AMERICAN INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY BANGLADESH

Faculty of Engineering
Laboratory Report Cover Sheet

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Please submit all reports to your subject supervisor or the office of the concerned faculty.

Laboratory Title: Study of the performance back up protection by O/C relays.

Experiment Number: 07 Due Date: 10-4-2021 Semester: Spring 20-21
Subject Code: EEE_____ Subject Name: Power system protection lab Section: A
Course Instructor: SUSMITA GHOSH Degree Program: BSc. Engg. (EEE)

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Group Number (if applicable): 7 Individual Submission Group Submission

No. Student Name Student Number Student Signature Date

Submitted by:

1 Md. Nafim Mahmud Bhuiyan 18-36352-1 10-4-21

Group Members:

2 Goutam Biswas 18-36356-2 10-4-21

3 Ariful Islam 18-36322-1 10-4-21

4 Md. Riazul Islam 18-37164-1 10-4-21

5 Md. Tariqul Islam 17-35343-3 10-4-21

6 Abdullah Al Mukit 15-29864-2 10-4-21

For faculty use only: Total Marks: _______

Faculty comments_________________________ Marks Obtained: _______

________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________
 Title: Study of the performance of back up protection by O/C relays.

Abstract: The objective of this experiment is to:

1) It must recognize the existence of all faults which occur within its prescribed zone
ofprotection.
2) It must detect the failure of the primary protection to clear any fault as planned.
3) In clearing the fault from the system, it must
a) Initiate the tripping of the minimum number of circuit breakers.
b) Operate fast enough (consistent with coordination requirements) to maintain
system stability, prevent excessive equipment damage, and maintain a
prescribed degree of service continuity.

Theory: The overcurrent relay is defined as the relay, which operates only when the value
ofthe current is greater than the relay setting time. It protects the equipment of the power
system from the fault current.

Fig 1: Over Current Relay

In an over current relay, there would be essentially a current coil. When normal current flows
through this coil, the magnetic effect generated by the coil is not sufficient to move the moving
element of the relay, as in this condition the restraining force is greater than deflecting force.
But when the current through the coil increases, the magnetic effect increases, and after a
certainlevel of current, the deflecting force generated by the magnetic effect of the coil, crosses
the restraining force. As a result, the moving element starts moving to change the contact
position in the relay. Although there are different types of overcurrent relays but basic working
principle of overcurrent relay is more or less same for all.

Back-up protection is the name given to a protection which backs the primary protection
whenever the primary protection failed to operate during fault condition. The back-up
protection by definition is slower than the primary protection system. The design of the back-up
protection needs to be coordinated with the design of the primary protection and essentially it
is the second line of defense after the primary protection system.

Back-up protection may be obtained automatically as an inherent feature of the main

protection scheme, or separately by means of additional equipment. Time graded schemes such
as over current or distance protection schemes are examples of those providing inherent back-
up protection; the faulty section is normally isolated discriminatively by the time grading, but if
the appropriate relay fails or the circuit breaker fails to trip, the next relay in the grading sequence
will complete its operation and trip the associated circuit breaker, thereby interrupting the fault
circuit one section further back. In this way complete back-up cover is obtained; one more section
is isolated than is desirable but this is inevitable in the event of the failure of a circuit breaker.

Fig 2: Concept of backup Relay.

Back up protection by Over

current relays:
The extent and type of back-up protection which is applied will naturally be related to the failure
risks and relative economic importance of the system. For distribution systems where fault
clearance times are not critical, time delayed remote back-up protection is adequate but for EHV
systems, where system stability is at risk unless a fault is cleared quickly, local back-up, as
described above, should be chosen.
In this experiment, the backup protection of a radial feeder as shown in the figure is considered.

Fig 3: Back up protection by Over current relays

Normally for fault at P on one of the two feeders, the O/C relay at A and relay at B should pick
up the fault but CB at A should be clear the fault first. Here the fault is being sensed by the relay
at A correctly but the CB at A fails to clear the fault. So, after some delay the relay at B closes its
contacts and CB at B will clear the fault. It means the relay at B provides the backup protection
for breaker failure at A.

Apparatus:

1. Relay Module.
2. Instruction Manual.
 Circuit diagram:

Fig 3: Backup protection by overcurrent relay

Observation: From the one-line diagram of the figure 3, there is a transformer in between relay
between A and B. Relay A is connected with 132 KV bus at the HV side at the transformer and
relay B is connected with LV side of 33 KV. After that two-transmission lines has four relays, C,
D, E, F. At the end, feeders are connected.

Now if fault at the point of P occurs in relay between C and D. Relay C will sense the fault first
and it will trip the circuit. On the other hand, if C relay is not able to trip the circuit then relay B
will be operate as backup relay but it will take minimum time which is delay time. C relay
operation time must be less then B.

When fault occur at line 2 or between E and F at this time line 2 was energized but if relay B clear
the fault or isolated the affected side then line 2 will be isolated.

Discussion & Conclusion: We were not getting our desired output because we saw our circuit
theoretically not practically. In this experiment we learn about backup protection for over
current relay. In layout diagram delta connected in primary winding and y connected in
secondary winding and also, we saw power line (red, yellow, blue). When there is a fault at point
P relay E&F trip. IF relay E&F off then relay B trip or providing backup protection. If relay B can’t
provide backup protection whole system will burnout and relay C, D&F also give over current
protection. As we doing this lab in online our honorable faculty show in video how to do
everything, and our concept become clear.

Reference(s):

[1] “Electric Power Systems: A Conceptual Introduction” by Alexandra Von Meier

[2] “Switchgear Protection and Power Systems” by Sunil S Rao