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2020

MAL 201E: Materials Science

Course Objective...
Introduce fundamental concepts in Materials
Science
You will learn about:
• material structure
• how structure dictates properties
• how processing can change structure
This course will help you to:
• use materials properly
• realize new design opportunities
with materials
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COURSE MATERIALS (with text)

Contributory texts:

• Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction, W.D. Callister, Jr. and

D.G. Rethwisch, 8th edition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. (2010).
• Lawrence H. Van Vlack, Elements of Materials Science and Engineering,
Literatür Yayıncılık Dağıtım Pazarlama.
• William F. Smith, Principles of Materials Science and Engineering,
McGraw-Hill International Editions.
• Kaşif Onaran, Malzeme Bilimi, Bilim Teknik Yayınevi.
• Kaşif Onaran, Malzeme Bilimi Problemleri ve Çözümleri, Bilim Teknik Yayınevi.

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GRADING
Midterm (MT) 40%
Tentatively scheduled for: 7th or 8th week
Material covered: Will be announced.

Homework (HM) 20%

Tentatively scheduled for: 12th week
Material covered: Will be announced

Final (F): 40%

-VF limit: (MT+HM) / 2 ≥ 35

-Final semester grade (0.40MT+0.20HM+0.40F)
must be ≥ 35
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COURSE SCHEDULE
Topic
Introduction
Atomic Bonding
Crystalline Structures and Imperfections
Applications & Processing of Metal Alloys
Diffusion Mechanism
Mechanical Properties
Electrical Properties/Conduction Materials
Dielectrical Properties
Optical Properties
Magnetic Properties
Thermal Properties

“Lectures will highlight important portions of each chapter.”

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Chapter 1:Introduction to
Fundemental Consepts in Materials
Science
•Introduction to Fundemental Consepts in Materials
Science:

What is materials science and why should we know

about it?

 Clasification of materials:
Metals – Ceramics – Polymers (Plastics) –
Composites

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Chapter 1 - Introduction
• What is materials science?
• Why should we know about it?
– Materials drive our society
• Virtually every segment of our everyday lives (Transportation, housing, clothing,
communication, recreation, food production, …) is influenced to one degree or another by
materials.
• Historically, the development and advancement of societies have been intimately tied to the
members’ ability to produce and manipulate materials to fill their needs. In fact, early
civilizations have been designated by the level of their materials development.

– Stone Age
During which human beeing widely used
stone for tool making:

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With time they discovered techniques for producing materials that had properties
superior to those of the natural ones; these new materials included pottery and
various metals. Furthermore, it was discovered that the properties of a material
could be changed by heat treatments and by the addition of other substances.

– Bronze Age:
During which the most advanced metal working
in that culture used bronze.
-88% Copper (Cu) and 12%Tin (Sn)-

– Iron Age:
During which cutting tools and weapons
were mainly made of iron or steel.

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•It was not until relatively recent times that scientists came to understand the
relationships between the structural elements of materials and their
properties.

•This knowledge, which has been obtained over approximately the past 100
years, has qualified engineers to construct the characteristics of
materials.

•Tens of thousands of different materials have evolved with rather

specialized characteristics that meet the needs of our modern and complex
society; Metals, plastics, glasses, and fibers.

•The development of many technologies that make our existence so

comfortable has been intimately associated with the «accessibility of
suitable materials».

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An advancement in the understanding of a material

type is often the forerunner to the “stepwise
progression of a technology”.
- Automobiles would not have been possible without the availability of
inexpensive steel or some other comparable materials.

- In our contemporary era, sophisticated electronic devices mostly

rely on components that are made from what are called
“semiconducting materials”.

– Now?
• Silicon Age?
• Polymer Age?
• Age of molecular engineering?

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The evolution of engineering materials with time:

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The way the materials have been developed over time to

meet demands on strength and density:

50,000 BC 50 BC 1500 AD

1900 AD 1945 AD ~ TODAY

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~ TODAY

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Polymer foams…..

