ELEMENTARY

_____________________________________________________MODAL VERBS

O B L I G A T I O N

MUST -Personal Obligation MUSTN’T – prohibition

Strong recommendation PRESENT DON’T HAVE TO – lack of obligation
HAVE TO -External obligation NEEDN’T - lack of obligation
Necessity from speakers view

1.- She lives far from her office. 1.- I want Shethis ...................
letter typed, but you ......................
leave very early every morning. do it today. Tomorrow will do.
MODAL PRESENT 2.- Notice in aFUTURE picture gallery: 2.- You‘Cameras, PAST make your own bed. The
.......................
sticks
and umbrellas ...…...... bemaid left atwillthe dodesk.
it.
3.- He sees very badly; he3.- ...................
We ...........................
wear open the lion’s cage.
MUST glasses all the time.
I must remember to pay I must remember to pay I had to pay the phone It’s contrary to zoo regulations.
the phone bill 4.- My boss says that
the phone billI tomorrow
....................
4.- Police bill notice:
stay at‘Cars work ...................... be parked
until six o’clock. It’s not fair! here’.
5.- You ................ read this 5.-books.
You ...................
It’s excellent. smoke in a non-smoking
6.- If you have a dog, you .....................
compartment. take it
HAVE TO I have to wear glasses I will have to wear I had to wear glasses
out for a walk twice a day. 6.- You .............................. go to the shops
glasses
7.- Farmers ........................ get today.
up early.
There’s plenty of food at home.
8.- We are lost. We …………… 7.- Church ask somebody.
notice: ‘Visitors .................. walk
9.- Railway notice: ‘Passengers about ...................
the church during a service’.
cross the line by the footbridge’. 8.- Mother to child: ‘You .................. play with
MUSTN’T We mustn’t smoke here
10.-. When Weamustn’t smoke inmatches’.
tyre is punctured, theWe driver weren’t allowed to
the future
...................... change9.- theYouwheel. smoke at school
........................ clean the windows. The
11.- Tell her that she ........……window be herecleaner by six;isI coming tomorrow.
insist on it. 10.- You .................... carry that parcel home
12.- The shops here don’t deliver; yourself;
we .................
the shop will send it.
carry everything home 11.-ourselves.
You ...................... take anything out of a
13.- .- Whenever the dog wants shopto gowithout
out, I paying
. for it.
NEEDN’T You needn’t wait for me You needn’t
............... get up and wait12.-for You
open me You needn’tput
the ....................
door. havesaltwaited
in any of her
tomorrow morning
14.- Father to son: ‘I can’t support dishes. for
youShe’s me. Thanks,
any got high blood anyway! pressure.
1.- If you come to my school next term , you (not) ...........................................
longer. You .............. 13.-earnWe your wear a uniform.
........................
own living’ make any more
2.- When I didn’t have a job. I (not) ……………………… get up so earlycook
15.- Mr. Pitt ......................... every hisday.
sandwiches. own meals.
We’ve got plenty now.
3.- She is taking part in the next tennis championship, so
His wife is away. she ……………………………train
14.- You .................... talk every
to the day.
other
4.- My parents are very tolerant. I (not) ………………………………….ask
16.- I never remember his address; for permission
candidatesI always when
during the exam. I
want to do something ................... look it up.15.- You ...................... strike a match. The
5.- WhenNEED
DON’T we were TOat school He’swe so (not)
clever.………………………………
He17.- Employer: He doesn’t needwear to mini-skirts.
roomHe
‘You ........................ is
come knew
full all the answers,
oftogas.
6.- If you win the lottery,doesn’tyou (not) ………………………………..
need to study.work studyon time’. work16.-
for tomorrow’s anyYou longer.
so he didn’t need
…………...... to study
turn on the light. It’s clear
7.- This cake is delicious. You …………………………………. 18.- Whenexam. you go totaste it! enough.
a private dentist, you
8.- Don’t worry about the cleaning. You (not) …………………………………do He won’tpay
.................... needhimto 17.-study
quite Youa lot itofright
...……….....
money. now.tell lies. That’s something
9.- You (not, buy) …………………………… so much food.
when There
he gets
19.- Father to small son: ‘You awful. were
a job. only
........................for
four of us dodinner.
10.- Women (not) ………………………………….. vote at the beginning of the twentieth
what mummy says’. 18.- You ……....... ring the bell. I’ve got the key. century.
11.- I don’t want you to get wet in the rain.20.- YouYou……………………………
............................
19.-listen carry
Notice your
to theirin a newumbrella.
cinema: ‘Exit doors .............. be
12.- You (not) …………………………… criticize other people. It’s
song. You’re going to like it. something horrible.
locked during performances’.
13.- If you ride a motorbike, you …………………………………… wear 20.-aYou crash helmet. drink this. It’s poison.
..................
14.- Good! The bus is coming. I (not) ……………………………….. wait any longer.
15.- To work in the laboratory, we ………………………………… wear a white robe.
16.- If she ...................................... leave early, she ...................................... go now.
17.- You (not) .................................... wake me up. I have my own alarm clock.
18.- You (not) ...................................... park here. It isn’t a parking zone.
19.- (you) ……………………………….. take your car to the garage last week?
20.- When you go on holiday next week, you ……………………… phone me everyday or I’ll be worried.
21.- You (not, spend) ………………………….. so much money on my present. It was far too expensive.
22.- Fortunately, I (not) ……………………….. buy a new TV set. It started working properly again.
ELEMENTARY
_____________________________________________________MODAL VERBS

