝐴 (0.869)(1.673) 𝑊
∆𝑥𝐵 0.00635 𝐾
𝑅𝐵 = = = 0.004368
𝑘𝐵 𝐴 (0.026)(1.673) 𝑊

𝐾
∑ 𝑅 = 0.260046
𝑊
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐸𝑞. (4.3 − 12)
∆𝑇 27.8
𝑞= = = 𝟏𝟎𝟔. 𝟕𝑾
∑𝑅 0.260046
Using 𝐸𝑞. (4.3 − 13)

∆𝑇
𝑞 = 𝑈𝐴∆𝑇 =
∑𝑅
1 1
𝑈= =
𝐴∑𝑅 (1.673)(0.260046)
𝑾 𝒃𝒕𝒖
𝑼 = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟗 𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟎𝟑
𝒎 ∙𝑲 𝒉 ∙ 𝒇𝒕𝟐 ∙𝒐 𝑭

24. Heat-Transfer Area and Use of Log Mean Temperature Difference. A reaction
mixture having cpm= 2.85 kJ/kg•K is flowing at a rate of 7260 kg/h and is to be cooled from
377.6 K to 344.3 K. Cooling water at 288.8 K is available and the flow rate is 4536 kg/h.
the overall Uo is 623 W/m2•K.
a. For counterflow, calculate the outlet water temperature and the area Ao of the
exchanger.
b. Repeat for concurrent flow
Given:

′
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽 𝑊
𝑐𝑝𝑚 = 2.85 𝑐𝑝𝑚 (𝐻2 𝑂) = 4.181 𝑈𝑜 = 653
𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾 𝑚2∙𝐾
𝑘𝑔
𝑚′ = 720 𝑚 = 4536 𝑘𝑔/ℎ
ℎ
𝑇1′ = 377.6𝐾 𝑇2′ = 344.3𝐾 𝑇2 = 288.8 𝐾 𝑇1 =?
Solution:
a. Countercurrent flow

′ (𝑇 ′ ′
7260𝑘𝑔 2.85𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
𝑞 ′ = 𝑚′ 𝑐𝑝𝑚 1 − 𝑇2 ) = ( ) (377.6𝐾 − 344.3𝐾) = 689010
ℎ𝑟 𝑘𝑔 − 𝑘 ℎ
4536𝑘𝑔 4.181𝑘𝐽
𝑞 = 𝑞 ′ = 𝑚𝑐𝑝𝑚 (𝑇1 − 𝑇2 ) = ( ) (𝑇1 − 288.8𝐾) = 689,010𝐾𝐽
ℎ𝑟 𝑘𝑔 − 𝑘
𝑻𝟏 = 𝟑𝟐𝟓. 𝟐 𝑲
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐸𝑞. (4.5 − 27)
∆𝑇2 = 344.3𝐾 − 288.8𝐾 = 55.5𝐾
∆𝑇1 = 377.6𝐾 − 325.2𝐾 = 52.4 𝐾
(∆𝑇2 − ∆𝑇1 ) 55.5𝐾 − 52.4𝐾
∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 = = = 53.9𝐾
∆𝑇 55.5𝐾
ln (∆𝑇2 ) ln ( )
1 52.4𝐾
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐸𝑞. (4.5 − 26)
𝑊 689,010𝑥103 𝐾𝐽
𝑞 = 𝑈𝑜 𝐴𝑜 ∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 = 653 2 (𝐴 )(53.9𝐾) =
𝑚 ∙𝐾 𝑜 3600𝑠
𝑨𝒐 = 𝟓. 𝟒𝟑 𝒎𝟐
b. Concurrent flow
𝑇1′ = 377.6 𝐾 𝑇2′ = 344.3𝐾 𝑇1 = 288.8𝐾 𝑇2 = 325.2𝐾
∆𝑇1 = 377.6𝐾 − 288.8𝐾 = 88.8 𝐾
∆𝑇2 = 344.3𝐾 − 325.2𝐾 = 19.1 𝐾
88.8𝐾 − 19.1𝐾
∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 = = 45.35𝐾
88.8𝐾
ln (19.1𝐾 )

(689010𝑥103 )
𝑞 = 653(𝐴𝑜 )(45.35) =
3600
𝑨𝒐 = 𝟔. 𝟒𝟔 𝒎𝟐
25. Loses by Natural Convection from a Cylinder. A vertical 76.2 mm in diameter and
121.9 mm high is maintained at 397.1 K at its surface. It loses heat by natural convection
to air at 294.3 K. Heat loss neglecting radiation losses. Use the simplified equations of
Table 4.7-2 and those equations for the lowest range of NGr, Npr. The equivalent L to use
for the top flat surface is 0.9 times the diameter.
Given:
𝑇 = 294.3𝐾 𝑇𝑠 = 397.1𝐾 𝐷 = 0.0762 𝑚 𝐿 = 0.1219𝑚
∆𝑇 = (397.1 − 294.3) = 102.8𝐾
Solution:
𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 = 𝜋𝐷𝐿 = 𝜋(0.0762𝑚) = 0.02918 𝑚2
𝜋 2 𝜋
𝐴𝑡𝑜𝑝 = 𝐷 = (0.0762𝑚)2 = 0.004560 𝑚2
4 4

𝐿3 ∆𝑇 = (0.01219𝑚2 )3 (102.8𝐾) = 0.186

𝐿 𝑡𝑜𝑝
𝐿 = 0.9(0.0762) = 0.06858 𝑚
1 1
∆𝑇 4 102.8𝐾 4 𝑊
ℎ𝑡𝑜𝑝 = 1.32 ( ) = 1.32 ( ) = 8.213 2
𝐿 0.06858𝑚 𝑚 ∙𝐾
1 1
∆𝑇 4 102.8𝐾 4 𝑊
ℎ𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 = 1.37 ( ) = 1.37 ( ) = 7.383 2
𝐿 0.06858𝑚 𝑚 ∙𝐾
𝑊
𝑞𝑡𝑜𝑝 = ℎ𝐴∆𝑇 = (8.213 ) (0.004560𝑚2 )(102.8𝐾) = 3.850 𝑊
𝑚2 ∙𝐾
𝑊
𝑞𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 = ℎ𝐴∆𝑇 = (7.383 ) (0.02918𝑚2 )(102.8𝐾) = 22.147𝑊
𝑚2 ∙ 𝐾

