UNIT

4
 PORTAFOLIO ENGLISH

CLA SS
A CTIVITIES
AND
HOMEWORKS

UNIT 2
 used to would
v
When we talk about events, states, or habits that took place in the past
and are not happening now, we use used to and would.
Used to: My father used to live in Paris. Would:
sWe would visit my grandmother every summer when I was

.
little.
 For actions and states
 Used with stative verbs
 For an event that happened many times
 Negative: didn’t use to
 Questions: Did (he) use to  More formal
 Used more often  Cannot be used with stative verbs
 No negative or question
Fill in the correct form of used to or would

If both answers are possible- use would

1. Michael Jordan ___used to_ live in Brooklyn, N.Y.

2. When he was young, he used to often play basketball with his older brother.

3. He didn’t used to (not) play only basketball- he played football and baseball
too.

4. He really wanted to grow tall- so he would put salt in his shoes and pray. And
it worked- he did grow tall!

5. When he was a child, he would often dream about winning an Olympic gold
medal.

6. When Michael Jordan played in the NBA, there didn’t use to (not) be 30
teams as there are today.

7. Did you use to cheer for Michael Jordan when he was a Chicago Bulls player?

8. Scottie Pippen is the youngest of 12 children and he used to live in a small

town in Arkansas.

9. When he was young, he would often dream about making the winning shot in
the 7th game of the NBA championship.

10. Did Scottie used to play basketball very well? No, he didn’t.

11. He was on his high school basketball team, but he didn’t use to (not) play
very much.

12. Pippen used to be so skinny- he weighed 150 pounds or 68 kilos- no college

offered him a scholarship.

13. So his coach found him as job as basketball team manager at the University
of Central Arkansas where he used to be in charge of equipment and laundry for
the team.

14. He didn’t use to (not/play) basketball very well- he used to be on the

reserve team.

15. Because many players quit the team, Pippen got a chance to play. He used to
 USED TO, BE USED TO, GET USED TO

USED TO: indicates something that happened in Complete with used to, didn’t use to, be used to
the past, but doesn’t happen now. And DIDN’T or get used to.
USE TO: indicates something that didn’t happen
1. When I was five, I ___used ________ to ___go__
in the past
to the cinema once a week. (go)
‘used to + infinitive’ 2. It took me a long time to _get used___
When I was a child, I used to go to school by bus. to ___wearing_________ glasses. (wear)

3. I am the manager here and I _am used_

BE USED TO: it’s used when something is not to _saying___ what people need to do. (say)
new, unusual or strange for us. It is used in all
tenses. 4. You might find it strange at first. But you __get
used __________________ to it.
I am used to getting up early.
5. Until recently, women _used to______ wear
traditional clothes in this country.

‘be/get used to + noun OR gerund 6. If you go to Britain, you’ll have to _get used_to
_driving___ on the left. (drive)

7. She __used to be_____ quite fit but she stopped

GET USED TO: indicates the process of going to the gym and has gained weight. (be)
something becoming normal for us. It is used in
all tenses. 8. He ______isn’t used to________ the weather
here yet. He thinks it is very cold.
REWRITE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES:

1. Marc ate a lot of pizza when he was a child.

Marc used to eat a lot of pizza when he was a child.

2. Nana speaks good English so she will pass the English exam.

Nana is used to speaking good English so she will pass the English exam.

3. Women wore long skirts in the 19th century.

Women used to wear long skirts in the 19 th century.

4. Julia can skate on the ice for hours, she does it quite well.

Julia is used to skating on the ice for hours, she does it quite well.

5. When I went to school I wore a uniform.

I used to wear a uniform when I went to school.

6. It is difficult for me to get up early but I think I will become accustomed to it in a few days.

It is difficult for me to get up early but I am getting used to it.

7. Kim is a lawyer so she speaks with criminals every day.

Kim is a lawyer, she is used to speaking with criminals every day.

8. Women didn’t vote in elections a long time ago.

Women didn’t used to vote in elections a long time ago.

Gotye (featuring Kimbra)
Somebody That I Used To Know die right lonely you
together
1. Now and then I think of when we were
together
Like when you said you felt so happy you
could die
Told myself that you were right _ for me
But felt so lonely in your company
But that was love and it's an ache I still

2. You can get addicted to a certain kind of

sadness. Like resignation to the end, always
the end. So when we found that we could
not make sense. Well you said that we
would still be friends. But I'll admit that I
was glad that it was over.