MUST - MUSTN’T - HAVE TO – DON’T HAVE TO

1.- You ............... do your homework as soon as you leave school. I don’t want you to
be lazy.
2.- Children .................... (not) say rude words.
3.- You .........................(not) drive a car when you drink.
4.- It’s Saturday today. I .........................(not) go to work.
5.- I ........................ clean the house after the party last week.
6.- We ............................ help him to start walking again after the accident he had.
7.- Last week she .................. look after her sister’s children at the weekend.
8.- Students ......................... (not) cheat in exams.
9.- Children ....................... play with other children to socialise.
10.- I ..............................(not) ask anybody for a lift. I had my own car.
11.- I want to learn to do it by myself. You .........................(not) help me.
12.- You ............................. (not) eat with your fingers.
13.- You ............................ start a diet if you don’t lose weight with exercise.
14.- ............................(you) cook for your family everyday?
15.- ............................(you) cook for your guests last Saturday?
16.- We’ve got enough coffee. We .............................(not) buy any more.
17.- Nobody was hungry, so I ……………(not) cook anything.
18.- It’s raining. I ...............................carry an umbrella.
19.- The doctor always tells me I ................................ (not) eat fattening things.
20.- I’ve already done the washing up. You ……………… (not) do it.
21.- Notice in a museum: People .................... (not) touch exhibited paintings.
22.- There are no stamps. I …………….. buy some at the Post Office
23.- We ………………………..(not) pay anything. It’s a free buffet.
24.- ................................. (you) get a visa to travel to USA?
25.- You ……………………… be careful!
26.- The film was very interesting. You ................. go and see it.
27.- My mother always tells me that I ................... clean my own shoes, but I forget.
28.- As there was a general transport strike, we .................. walk to our house.
29.- I ................... (not) take an invitation with me. They know I am one of the guests.
30.- You ...............................(not) work very hard at my school. The lessons are very
easy.
31.- She will come round, so I .....................................(not) phone her.
32.- We ..........................(not) miss the bus or we won’t be in time for the theatre.
33.- You ...............................(not) move - the robbers told us.
34.- Park notice: ‘All dogs ............................... be kept on leads.
35.- If you have a rich father, you ...............................(not) work at all.
36.- The baby is allergic to cereals. We (not) ………………..give him any bread.
37.- I …………………… a lot of medicines since I go this cold.
38.- You (not) ………………………. hit a child if he does something wrong.
39.- I ……………….. look up this word in the dictionary. I don’t know its meaning.
40.- Children, you ……………. tidy your room immediately. It’s all in a mess.
ELEMENTARY
_____________________________________________________MODAL VERBS

REPHRASING – TRANSFORM THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING MODALS

1.- It isn’t necessary for us to finish the project until next week.
_______________________________________________________________

2.- Stop making so much noise. I’m trying to listen to the news.
_______________________________________________________________

3.- Chewing gum is not allowed in the classroom.

_______________________________________________________________

4.- It’s necessary for Mary to take her dog out three times a day.
_______________________________________________________________

5.- It’s isn’t necessary for you to give me an answer right now.
_______________________________________________________________

6.- Students aren’t allowed to use their dictionaries during the exam.
_______________________________________________________________

7.- It’s compulsory for people to pay taxes.

_______________________________________________________________

8.- It isn’t necessary for you to ask for permission every time you want to use the phone.
_______________________________________________________________

9.- Pick up everything you’ve left on the floor.

_______________________________________________________________

10.- It’s necessary for construction workers to wear a helmet.

_______________________________________________________________

11.- People aren’t allowed to feed the animals in a zoo.