𝑞𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑞𝑡𝑜𝑝 + 𝑞𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 = 3.850 𝑊 + 22.147𝑊

𝒒𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝟐𝟔. 𝟎 𝑾

26. Insulation in a Cold Room. Calculate the heat loss per m2 of surface area for a
temporary insulating wall of a food cold storage room where the outside temperature is
299.9 K and the inside temperature 276.5 K. The wall is composed of 25.4 mm of cork
board having k of 0.0433 W/m•K. 4.1.1
Given:
𝑇1 = 299.9𝐾 𝑇2 = 276.5𝐾
25.4
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 = = 0.0254 𝑚
1000
𝑤
𝑘 = 0.0433 ∙ 𝐾
𝑚
Solution:
𝐸𝑞. (4.1 − 10)
𝑞 𝑘
= (𝑇 − 𝑇2 )
𝐴 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 1
 0.0433𝑊
= 𝑚 − 𝑘 (299.9𝐾 − 276.5𝐾)
0.0254𝑚
𝒒 𝑾
= 𝟑𝟗. 𝟗 𝟐
𝑨 𝒎

27. Natural Convection in Enclosed Horizontal Space. Repeat Example 4.7-3 for the
case where the two plates are horizontal and the bottom plate is hotter than the upper
plate. Compare the results.
Given:
𝑇1 = 394.3𝐾 𝑇2 = 366.5𝐾
𝑊
𝛽 = 0.030𝑚 𝐿 = 0.4𝑚 𝑘 = 0.03219
𝑚−𝑘
From example 4.7-3,
𝑁𝐺𝑅,𝛽 𝑁𝑃𝑅 = 2.372𝑋104

Using Eq. 4.7-13

𝑘
ℎ= = (0.061)( 𝑁𝐺𝑅,𝛽 𝑁𝑃𝑅 )1/3
𝛽

𝑊
0.03219
ℎ= 𝑚 − 𝑘 (0.061)(2.372𝑋104 )13
0.030𝑚
𝑊
ℎ = 1.881
𝑚2 − 𝑘
𝐴 = (0.6𝑚𝑋0.4𝑚) = 0.24𝑚2
𝑊
𝑞 = ℎ𝐴∆𝑇 = 1.881 (0.24𝑚2 )(394.3𝐾 − 366.5𝐾)
𝑚2 −𝑘
𝑞 = 12.54 𝑊

28. Removal of Heat from Bath. Repeat problem 2 but for a cooling coil is made of 308
stainless steel having an average thermal conductivity of 15.23 W/m•K.
Solution:

𝑊 1 𝑏𝑡𝑢
𝑘 = (15.23 )( )( )
𝑚 ∙ 𝐾 1.73073 𝑊 ℎ ∙ 𝑓𝑡 ∙𝑜 𝐹
𝑚∙𝐾
𝑏𝑡𝑢
= 8.80
ℎ ∙ 𝑓𝑡 ∙𝑜 𝐹
𝑇1 − 𝑇2 8.80(0.0838)(80 − 40)
𝑞 = 𝑘𝐴𝑙𝑚 =
𝑟2 − 𝑟1 0.01665 − 0.0104
𝒃𝒕𝒖
𝒒 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟏𝟏 = 𝟏, 𝟑𝟖𝟑𝑾
𝒔
29. Radiation to a Tube from a Large Enclosure. Repeat Example 4.10-1 but use the
slightly more accurate Eq. (4.10-5) with two different emissivities. .
Given:
𝐴1 = 𝜋𝐷𝐿 = 𝜋(0.0254𝑚)(0.61𝑚) = 0.04868𝑚2
𝑇1 = 588𝐾 𝑇2 = 1,088𝐾
𝐸2 𝑎𝑡 𝑇2 = 𝛼12 = 0.60 𝐸1 𝑎𝑡 𝑇1 = 0.46
Using 4.9-5
𝑞 = 𝐴1 𝜎( 𝐸1 𝑇14 − 𝛼12𝑇14 )
(𝜋(0.05868𝑚2 )(5.676𝑥10−8 )(0.46(588𝐾04 − 0.60(1,088𝐾 4 ))
𝐵𝑇𝑈
𝑞 = −2,171 𝑊 𝑜𝑟 − 2,410
ℎ𝑟
30. Hardening of a Steel Sphere. To harden a steel sphere having a diameter of 50.8
mm, it is heated to 1,033K and then dunked into a large water bath at 300K. Determine
the time for the center of the sphere to reach 366.5K. The surface coefficient can be
assumed as 710 W/m2-K. k= 45 W/m-K, and α= 0.0325 m2/h.
Given:
0.0508
𝑋1 = = 0.0254𝑚 𝑇0 = 1,033𝐾 𝑇1 = 300𝐾 𝑇 = 366.5𝐾
2
45𝑊 0.0325𝑚2 𝑋
𝑘= 𝛼= 𝑛= =0
𝑚−𝑘 ℎ 𝑋1
Solution:
45𝑊
𝑘 𝑚−𝑘
𝑚= = = 2.495
ℎ𝑋1 710(0.0254𝑚)
𝑇1 − 𝑇 300𝐾 − 366.5𝐾
= = 0.0907
𝑇1 − 𝑇0 300𝐾 − 1,033𝐾
0.0325𝑚2
𝛼𝑡 (𝑡)
𝑋 = 2.25 = 2 = ℎ
𝑋1 (0.0254𝑚)2

𝑡 = 0.045ℎ𝑟
31. Chilling Slab of Beef. Repeat Example 5.5-1, where the slab of beef is cooled to
100C at the center but use air of 00C at a lower value h= 22.7 W/m2-k.
Given:
𝑊 1.334𝑥10−7 𝑚2 0.498𝑊
ℎ = 22.7 2 𝛼= 𝑘= 𝑋1 = 0.1015𝑚
𝑚 −𝑘 𝑠 𝑚−𝑘
Solution:
0.498𝑊
𝑘 𝑚−𝑘
𝑚= = = 0.216
ℎ𝑋1 𝑊
22.7 𝑥 0.1015𝑚
𝑚2 − 𝑘
𝑇1 −𝑇 0−100 𝐶
𝑦= = = 0.625
𝑇1 −𝑇0 0−37.80 𝐶
 1.334𝑥10−7 𝑚2
𝛼𝑡 ( ) (𝑡)
𝑠
𝑋 = 0.92 = 2 =
𝑋1 (0.1015𝑚)2
4
𝑡 = 7.105𝑥10 𝑠 𝑜𝑟 19.4 ℎ𝑟