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Classification of Materials
• Metals
• Ceramics
• Polymers (Plastics)
• Composites

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• METALS:
– Strong, ductile
– High thermal & electrical conductivity
– Opaque, reflective.
•Metals are composed of one or more metallic elements (such as iron, aluminum, copper,
titanium, gold, and nickel), and often also nonmetallic elements (for example, carbon,
nitrogen, and oxygen) in relatively small amounts.

•Atoms in metals and their alloys are arranged in a very orderly manner and in comparison
to the ceramics and polymers: Relatively dense.

•With regard to mechanical characteristics, these materials are relatively stiff - and strong,
as well as ductile (i.e., capable of large amounts of deformation without fracture), which
accounts for their widespread use in structural applications.

•Metallic materials have large numbers of nonlocalized electrons; that is, these electrons are
not bound to particular atoms. Many properties of metals are directly attributable to these
electrons. For example, metals are extremely good conductors of electricity and heat, and
are not transparent to visible light.

•In addition, some of the metals (Fe, Co, and Ni) have desirable magnetic properties.
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• POLYMERS/PLASTICS: Covalent bonding  sharing of e’s

– Soft, ductile, low strength, low density
– Thermal & electrical insulators
– Optically translucent or transparent.

•Many of them are organic compounds that are chemically based on carbon, hydrogen,
and other nonmetallic elements.

•These materials typically have low densities, whereas their mechanical characteristics
are generally dissimilar to the metallic and ceramic materials: They are not as stiff nor as
strong as these other material types.

•However, on the basis of their low densities, many times their stiffnesses and strengths
on a per mass basis are comparable to the metals and ceramics.

•In addition, many of the polymers are extremely ductile, which means they are easily
formed into complex shapes.

•One major drawback to the polymers is their tendency to soften and/or decompose at
modest temperatures, which, in some instances, limits their use.

•Furthermore, they have low electrical conductivities and are nonmagnetic.

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• CERAMICS: ionic bonding – compounds of metallic & non-

metallic elements (oxides, carbides, nitrides, sulfides)
– Brittle, glassy, elastic
– Non-conducting (insulators)

•Ceramics are compounds between metallic and nonmetallic elements.

•With regard to mechanical behavior, ceramic materials are relatively stiff

and strong : stiffnesses and strengths are comparable to those of the
metals.

•In addition, ceramics are typically very hard. On the other hand, they are
extremely brittle (lack ductility), and are highly susceptible to fracture.

•These materials are typically insulative to the passage of heat and

electricity (i.e., have low electrical conductivities), and are more resistant
to high temperatures and harsh environments than metals and polymers.

•With regard to optical characteristics, ceramics may be transparent,

translucent, or opaque.

•Some of the oxide ceramics exhibit magnetic behavior.

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• COMPOSITES:

•A composite is composed of two (or more) individual materials, which come

from the categories: metals, ceramics, and polymers.

•The design goal of a composite is to achieve a combination of properties

that is not displayed by any single material, and also to incorporate the best
characteristics of each of the component materials.

•A large number of composite types exist that are represented by different

combinations of metals, ceramics, and polymers.

•Furthermore, some naturally-occurring materials are also considered to be

composites:Wood and bone.

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dispersed particle-
reinforced continuous fiber-
reinforced (aligned)

continuous fiber-reinforced
(aligned 0o –90o fiber
orientation angle)
discontinuous fiber-reinforced
(aligned)

discontinuous fiber-reinforced
(randomly oriented)

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(multidirectional fiber 29
orientation angle)

Polymer fiber Particle reinforced

reinforced concrete ceramic (concrete)

Polymer fiber
reinforced concrete
Glass fiber reinforced
polymer reinforcement

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Bar-chart of room temperature density values for various

metals, ceramics, polymers and composite materials.

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Bar-chart of room temperature electrical conductivity

ranges for metals, ceramics, polymers and
semiconducting materials.

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Bar-chart of room temperature tensile strength values

for various metals, ceramics, polymers and composite
materials.

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The Materials Selection Process

1. Pick Application Determine required Properties
Properties: mechanical, electrical, thermal,
magnetic, optical, deteriorative.