_______________________________________________________________

12.- It’s necessary for people to get a work permit to live in the USA.
_______________________________________________________________

13.- It was forbidden for them to leave the office before 6 o’clock.
_______________________________________________________________

14.- It wasn’t necessary for their parents to emigrate.

_______________________________________________________________

15.- It will be necessary for Harry apologise for his behaviour.

_______________________________________________________________

16.- It is compulsory to fill in all the application forms to apply for the job.
_______________________________________________________________

17.- You phoned the fire brigade unnecessarily. I put the fire out myself.
_______________________________________________________________

18.- I insist on talking to the manager immediately.

_______________________________________________________________
ELEMENTARY
_____________________________________________________MODAL VERBS

KEY
Page 1 left Page 1 right

1. has to 1. needn’t / don’t have to

2. must 2. don’t have to
3. has to 3. mustn’t
4. must 4. mustn’t
5. must 5. mustn’t
6. have to 6. needn’t / don’t have to
7. have to 7. mustn’t
8. have to 8. mustn’t
9. must 9. needn’t / don’t have to
10. has to 10. needn’t / don’t have to
11. must 11. mustn’t
12. have to 12. mustn’t
13. have to 13. needn’t / don’t have to
14. must 14. mustn’t
15. has to 15. mustn’t
16. have to 16. needn’t / don’t have to
17. must 17. mustn’t
18. have to 18. needn’t / don’t have to
19. must 19. mustn’t
20. must 20. mustn’t

Page 2

1. won’t have to Page 3

2. didn’t have to
3. has to 1. must
2. mustn’t
4. don’t have to
3. mustn’t
5. weren’t allowed to 4. don’t have to
6. won’t have to 5. had to
7. must 6. had / have had
8. needn’t 7. had to
9. needn’t have bought 8. mustn’t
10. weren’t allowed to 9. have to
11. must 10. didn’t have to
11. needn’t
12. mustn’t
12. mustn’t
13. have to 13. will have to
14. won’t have to 14. do you have to
15. have to 15. did you have to
16. has to will have 16. needn’t / don’t have to
17. needn’t / don’t have to 17. didn’t have to
18. mustn’t 18. have to
19. Did you have to 19. mustn’t
20. needn’t
20. must
21. mustn’t
21. needn’t have spent 22. have to
22. didn’t have to 23. don’t have to
24. do you have to
25. must
26. must
27. must
28. had to
29. don’t have to
30. don’t have to
31. won’t have to
32. mustn’t
33. mustn’t
34. must
35. don’t have to
36. mustn’t
37. have had
38. mustn’t
39. have to
40. must
ELEMENTARY
_____________________________________________________MODAL VERBS

Page 4

1. We don’t have to finish the project until next week

2. You must stop making so much noise.
3. You mustn’t chew gum in the classroom
4. Mary has to take her dog out three times a day
5. We don’t have to give an answer right now
6. Students mustn’t use their dictionaries during the exam
7. People have to pay taxes
8. You needn’t/don’t have to ask for permission every time you want to use the phone
9. You must pick up everything you’ve left on the floor.
10. Construction workers have to wear a helmet
11. People mustn’t feed the animals in a zoo
12. People have to get a work permit to live in the USA
13. They weren’t allowed to leave the office before 6
14. Their parents didn’t have to emigrate
15. Harry will have to apologise for his behaviour
16. You have to fill in all the application forms to apply for the job
17. You needn’t have phoned the fire brigade.
18. I must talk to the manager immediately.
Introduccion
Matematica ali
Modelo
ELEMENTARY
_____________________________________________________MODAL VERBS

Método
Las ecuaciones de gobierno 1 y 3 sometidas a las condiciones de contorno apropiadas dadas
en la Figura 2 se resolvieron utilizando un método de volumen finito basado en Gosman et al.
basado en Gosman et al. (1969). Se utilizó el upwinding para los términos de inercia con el fin
de garantizar que los coeficientes que surgen en el algoritmo sean siempre positivos o, en el
peor de los casos, nulos, lo que garantiza la estabilidad numérica y la convergencia. A 51 x
51 con agrupación en la dirección vertical en la dirección vertical. Las cuadrículas
estrechamente espaciadas cerca de la pared del fondo debido a los fuertes gradientes de
temperatura. de la temperatura. El patrón de rejilla se muestra en la figura 3. Después de
Después de cada iteración del solucionador de convección, la ecuación 4 se resolvió
mediante una técnica de diferencias finitas explícitas, y los nuevos valores se obtienen para
las temperaturas en las paredes. Estos se utilizan como condiciones de contorno para la
siguiente iteración del solucionador de convección de convección. En cuanto a la evaluación
de los términos radiativos que surgen en la ecuación 4, se utilizó el método de irradiación de
radiosidad estándar se utilizó el método de irradiación de radiosidad estándar. El patrón de
malla para la convección se mantuvo para
radiación, y los factores de vista requeridos se evaluaron por el método de cuerdas cruzadas
de Hottel (Hottel y Saroffim 1967). Un procedimiento exactamente similar se utilizó para la
radiación en una investigación anterior de los autores (Balaji y Saroffim, 1967). investigación
anterior de los autores (Balaji y Venkateshan 1994). Los cálculos se detuvieron cuando la
máxima diferencia de entre iteraciones sucesivas en cualquiera de los 2.601 nodos nodos
estaba dentro del 0,1%. La precisión especificada anteriormente era
suficiente para obtener los números Nusselt con un error del 1,5%. por ciento. Los números
Nusselt locales se obtuvieron a partir de las temperaturas utilizando las primeras derivadas. y
los números Nusselt medios se evaluaron mediante integración numérica utilizando se