32. Time to Freeze a Slab of Meat. Repeat Example 5.5-2 using the same conditions
except that a plate or contact freezer is used where the surface coefficient can be
assumed as h= 142 W/m2-k.
Given:
𝑊 1.038𝑊 1,057𝑘𝑔 251.2𝑥103 𝐽
ℎ = 142 2 𝛼 = 0.0635𝑚 𝑘 = 𝑇 = 244.3𝐾 𝜌 = 𝛾=
𝑚 −𝑘 𝑚−𝑘 1 𝑚3 𝑘𝑔

Solution:

Using Eq. 5.5-11

𝛾𝜌 𝑎 𝑎2
𝑡= ( + )
𝑇𝑓 − 𝑇1 2ℎ 8𝑘
251.2𝑥103 𝐽 1,057𝑘𝑔
𝑥 (0.0635𝑚)2
𝑘𝑔 𝑚3 0.0635𝑚
𝑡= 𝑊 + 1.038𝑊
270.40 𝐶−244.30 𝐶 2(142 2 ) 8( )
𝑚 −𝑘 𝑚−𝑘

𝑡 = 7,213 𝑠 𝑜𝑟 2.00 ℎ𝑟

33. Heat Transfer with a Liquid Metal. The liquid metal bismuth at a flow rate of 2.00
kg/s enters a tube having an inside diameter of 35 mm at 425 oC and is heated to 430oC
in the tube. The tube wall is maintained at temperature of 25 oC above the liquid bulk
temperature. Calculate the tube length required. The physical properties are as follows
(H1): k = 15.6 W/m•K, cp = 149 J/kg•K, μ = 1.34 x 10-3 Pa•s.

Given:
35 2.0𝑘𝑔
𝐷= = 0.035 𝑚 𝑚 = 𝑇1 = 425𝑜 𝐶 𝑇2 = 430𝑜 𝐶
1000 𝑠
𝑊 𝑗
𝑘 = 15.6 𝑐𝑝 = 149 𝜇 = 1.34𝑥10−3 𝑃𝑎 ∙ 𝑠
𝑚∙𝐾 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾

Solution:

𝜋𝐷2 𝜋
𝐴= = (0.035)2 = 9.621𝑥10−4 𝑚2
4 4
𝑚 2.0 2.079𝑥103 𝑘𝑔
𝐺= = =
𝐴 9.63𝑥10−4 𝑚2 ∙ 𝑠
𝐷𝐺 0.035(2.079𝑥103 )
𝑁𝑅𝑒 = = = 5.430𝑥104
𝜇 1.34𝑥10−3
𝑐𝑝 𝜇 149(1.34𝑥10−3 )
𝑁𝑃𝑟 = = = 0.01280
𝑘 15.6

𝑘
ℎ𝐿 = (0.625)(𝑁𝑃𝑒 )0.40
𝐷
𝑁𝑃𝑒 = 𝑁𝑅𝑒 𝑁𝑃𝑟 = (5.430𝑥104 )(0.01280)
15.6 0.40
ℎ𝐿 = (0.625)((5.430𝑥104 )(0.01280))
0.035

𝑞 = 𝑚𝑐𝑝 ∆𝑇 = 2.0(149)(430 − 425) = 1490 𝑊

 𝑞 1490
= = ℎ𝐿 (𝑇𝑤 − 𝑇) = (3817)(25)
𝐴 𝐴
𝐴 = 0.01561 𝑚2 = 𝜋𝐷𝐿 = 𝜋(0.035)(𝐿)
𝑳 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟒𝟐𝟎 𝒎

34. Temperature Rise in Heating Wire. A current of 250 A is passing through a stainless
steel wire having a diameter of 5.08 mm. the wire is 2.44 m long and has a resistance of
0.0843 Ω. The outer surface is held constant at 427.6K. The thermal conductivity is k=
22.5 W/m•K. Calculate the center-line temperature at steady state.

Given:
𝑊
𝐷 = 0.00508 𝑚 𝐿 = 2.44 𝑚 𝑘 = 22.5 𝑇 = 427.6 𝐾
𝑚∙𝐾 𝑤
𝐷 0.00508
𝑟= = 𝑅 = 0.0843 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠 𝐼 = 200𝐴
2 2
Solution :

(𝐴) 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝐼 2 𝑅 = (250)2 (0.0843)

𝐷2 0.005082
(𝐵) 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑞̇ 𝜋 ( ) 𝐿 = 𝑞̇ 𝜋 ( ) (2.44)
4 4
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒 (𝐴)𝑡𝑜 (𝐵) 𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑞̇
0.005082
(250)2 (0.0843) = 𝑞̇ 𝜋 ( ) (2.44)
4
𝑊
𝑞̇ = 10.65𝑥107 2
𝑚

𝑞̇ 𝑟 2 (10.65𝑥107 )(0.00508)2
𝑇𝑜 = + 𝑇𝑤 = + 427.6
4𝑅 (4)(22.5)(4)
𝑻𝒐 = 𝟒𝟑𝟓. 𝟐𝟑 𝑲
 PART III: MASS TRANSER

]
35. Equimolar Counterdiffusion of a Binary Gas Mixture. Helium and nitrogen gas are
contained in a conduit 5 mm in diameter and 0.1 m long at 298 K and a uniform constant
pressure of 1.0 atm abs. The partial pressure of He at one end of the tube is 0.060 atm
and 0.020 atm at the other end. The diffusivity can be obtained from Table 6.2-1.
Calculate the following for the steady-state equimolar counterdiffusion.
a. Flux of He in kgmol/s•cm2
b. Flux of N2
c. Partial Pressure of He at a point 0.05 m from either end.