2. Properties Identify candidate Material(s)

Material: structure, composition.

3. Material Identify required Processing

Processing: changes structure and overall shape

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ELECTRICAL
• Electrical Resistivity of Copper:
•The electrical resistivity versus
temperature for copper and three
copper–nickel alloys, one of which has
been deformed.

Temperature effect: The increase in

thermal vibrations and other lattice
irregularities serve as electron-scattering
centers.

• Adding “impurity” atoms to Cu increases resistivity.

• Deforming Cu increases resistivity.
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THERMAL
Silica fiber insulation
offers low heat conduction

•This photograph shows a white hot cube of

a silica fiber insulation material, which,
only seconds after having been removed
from a hot furnace, can be held by its edges
with the bare hands.

•Initially, the heat transfer from the surface

is relatively rapid; however, the thermal
conductivity of this material is so small that
heat conduction from the interior [maximum
temperature approximately 1250 oC] is
extremely slow.

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• Thermal Conductivity
of Copper:
-- It decreases when
you add zinc! (BRASS)
400
Thermal Conductivity

•Alloying metals with impurities

300 results in a reduction in the thermal
(W/m-K)

200 conductivity, for the same reason

that the electrical conductivity is
100 diminished;
0
0 •The impurity atoms, especially if in
10 20 30 40
Composition (wt% Zinc)
solid solution, act as scattering
centers, lowering the efficiency of
A plot of thermal conductivity versus electron motion.
composition for copper–zinc alloys

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OPTICAL
• Transmittance:
-- Aluminum oxide may be transparent, translucent, or
opaque depending on the material structure.

polycrystal: polycrystal:
single crystal low porosity high porosity

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Fiber optic cables…..

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ADVANCED MATERIALS
• Materials that are utilized in high-technology applications
are sometimes termed advanced materials.

• Devices or products that operate or function using relatively

sophisticated principles:

• Electronic equipment (camcorders, CD/DVD players, etc.),

• Computers,
• Fiber-optic systems,
• Spacecraft, aircraft, and military rocketry

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ADVANCED MATERIALS
• Advanced materials include:

• Semiconductors
• these materials have electrical properties that are intermediate between
the electrical conductors (i.e., metals and metal alloys) and insulators
(electronics and computers)
• Biomaterials
• employed in components implanted into the human body to replace
diseased or damaged body parts.
• Smart (intelligent) materials
• these materials are able to sense changes in their environment and then
respond to these changes in predetermined manners: Shape memory
alloys, piezoelectric ceramics, magnetostrictive materials, and electro-
rheological/magneto-rheological fluids.
• Nano materials
• «nano» denotes that the dimensions of structural entities are on the
order of a nanometer (10–9 m), as a rule, less than 100 nanometers
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Mehmet Toner is Professor of

Surgery (Biomedical Engineering)
at the Massachusetts General
Hospital, Harvard Medical School,
and is the founding director of the
NIH BioMEMS Resource
Center.

Dr. Toner was born in Istanbul, Turkey in July 1958. Dr. Toner received a Bachelor of Science degree
from Istanbul Technical University in 1983 and an M.S. degree from the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology (MIT) in 1985, both in Mechanical Engineering. He subsequently completed his Ph.D. in
Medical Engineering at the Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology (HST) in 1989. He
joined the faculty at the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) and Harvard Medical School as an
Assistant Professor of Biomedical Engineering in 1989, and was promoted to Associate Professor in
1996, and to Professor in 2002. Dr. Toner has a joint appointment as a Professor of Health Sciences
and Technology at the Harvard-MIT Division of HST.

Dr. Toner is internationally recognized for his multidisciplinary approach to

biomedical problems in the areas of low-temperature biology and
biostabilization, tissue engineering and artificial organs, and microsystems
bioengineering in clinical medicine and biology.
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SUMMARY
Course Goals:
• Use the right material for the job.

• Understand the relation between properties,

structure, and processing.

• Recognize new design opportunities offered

by materials selection.

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