evaluaron mediante integración numérica utilizando regla trapezoidal. Los números de

Nusselt radiativos locales Nu, fueron
evaluados a partir de la relación Nu, =LN,,((T/T,$ - I), y los números Nusselt radiativos medios
Nus se evaluaron mediante la regla regla trapezoidal.
El método utilizado medió el aumento de la transmisión de calor en la superficie de la
ranura vertical, donde ocurría una transferencia de calor por convección
comparándolo a la transferencia de calor por conducción y radiación existentes, por
medio del cálculo del número de Nusselt.
Grid- validation Ostz
Estudio de la independencia de la red
Se ha realizado una serie de cálculos para el conjunto de parámetros indicados en la Tabla 1
para determinar el efecto del tamaño de la cuadrícula en la solución. A partir de este ejercicio,
se encontró que la diferencia en el número Nusselt obtenido con una cuadrícula de 51 x 51 y
una de 61 x 61 es 61 x 61 es sólo del 1,8%; por lo tanto, todos los cálculos del presente
estudio se realizaron con una malla de 51 x 51.
ELEMENTARY
_____________________________________________________MODAL VERBS

Validación
Para el caso de la ranura con paredes derecha e inferior adiabáticas y pared izquierda
isotérmica, los cálculos se hicieron para E = 0, y los resultados se correlacionaron como Nun
= 0,436 Rai.258. Esto se compara bien con la correlación Nun = 0,42 Rakz6, dada por Lage
et al. (1992). En Balaji y Venkateshan (1994) se encuentran resultados más detallados para
esta geometría con emisividades no nulas. Cuando se compara con el caso clásico de placa
plana vertical para el que Nu = 0,59 Rak", la correlación para la cavidad abierta (0,436 Ra$58
o 0,42 Rakzh) predice un número de Nusselt un 18-20 por ciento menor. Esto se debe a que,
en el caso de la ranura vertical, el fluido no puede entrar en la ranura desde el fondo y los
lados. El campo de flujo se muestra en la figura 1. También se ha observado que, a medida
que aumenta A (permaneciendo fijas todas las demás condiciones), los índices de
transferencia de calor descienden, lo que es coherente con lo anterior y con el hecho de que
las capas límite de la pared tienden a restringir el flujo entrante.
La obtención de números de Nusselt inferiores a 1, indicó que los índices de
transferencia de calor descendieron en la ranura vertical. Debido a que, el fluido no
pudo entrar en la ranura por el fondo y los lados, además, de que las capas límite de
la pared tendieron a restringir el flujo entrante.

Conclu
Se ha realizado una investigación numérica de la conducción, la convección y la radiación
combinadas en una ranura utilizando un método de volúmenes finitos. El estudio ha
demostrado la importancia del acoplamiento conjugado a la hora de determinar las tasas de
transferencia de calor tanto convectiva como radiativa. Aunque la radiación por sí misma
puede contribuir hasta el 30% de la transferencia total de calor, se comprobó que el
acoplamiento por radiación no es grave. En vista de ello, la radiación puede desacoplarse sin
ninguna pérdida significativa de precisión. Se desarrollaron correlaciones para las tasas de
transferencia de calor convectivo y radiativo de la ranura. Los distintos términos de la
correlación se eligieron tras una cuidadosa consideración. La discusión detallada de estas
correlaciones ha proporcionado mucha información sobre la física del problema.
El estudio demostró la importancia del acoplamiento conjugado para determinar las
tasas de transferencia de calor por convección y radiación. Se determinó por
correlación que la radicación puede desacoplarse, al no representar un alto
porcentaje de trasferencia de calor.

Flow (graficas) Jaz

Correlacion-convection. Radiaton Frank