Given:
0.687𝑥10−4 𝑚2
𝐷𝐴𝐵 = (𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 6.2 − 1) 𝑧2 − 21 = 0.1𝑚
𝑠
Solution:
𝑎. 𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐸𝑞. (6.1 − 13)
∗
𝐷𝐴𝐵 (𝑝𝐴1 − 𝑝𝐴2 ) (0.687𝑥10−4 )(0.060 − 0.020)
𝐽𝐴𝑍 = =
𝑅𝑇(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 ) (82.06𝑥10−3 )(298)(0.10)
𝒌𝒈𝒎𝒐𝒍
𝑱∗𝑨𝒁 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟐𝟒𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟔
𝒔 ∙ 𝒎𝟐
𝑏.
∗ ∗
𝐽𝐵𝑧 =−𝐽𝐴𝑍
𝒌𝒈𝒎𝒐𝒍
𝑱∗𝑩𝒛 = −𝟏. 𝟏𝟐𝟒𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟔
𝒔 ∙ 𝒎𝟐
𝑐. 𝑝𝐴 𝑎𝑡 𝑧 = 0.05 𝑚

∗ −6
(0.687𝑥10−4 )(0.060 − 𝑝𝐴 )
𝐽𝐴𝑍= 1.124𝑥10 =
(82.06𝑥10−3 )(298)(0.05)
𝒑𝑨 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟎 𝒂𝒕𝒎
36. Mass Transfer from a Napthalene Sphere to Air. Mass transfer is occurring from a
sphere of naphthalene having a radius of 10 mm. the sphere is in a large volume of still
air at 52.6oC and 1 atm abs pressure. The vapor pressure of naphthalene at 52.6oC is 1.0
mmHg. The diffusivity of naphthalene in air at 0 oC is 5.16 x 10-6m2/s. Calculate the rate
of evaporation of naphthalene from the surface in kgmol/s•m 2. [Note: the diffusivity can
be corrected for temperature using the temperature-correction factor of the Fuller et al.
Eq (6.2-25).]

Given:
1
𝑝𝐴1 = = 1.316𝑥10−3 𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑝𝐴2 = 0 𝑇 = 52.6𝑜 𝐶 = 325.6𝐾
760
−6
𝑚2
𝐷𝐴𝐵 = 5.16𝑥10 𝑎𝑡 52.6𝑜 𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑑 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑠
Solution:
𝑝𝐵2 − 𝑝𝐵1
𝑝𝐵𝑀 = 𝑝
ln (𝑝𝐵2 )
𝐵1
𝑝𝐵1 = 1 − (1.316𝑥10−3 ) = 0.9987 𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑝𝐵2 = 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚
1 − 0.9987
𝑝𝐵𝑀 = = 0.993 𝑎𝑡𝑚
1
ln (0.9987)

𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝛼 𝑇 1.75
325.6 1.75 𝑚2
𝐷𝐴𝐵 = 5.16𝑥10−6 ( ) = 7.024𝑥10−6
273 𝑠
 𝐷𝐴𝐵 (𝑝𝐴1 − 𝑝𝐴2 ) (7.02𝑥10−6 )(1.0132𝑥105 )(1.316𝑥10−3 − 0)(1.0132𝑥105 )
𝑁𝐴1 = =
𝑅𝑇𝑟1 𝑝𝐵𝑀 (8314)(325.6)(0.010)(0.9993)(1.0132𝑥105 )
𝒌𝒈𝒎𝒐𝒍
𝑵𝑨𝟏 = 𝟑. 𝟒𝟔𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟖
𝒔 ∙ 𝒎𝟐

37. Diffusion of Methane Through Helium. A gas of CH4 and He is contained in a tube
at 101.32 kPa pressure and 298 K. At one point the partial pressure of methane is
pA1=60.79 kPa and at a point 0.02 m distance away, pA2=20.26 kPa. If the total pressure
is constant throughout the tube, calculate the flux of CH4 (methane) at steady-state for
equimolar counterdiffusion.

Given:
𝑃 = 101.32 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑇 = 298 𝐾 𝑝𝐴1 = 60.79 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑝𝐴2 = 20.26 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑧2 − 𝑧1 = 0.020 𝑚
Solution:
𝑚2
𝐷𝐴𝐵 (𝐶𝐻4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐻𝑒) = 0.675𝑥10−4 (𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 6.2 − 1)
𝑠
(𝑚3 ∙ 𝑃𝑎)
𝑅 = 8314 (𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐴. 1 − 1)
(𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙 ∙ 𝐾)
𝐸𝑞. (6.1 − 13)
∗
𝐷𝐴𝐵 (𝑝𝐴1 − 𝑝𝐴2 ) (0.675𝑥10−4 )(60.79 − 20.26)𝑥103
𝐽𝐴𝑍 = =
𝑅𝑇(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 ) 8314(298)(0.020)
𝒌𝒈𝒎𝒐𝒍
𝑱∗𝑨𝒁 = 𝟓. 𝟓𝟐𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟓 ( )
𝒔 ∙ 𝒎𝟐

38. Diffusion Through Membranes in Series. Nitrogen gas at 2.0 atm and 30oC is
diffusing through a membrane of nylon 1.0 mm thick and polyethylene 8.0 mm thick in
series. The partial pressure at the other side of the two films is 0 atm. Assuming no other
resistances, calculate the flux NA at steady state.

Given:
𝑁2 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑇 = 303𝐾 𝑝𝐴1 = 2𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑝𝐴2 = 0 𝐿1 = 0.001𝑚 𝐿2 = 0.008𝑚
𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 6.5 − 1
𝑃𝑀1𝑛𝑦𝑙𝑜𝑛 = 0.0152(10−12 ) 𝑃𝑀2𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑡ℎ = 1.52(10−12 )
Solution:
𝑝𝐴1 − 𝑝𝐴2 2
𝑁𝐴 = =
𝐿 𝐿 0.001 0.008
22.414 (𝑃 1 + 𝑃 2 ) 22.414 ( −12 + 1.52𝑥10−12 )
𝑀1 𝑀2 0.0152𝑥10

𝒌𝒈𝒎𝒐𝒍
𝑵𝑨 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓𝟔𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟐
𝒎𝟐 ∙ 𝒔

39. Loss from a Tube of Neoprene. Hydrogen gas at 2.0 atm and 27oC is flowing in a
neoprene tube 3.0 mm inside diameter and 11, outside diameter. Calculate the leakage
of H2 through a tube 1.0 m long kgmol H2/s at steady state.