3. & 6. But you didn't have to cut me off

Make out like it never happened and that we were nothing 
And I don't even need your love
But you treat me like a stranger and that feels so rough
No you didn't have to stop so low
Have your friends collect your records and then change your number
I guess that I don’t that though
Now you're just somebody that I used to know x3

4. Now and then I think 5. Number The Sentences

of all the times you
_5 somebody that you used to know
screwed me over
But had me believing it _3 You said that you could let it go
was always something _1 And I don't wanna live that way
that I'd done _4 And I wouldn't catch you hung up on
_2 Reading into every word you say
 O B L I G A T I O N
MUST -Personal Obligation
Strong recommendation PRESENT
HAVE TO -External obligation
Necessity
1.- She lives far from her office. She ...has to.....
leave very early every morning.
2.- Notice in a picture gallery: ‘Cameras, sticks
and umbrellas must be left at the desk.
3.- He sees very badly; he has to wear
glasses all the time.
4.- My boss says that I must stay at work
until six o’clock. It’s not fair!
5.- You must read this books. It’s excellent.
6.- If you have a dog, you have to take it
out for a walk twice a day.
7.- Farmers have to get up early.
8.- We are lost. We have to ask somebody.
9.- Railway notice: ‘Passengers must
cross the line by the footbridge’.
10.-. When a tyre is punctured, the driver
has to change the wheel.
11.- Tell her that she .....must be here by six; I
insist on it.
12.- The shops here don’t deliver; we have to
carry everything home ourselves.
13.- .- Whenever the dog wants to go out, I .
have to get up and open the door.
14.- Father to son: ‘I can’t support you any
longer. You must earn your own living’
15.- Mr. Pitt has to cook his own meals.
His wife is away.
16.- I never remember his address; I always
have to look it up.
17.- Employer: ‘You must come to
work on time’.
18.- When you go to a private dentist, you
have to pay him quite a lot of money.
19.- Father to small son: ‘You must do
what mummy says’.
20.- You must listen to their new
song. You’re going to like it.
MUSTN’T – prohibition
DON’T HAVE TO – lack of obligation
NEEDN’T - lack of obligation
from speakers view
1. I want this letter typed, but you needn’t /
don’t have to do it today. Tomorrow will
do.
2.- You don’t have to make your own bed. The
maid will do it.
3.- We mustn’t open the lion’s cage.
It’s contrary to zoo regulations.
4.- Police notice: ‘Cars mustn’t be parked
here’.
5.- You mustn’t smoke in a non-smoking
compartment.
6.- You mustn’t go to the shops
today. There’s plenty of food at home.
7.- Church notice: ‘Visitors mustn’t walk
about the church during a service’.
8.- Mother to child: ‘You mustn’t play with
matches.
9.- You needn’t clean the windows. The
window cleaner is coming tomorrow.
10.- You needn’t carry that parcel home
yourself; the shop will send it.
11.- You mustn’t take anything out of a
shop without paying for it.
12.- You mustn’t put salt in any of her
dishes. She’s got high blood pressure.
13.- We needn’t make any more
sandwiches. We’ve got plenty now.
14.- You mustn’t talk to the other
candidates during the exam.
15.- You mustn’t strike a match. The
room is full of gas.
16.- You needn’t turn on the light. It’s clear
enough.
17.- You mustn’t tell lies. That’s something
awful.
18.- You needn’t ring the bell. I’ve got the key.
19.- Notice in a cinema: ‘Exit doors mustn’t be
locked during performances.
20.- You mustn’t drink this. It’s poison.
REPHRASING – TRANSFORM THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS

1.- It isn’t necessary for us to finish the project until next week.
We don’t have to finish the project until next week

2.- Stop making so much noise. I’m trying to listen to the news.
You must stop making so much noise.

3.- Chewing gum is not allowed in the classroom.

You mustn’t chew gum in the classroom

4.- It’s necessary for Mary to take her dog out three times a day.
Mary has to take her dog out three times a day

5.- It’s isn’t necessary for you to give me an answer right now.
We don’t have to give an answer right now

6.- Students aren’t allowed to use their dictionaries during the exam.
Students mustn’t use their dictionaries during the exam

7.- It’s compulsory for people to pay taxes.

People have to pay taxes

8.- It isn’t necessary for you to ask for permission every time you want to use the phone.
You needn’t/don’t have to ask for permission every time you want to use the phone

9.- Pick up everything you’ve left on the floor.

You must pick up everything you’ve left on the floor.

10.- It’s necessary for construction workers to wear a helmet.

Construction workers have to wear a helmet

11.- People aren’t allowed to feed the animals in a zoo.

People mustn’t feed the animals in a zoo

12.- It’s necessary for people to get a work permit to live in the USA.
People have to get a work permit to live in the USA

13.- It was forbidden for them to leave the office before 6 o’clock.
They weren’t allowed to leave the office before 6

14.- It wasn’t necessary for their parents to emigrate.