Given:
11.0 3.0
𝑟2 = = 0.0055𝑚 𝑟1 = = 0.0015𝑚
2𝑥1000 2𝑥1000
𝐿 = 1 𝑚 𝑇 = 300𝐾 𝑝𝐴1 = 2.0𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑝𝐴2 = 0
𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 6.5 − 1
−9
𝑚2
𝐷𝐴𝐵 = 0.180𝑥10 𝑠 = 0.053
𝑠
Solution:
𝑠
𝐶𝐴1 = 𝑝
22.414 𝐴1

2𝜋𝐿
̅𝐴 = 𝐷𝐴𝐵 (𝑐𝐴1 − 𝑐𝐴2 ) (
𝑁 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 (6.5 − 5)𝑡𝑜(6.5 − 4)
𝑟 )
ln (𝑟2 )
1

𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝑠(𝑝𝐴1 − 𝑝𝐴2 )2𝜋𝐿

̅𝐴 =
𝑁 𝑟
22.414 ln (𝑟2 )
1
0.18𝑥10−9 (0.053)(2.0)(2𝜋)(1)
=
0.0055
22.414 ln ( )
0.0015

𝒌𝒈𝒎𝒐𝒍𝑯𝟐
̅ 𝑨 = 𝟒. 𝟏𝟏𝟕 𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟐
𝑵
𝒔

40. Time to Completely Evaporate a Sphere. A drop of liquid toluene is kept at a uniform
temperature of 25.9oC and is suspended in air by a fine wire. The initial radius r1=2.00
mm. The vapor pressure of toluene is 866 kg/m3.
a. Derive Eq.(6.2-34) to predict the time tF for the drop to evaporate completely in
a large volume of still air.
b. Calculate the time in seconds for complete evaporation

Solution:

𝑎. 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑦 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒

𝑁̅𝐴 𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝑃 𝑝𝐴1 − 𝑝𝐴2

(1) 2 = 𝑁𝐴1 = 𝑅𝑇𝑟 ∙
4𝜋𝑟1 1 𝑝𝐵𝑀
4 3
(2)𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡 = 𝜋𝑟 𝜌𝐴
3
4 3
𝜋𝑟 𝜌𝐴
(3)𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡 = 𝑚 = 3
𝑀𝐴
4 2
𝑑𝑚 𝜋𝑟 𝜌𝐴 𝑑𝑟
(4) = −3
𝑑𝑡 𝑀𝐴 𝑑𝑡
1 𝑑𝑚 ̅
𝑁𝐴 𝜌𝐴 𝑑𝑟
(5) 2
= 2
=−
4𝜋𝑟 𝑑 4𝜋𝑟 𝑀𝐴 𝑑𝑡
𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒 1 𝑡𝑜 5
𝑁̅𝐴 𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝑃 𝑝𝐴1 − 𝑝𝐴2 𝜌𝐴 𝑑𝑟
(6) = = −
4𝜋𝑟 2 𝑅𝑇𝑟 𝑝𝐵𝑀 𝑀𝐴 𝑑𝑡
𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝑃 𝑝𝐴1 − 𝑝𝐴2 𝑡𝑓 𝜌𝐴 0
(7) ∫ 𝑑𝑡 = − ∫ 𝑟 𝑑𝑟
𝑅𝑇𝑟 𝑝𝐵𝑀 0 𝑀𝐴 𝑟1
𝝆𝑨 𝒓𝟐𝟏 𝑹𝑻𝒑𝑩𝑴
𝒕𝒇 =
𝟐𝑴𝑨 𝑫𝑨𝑩 𝑷(𝒑𝑨𝟏 − 𝒑𝑨𝟐 )

𝑏.
𝑚2 𝑘𝑔
𝐷𝐴𝐵 = 0.086𝑥10−4 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 6.2 − 1 𝜌𝐴 = 866 3
𝑠 𝑚
2
𝑟1 = = 0.002 𝑚 𝑇 = 298.9𝐾 𝑀𝐴 = 92.13
1000
 𝑝𝐴1 = 3.84𝑥103 𝑃𝑎 𝑝𝐴2 = 0 𝑝𝐵1 = 0.9748𝑥105 𝑃𝑎 𝑝𝐵2 = 1.0132𝑥105 𝑃𝑎
𝑝𝐵1 + 𝑝𝐵2 (0.9748 + 1.01325)105
𝑝𝐵𝑀 = = = 0.994𝑥105 𝑃𝑎
2 2
866(0.0022 )(8314)(298.9)(0.994𝑥105 )
𝑡𝑓 =
2(92.13)(0.086𝑥10−4 )(1.01325𝑥103 )(3.84𝑥103 )
𝒕𝒇 = 𝟏𝟑𝟖𝟖 𝒔

41. Numerical Method for Steady-State Diffusion. Using the results from Example 6.6-
1, calculate the total diffusion rate in the solid using the bottom nodes and paths of C 2,2
to C3,2 , C2,3 to C3,3, and so on. Compare with the other diffusion rates in example 6.6-1

Solution:
∆𝑋 = ∆𝑌
Writing Eq. 6.6-5
(∆𝑋°1) 1
𝑁 = 𝐷𝐴𝐵 ((𝐶2,2 − 𝐶3,2 ) + (𝐶2,3 − 𝐶3,3 ) + (𝐶2,4 − 𝐶3,4 ))
∆𝑌 2
1
= 1.00𝑥10−9 ((3.47 − 2.72) + (4.24 − 3.06) + (4.41 − 3.16)) (10−3 )
2
−12
𝑁 = 2.55𝑥10 𝑘𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝑠

42. Diffusion of A Through Stagnant B and Effect of Type of Boundary on Flux.

Ammonia gas is diffusing through N2 under steady state conditions with N2 nondiffusing
since it is insoluble in one boundary. The total presuure is 1.013 x 105 Pa and at the other
point 20 mm away it is 6.666 x 103 Pa. The DAB for the mixture at 1.013 x 105 Pa and 298
K is 2.30 x 10-5 m2/s.
a. Calculate the flux of NH3 in kgmol/s•m2
b. Do the same as (a) but assume N2 also diffuses; i.e., both boundaries are
permeable to both gases and the flux is equimolar counterdiffusion. In which
case is the flux greater?

Given:
𝑃 = 1.013 𝑥105 𝑃𝑎 𝑇 = 298 𝐾 𝑝𝐴1 = 1.333 𝑥104 𝑃𝑎 𝑝𝐴2 = 6.666𝑥103 𝑃𝑎
𝑧2 − 𝑧1 = 20𝑚𝑚 = 0.020 𝑚 𝐷𝐴𝐵 = 2.30𝑥10−5 𝑚2 /𝑠
Solution:
𝑎. 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝐻3 (𝐴)𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑛𝑜𝑛 − 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑁2 (𝐵)𝑔𝑎𝑠
𝑝𝐵2 − 𝑝𝐵1
𝑝𝐵𝑀 = 𝑝
ln (𝑝𝐵2 )
𝐵1
𝑝𝐵1 = 𝑃 − 𝑝𝐴1 = 10.132𝑥104 − 1.333𝑥104 = 8.799𝑥104 𝑃𝑎
𝑝𝐵2 = 𝑃 − 𝑝𝐴2 = 10.132𝑥104 − 0.666𝑥104 = 9.466𝑥104 𝑃𝑎
9.466𝑥104 − 8.799𝑥104
𝑝𝐵𝑀 = = 9.128 𝑥104 𝑃𝑎
9.466𝑥104
ln ( )
8.799𝑥104

𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝑃
𝑁𝐴 = (𝑝 − 𝑝𝐴2 )
𝑅𝑇(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )𝑝𝐵𝑀 𝐴1
(2.30𝑥10−5 )(10.13𝑥104 )(1.333 − 0.666)104
=
8314(298)(0.020)(9.128𝑥104 )
𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑁𝐴 = 3.44𝑥10−6
𝑠 ∙ 𝑚2
 𝑏. 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝐷𝐴𝐵 (𝑝𝐴1 − 𝑝𝐴2 ) (2.30𝑥10−5 )(1.333 − 0.666)

𝑁𝐴 = 𝐽𝐴∗ = =
𝑅𝑇(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 ) (8314)(298)(0.020)
𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑁𝐴 = 3.10𝑥10−6
𝑠 ∙ 𝑚2
The flux is greater than case (a)

43. Diffusion Flux and Effect of Temperature and pressure. Equimolar

counterdiffusion ion is occurring at steady state in a tube 0.11 m long containing N 2 and
CO gases at a total pressure of 1.0 atm abs. The partial pressure of N 2 is 80 mmHg at
one end 10mm at the other end. Predict the DAB by the method of Fuller et al.
a. Calculate the flux in kgmol/s•m2 at 298 K for N2
b. Repeat at 473 K. Does the flux increase?
c. Repeat at 298 K but for a total pressure of 3.0 atm abs. The partial pressure of
N2 remains at 80 and 10 mmHg, as in part (a). Does the flux change?

Given:
𝑧2 − 𝑧1 = 0.11𝑚 𝑝 = 1.0𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑇 = 298 𝐾
80 10
𝑝𝐴1 (𝑁2 ) = = 0.1052 𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑝𝐴2 = = 0.0132 𝑎𝑡𝑚
760 760
Solution:

𝑀𝐴 = 28.0 𝑀𝐵 = 28.0
𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 6.2 − 2
1 1
𝑣𝐴 = 17.9 𝑣𝐴3 = 17.93 = 2.61
1 1
𝑣𝐵 = 18.9 𝑣𝐵3 = 18.93 = 2.66
1 1
1 1 2 1 1 2
(1𝑥10−7 )(𝑇1.75 ) (𝑀 + 𝑀 ) (1𝑥10−7 )(298)1.75 (28 + 28)
𝐴 𝐵
𝐷𝐴𝐵 = =
1 1 2 1(2.61 + 2.66)2
𝑃 (∑ 𝑣𝑎 + ∑ 𝑣𝐵
3 3)

𝒎𝟐
𝑫𝑨𝑩 = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟓𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟓
𝒔
𝑎. 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛

∗
𝐷𝐴𝐵 (𝑝𝐴1 − 𝑝𝐴2 ) 2.05𝑥10−5 (0.1052 − 0.0132)
𝑁𝐴 = 𝐽𝐴𝑍 = =
𝑅𝑇(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 ) 82.06𝑥10−3 (298)(0.11)
𝒌𝒈𝒎𝒐𝒍
𝑵𝑨 = 𝟕. 𝟎𝟐𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟕
𝒔 ∙ 𝒎𝟐
𝑏. 𝑎𝑡 200 𝐾 (473𝐾)
473 1.75 4.60𝑥10−5 𝑚2
−5
𝐷𝐴𝐵 = 2.05𝑥10 ( ) =
298 𝑠
4.60𝑥10−5 (0.1052 − 0.0132)
𝑁𝐴 =
(82.06𝑥10−3 )(473)(0.11)
𝒌𝒈𝒎𝒐𝒍
𝑵𝑨 = 𝟗. 𝟗𝟐𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒙 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒔
𝒔 ∙ 𝒎𝟐
𝑐. 𝑎𝑡 𝑃 = 3 𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 298 𝐾
1
−5 −5
𝑚2
𝐷𝐴𝐵 = 2.05𝑥10 ( ) = 0.683𝑥10
3 𝑠
0.683𝑥10−5 (0.1052 − 0.0132)
𝑁𝐴 =
82.06𝑥10−3 (298)(0.11)
𝒌𝒈𝒎𝒐𝒍
𝑵𝑨 = 𝟐. 𝟑𝟒𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟕
𝒔 ∙ 𝒎𝟐

44. Diffusion of A Through Stagnant B in a Liquid. The solution HCl(A) is diffusing

through a thin film of water (B) 2.0 mm thick at 283 K. the concentration of HCl at point
1 at one boundary of the film is 12.0 wt % HCl (density ρ1=1060.7 kg/m3), and at the
other boundary at point 2 it is 6.0wt % HCl (density ρ2=1030.7 kg/m3) thye diffusion
coefficient of |HCl in water is 2.5 x 10-9 m2/s. assuming steady state and one boundary
impermeable to water, calculate the flux HCl in kgmol/s•m2.