Their parents didn’t have to emigrate

15.- It will be necessary for Harry apologise for his behaviour.

Harry will have to apologise for his behaviour

16.- It is compulsory to fill in all the application forms to apply for the job.
You have to fill in all the application forms to apply for the job

17.- You phoned the fire brigade unnecessarily. I put the fire out myself.
You needn’t have phoned the fire brigade.

18.- I insist on talking to the manager immediately.

I must talk to the manager immediately.
 PORTAFOLIO ENGLISH

VOCA BULA RY

UNIT 4
 Affect (afectar): have an effect on; make a difference to.
Effect (efecto): a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause.
Cause (causa): a person or thing that gives rise to an action, phenomenon, or
condition.
Lead (dirigir): cause (a person or animal) to go with one by holding them by the hand,
a halter, a rope, etc. while moving forward.
Result (resultado): a consequence, effect, or outcome of something.
Punishing (agotador): inflict a penalty or sanction on (someone) as retribution for an
offense, especially a transgression of a legal or moral code.
Strict (estricta): demanding that rules concerning behavior are obeyed and observed.
Tough (Duro): (of a substance or object) strong enough to withstand adverse
conditions or rough or careless handling.
Arduous (ardua): involving or requiring strenuous effort; difficult and tiring.
Gruelling (agotador): extremely tiring and demanding.
Rigorous (reguroso): extremely thorough, exhaustive, or accurate.
Tricky (dificil): (of a task, problem, or situation) requiring care and skill because
difficult or awkward.
Demanding (exigente): (of a task) requiring much skill or effort.
Awkward (incomodo): causing difficulty; hard to do or deal with or causing or feeling
embarrassment or inconvenience.
Testing (pruebas): testing, proof, checkup, ascertainment, substantiation.
Delicate (delicate): very fine in texture or structure; of intricate workmanship or quality
or easily broken or damaged; fragile.
Straightforward (simple): uncomplicated and easy to do or understand.
Struggle (lucha): make forceful or violent efforts to get free of restraint or constriction
or a forceful or violent effort to get free of restraint or resist attack.
Programming (programación): the action or process of scheduling something,
especially radio or television programs.
Stretched (estirada): stretched, drawn, stiff, stretched tight, tight, tense.
Challenge (desafío): a call to take part in a contest or competition, especially a duel. an
objection or query as to the truth of something, often with an implicit demand for proof.
Include (incluir): comprise or contain as part of a whole.
Struggle (lucha): make forceful or violent efforts to get free of restraint or constriction.
 Cushion (amortiguar): a pillow or pad stuffed with a mass of soft material, used as a
comfortable support for sitting or leaning on.
Busy (ocupado): having a great deal to do.
Vocabulary

4A Activity A
Cause and result

Work in pairs. Match 1–9 with a–i to make sentences.

1 The new law could lead a on our lives.
2 The roadworks are likely to cause b in job losses.
3 Art can have a positive effect c the result of the election.
4 We are living longer as a result d to more protests.
5 The new plans could result e on younger people.
6 Their decision could affect f more delays.
7 Fizzy drinks have a negative effect g that this drug may have.
8 Doctors don’t know the effect h of better healthcare.
9 Pop stars can have a big influence i on our health.

Activity B
Read the ideas in the agenda below. Then discuss the situations. Write sentences
giving your opinion on each idea in the agenda below. Use the prompts in the box.
Then discuss the situations.

This could have a positive/negative effect because … This could result in …

This will/may affect … I think this will lead to … This will have an influence on …
This will probably cause … I think … as a result of this.

RADICAL AGENDA FOR CHANGE

These ideas have emerged from a working party on CHAGE
proposals to transform our lives for the better. Please
discuss the suggestions and tell us your views.
AHEAD!
1 Teenagers must stay at school until they are 18.

I think this will lead to is necessary for to learn a lot of things

2 People should only be paid their salary every three months.

This will probably cause economic problems in your families
3 Smartphones should be banned on all forms of transport.

This could have a positive because so people can talk to each other more.
4 People can only work four days a week.

This will have an influence on their lifestyle because they are used to working 5
days a week.
5 The age people are allowed to drive should be lowered to 16.

I think this will lead to many accidents because they are too young to drive a car.
6 Parents are not allowed to take their children to school by car.

This could have a negative effect because children can get sick if it rains.

Cambridge English Empower B2 Teacher’s Book © Cambridge University Press 2015

PHOTOCOPIABLE 210
 PORTAFOLIO ENGLISH

GRA MA R

UNIT 4