Given:
𝑚2
𝐷𝐴𝐵 = 2.5𝑥10−9 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 = 0.002 𝑚 %𝑤𝑡(𝐴1 ) = 12.0% %𝑤𝑡(𝐴2 ) = 6 %
𝑠
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
𝜌1 = 1060.7 3 𝜌2 = 1030.3 𝑀𝐴 (𝐻𝐶𝑙) = 36.47 𝑀𝐵 (𝐻2 𝑂) = 18
𝑚 𝑚3
Solution:

𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑠: 100 𝑘𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

12.0
𝑥𝐴1 = 36.47 = 0.0632
12.0 88.0
36.47 + 18
𝑥𝐵1 = 1 − 0.0632 = 0.9386
100 𝑘𝑔
𝑀1 = = 19.18 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
5.21 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙
6.0
𝑥𝐴2 = 36.47 = 0.0355
6 88
36.47 + 18
𝑥𝐵2 = 1 − 0.0355 = 0.9694
100 𝑘𝑔
𝑀2 = = 18.60 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
5.385 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐸𝑞. (6.3 − 4)
𝑥𝐵2 − 𝑥𝐵1 0.9694 + 0.9386
𝑥𝐵𝑀 = 𝑥 = = 0.953
ln (𝑥𝐵2 ) 0.9694
ln (0.9386)
𝐵1
𝐸𝑞. (6.3 − 2)
𝜌1 𝜌2 1060.7 1030.3
𝑀1 + 𝑀2 + 18.60 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐶𝑎𝑣 = = 19.18 = 55.4
2 2 𝑚3
𝐸𝑞. (6.3 − 3)
𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝐶𝑎𝑣 (𝑥𝐴1 − 𝑥𝐴2 ) (2.5𝑥10−9 )(55.4)(0.0632 − 0.030655)
𝑁𝐴 = =
(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )𝑥𝐵𝑀 (0.002)(0.953)
𝒌𝒈𝒎𝒐𝒍𝑨
𝑵𝑨 = 𝟐. 𝟑𝟕𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟔
𝒔 ∙ 𝒎𝟐
45. Diffusion of Uric Acid in Protein Solution and Binding. Uric acid (A) at 37oC is
diffusing in an aqueous solution of proteins (P) containing 8.2 percent protein/100 mL
solution. Uric acid binds to the proteins for every 3.0 g mol of total acid present in solution.
The diffusivity DAB of uric acid in water is 1.21 x 10-5- cm2/s and Dp = 0.091 x 10-5 cm2/s.
a. Assuming no binding, predict the ratio DAP/DAB due only to blockage effects.
b. Assuming blockage plus binding effects, predict the ratio DAP/DAB due only to
blockage effects
c. Predict the flus in g uric acid/s•cm2 for a concentration of acid of 0.05 g/L at
point (1) and 0 g/L at point (2) a distance 1.5 μm away.

Given:
𝑐𝑚2 𝑔 𝑐𝑚2
𝐷𝐴𝐵 = 1.2𝑥10−5 𝑐𝑝 = 8.2 𝐷𝑝 = 0.091𝑥10−5
𝑠 100𝑚𝑙 𝑠
Solution:

𝑎.
8.2 1 100 𝑘𝑔
𝑐𝑝 = 𝑥 𝑥 = 82.0 3
1000 1000 1 𝑚
𝐸𝑞. (6.4 − 2) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑛𝑜 𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝐷𝐴𝑃 = 𝐷𝐴𝐵 (1 − 1.81𝑥10−3 𝑐𝑝 ) = (𝐷𝐴𝐵 (1 − 1.81𝑥10−3 𝑥82.0)) = 𝐷𝐴𝐵 ( 0.8516)
𝑫𝑨𝑷
= 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝟏𝟔
𝑫𝑨𝑩

𝑏. 𝐸𝑞. (6.4 − 4) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔

%𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒𝐴 %𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝐴
𝐷𝐴𝑃 = [𝐷𝐴𝐵 (1 − 1.81𝑥10−3 𝑐𝑝 ) ( ) + 𝐷𝑝 ( )]
100 100
66.66 33.33
= [1.21𝑥10−5 (0.8516) ( ) + ((0.081𝑥10−5 ) ( ))]
100 100
−𝟓
𝒄𝒎𝟐
𝑫𝑨𝑷 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟏𝟕𝟐𝒙𝟏𝟎
𝒔
𝐷𝐴𝑃 0.7172
= = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟗𝟐 𝒆𝒙𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟏𝟔
𝐷𝐴𝐵 1.21
𝑐. 𝐸𝑞. (6.4 − 3)
𝐷𝐴𝑃 (𝐶𝐴1 − 𝐶𝐴2 )
𝑁𝐴 =
𝑧2 − 𝑧1
0.05
(0.7172𝑥10−5 ) ( − 0)
= 1000
1.5𝑥10−4
𝒈
𝑵𝑨 = 𝟐. 𝟑𝟗𝟐𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟔
𝒔 ∙ 𝒄𝒎𝟐

46. Prediction of diffusivity of Enzyme Urease in Solution. Predict the diffusivity of

the enzyme urease in dilute solution water at 298 K using the modified Polson equation
and compare the result with the experimental value in table 6.4-1.

Solution:
𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 6.4 − 1 𝑀𝐴 = 482, 700 𝑇 = 298 𝐾
−11
m2
DAB exp = 4.01x10
s
𝑘𝑔
𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑥 𝐴. 2 𝑁 = 0.8937𝑥10−3 (298𝐾)
𝑚∙𝑠
𝐸𝑞. (6.4 − 1)
(9.40𝑥10−15 )(𝑇)
𝐷𝐴𝐵 = 1
(𝑁)(𝑀𝐴 )3
 (9.40𝑥10−15 )(298) −𝟏𝟏
𝒎𝟐
𝐷𝐴𝐵 = 1 = 𝟑. 𝟗𝟓𝒙𝟏𝟎 𝒔
(0.8937𝑥10−3 )(482,600)3
47. Relation Between Diffusivity and Permeability. The gas hydrogen is diffusing
through a sheet of vulcanized rubber 20 mm thick at 25oC. The partial pressure of H2
inside 1.5 atm and 0 outside. Using the data from Table 6.5-1, calculate the following.
a. The diffusivity DAB from the permeability PM and solubility S and compare
with the value in Table 6.5-1.
b. The flux NA of H2 at steady state.

Solution:

𝑎. ) 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 6.5 − 1 𝐷𝑀 = 0.342(10−10 ) 𝐿 = 0.02 𝑚

2
𝑚
𝐷𝐴𝐵 = 0.85𝑥10−9 𝑆 = 0.040 𝑚3
𝑠
𝐸𝑞. (6.5 − 9)
𝑃𝑀
𝑃𝑀 = 𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝑆 ; 𝐷𝐴𝐵 =
𝑆
0.0342𝑥10−10 𝒎𝟐
𝐷𝐴𝐵 = = 𝟖. 𝟓𝟓𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟎
0.040 𝒔
𝑏. 𝐸𝑞. (6.5 − 8)
𝑃𝑀 (𝑝𝐴1 − 𝑝𝐴2 )
𝑁𝐴 = ; 𝑝𝐴1 = 1.5 𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑝𝐴2 = 0 𝑎𝑡𝑚
22.414(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )
0.342𝑥10−10 (1.50)
=
22.414(0.020)
𝒌𝒈𝒎𝒐𝒍
𝑵𝑨 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟒𝟒𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟎
𝒔 ∙ 𝒎𝟐

48. Diffusion of CO2 through Rubber. A flat plug 30 mm thick having an area of 4.0 x
10-4 m2 and made of vulcanized rubber used for closing an opening in a container. The
gas CO2 at 25oC and 2.0 atm pressure is inside the container. Calculate the total leakage
or diffusion of CO2 through the plug to the outside in kgmol/CO2/s at steady state. Assume
that the partial pressure of CO2. The diffusivity is 0.11 x10-9 m2/s.

Given:
30
𝐿= = 0.030𝑚 𝐴 = 4.0𝑥10−4 𝑚2 𝑇 = 25𝑜 𝐶 𝑝𝐴1 = 2.0 𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑎𝑏𝑠
1000
−9
𝑚2
𝑆 = 0.90 𝐷𝐴𝐵 = 0.11𝑥10
𝑠
Solution:

𝑆𝑝𝐴1 0.90(2.0) 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑐𝐴1 = = = 8.031𝑥10−2 3
22.44 22.44 𝑚 𝑟𝑢𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑟
̅𝑁
̅̅𝐴̅ 𝐷𝐴𝐵 (𝑐𝐴1 − 𝑐𝐴2 )
𝑁𝐴 =
=
𝐴 𝑧2 − 𝑧1
(4𝑥10 )(0.11𝑥10 )(8.031𝑥10−2 )
−4 −9
𝒌𝒈𝒎𝒐𝒍
̅𝐴 =
𝑁 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟕𝟖𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟑
0.030 𝒔
49. Estimation of Diffusivity of Methanol in H2O. The diffusivity of dilute methanol in
water has been determined experimentally to be 1.26 x 10 -9m2/s at 288 K.
a. Estimate the diffusivity at 293 K using the Wilke-Chang Equation.
b. Estimate the diffusivity at 293 K by correcting the experimental value at 288 K
to 293 K (Hint: Do this by using the relationship DAB α T/μB).

Given:
𝑇 = 293𝐾 𝐶𝐻3 𝑂𝐻(𝐴) 𝐻2 𝑂(𝐵) 𝑀𝐵 = 18
𝑘𝑔
𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑥 𝐴. 2 𝑁𝐵 = 1.005𝑥10−3
𝑚∙𝑠
Solution:
𝑚3
𝑣𝐴 = (0.0148) + 4(0.0037) + (0.0074) = 0.0370
𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙
1
−16
(𝜎𝐵 𝑀𝐵 )2 (293)
𝐷𝐴𝐵 = 1.173𝑥10 𝜎𝐵 = 2.6
𝑁𝐵 𝑣𝑎0.6
𝑎.
1
1.173𝑥10−6 (2.6𝑥18)2 (293)
=
(1.005𝑥10−3 )(0.0370)0.6
−𝟗
𝒎𝟐
𝑫𝑨𝑩 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟗𝟐𝒙𝟏𝟎
𝒔
−3
𝑘𝑔
𝑏. 𝑇 = 288 𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑥 𝐴. 2 𝑁𝐵 = 1.1404𝑥10
𝑚∙𝑠
−9
293 1.1404 −𝟗
𝒎𝟐
𝐷𝐴𝐵 = 1.26𝑥10 ( )( ) = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟓𝟓𝒙𝟏𝟎
288 1.005 𝒔
50. Estimation of Diffusivity of a Binary Gas. For a mixture of ethanol (CH3CH2OH)
vapor and methane (CH4), predict the diffusivity using the methanol of Fuller et al.
a. At 1.0132 x 105 Pa and 298 and 373 K
b. At 2.20265 x 105 Pa and 298 K

Given:
𝐴 = 𝐶𝐻4 𝑀𝐴 = 16 𝐵 = 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝐻2 𝑂𝐻 𝑀𝐵 = 46.1 𝑇 = 298𝐾 𝑃 = 1.0𝑎𝑡𝑚
Solution:

∑ 𝑣𝐴 = 1(16.5) + 4(1.98) = 24.42

∑ 𝑣𝐵 = 2(16.5) + 6(1.98) + 5.48 = 50.36

1 1
1 1 2 1 1 2
(1𝑥10−7 )(𝑇1.75 ) ( +
𝑀𝐴 𝑀𝐵 ) (1𝑥10−7 )(2981.75 ) (16.04 + 46.1)
𝐷𝐴𝐵 = =
1 1 2 1 1 2
𝑃 (∑ 𝑣𝑎 + ∑ 𝑣𝐵
3 3) 1.0 (24.423 + 50.363 )
𝑎.
−𝟓
𝒎𝟐
𝑫𝑨𝑩 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟑 𝒙𝟏𝟎 (𝒂𝒕 𝟐𝟗𝟖 𝑲)
𝒔
1.75
373 𝒎𝟐
𝐷𝐴𝐵 = (1.43𝑥10−5 ) ( ) = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟐𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟓 (𝒂𝒕 𝟑𝟕𝟑 𝑲)
298 𝒔
𝑏.
1
𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝛼
𝑝
1 𝒎𝟐
𝐷𝐴𝐵 = 1.43𝑥10−5 ( ) = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟏𝟓𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟓 (𝒂𝒕 𝟐𝟗𝟖 𝑲, 𝟐 𝒂𝒕𝒎)
2 𝒔