JUVENILE DELINQUENCY AND CRIME PREVENTION

1. Juvenile delinquency - is an anti-social behavior or act which differs from the normal
model of set of laws and parameters, culture, custom which society in broad-spectrum
does not conform, generally refers to youth behavior which is against the norms and
regulations of society, which if left unchecked would give rise to criminality.

2. Institutionalisation - is the most severe form of treatment for juvenile offenders. The child
offender is incarcerated in a secure facility and denied freedom to come and go in the
community. The institution is responsible for the child's education, counseling,
recreation, room and board, and other daily activities.

3. Accidental Delinquent Youth – Less identifiable in personality and temperament,

essentially a law abiding citizen but happens to be at the wrong place at the wrong time.
This may be credited to peer pressure or pure curiosity on the part of the young person.

4. Asocial Delinquent Youth – Children whose acts are manifested by vile, cruel and
atrocious acts and conduct for which they feel no remorse.

5. Neurotic Delinquent Youth – The anti-social behavior of the youth is a direct result of
internal conflict and pre-occupation with his own emotion and mood.

6. Social Delinquent Youth – Refers to aggressive teens who resents authority, whether
be it parental, school regulations or ordinances and laws passed by the proper
legislative authorities. The most common reason for such dislike is focused on anyone
who tries to control their conduct.

7. Biogenic Approach – This view gives an explanation that law violations and delinquency
is a result of some physical defects. It advocates that youth misconduct is a direct result
of faulty biology. Hence the support from family members, friends and acceptance of the
community may solve the problem on delinquency.

8. Psychogenic Approach – This argues that the critical factors in delinquency are
personality problems, to which the misbehavior is presumed to be the response. This
advocates the use of counseling to curtail juvenile misbehavior.

9. Sociogenic Approach – Ascribes the distinction and variation and delinquency pattern to
social structures. The youth misdeed may be attributed to their learning process cultured
in on youth gangs, stigmatizing contacts with governmental and social control agencies
and other similar variables.
10. Anti-social behavior – it may be best characterized by disobedience and disrespect for
authority.

11. Truancy – Students failing to attend their classes for 20 days without any reasonable
cause. This may be attributed to the school’s proximity to place of vices, unattractive
school life, failing grades, strict and unreasonable mentors, family and domestic
problems; fear of school bullies and fear of punishment.

12. Vagrancy – Refers to children who are unable to cope with their family life and chooses
to leave the family home. This is a direct result of Feeble-mindedness, disagreeable
home conditions, broken homes and misdirected fancy for adventures.

13. Emotional disorders – Such misbehaviors is related to fear reactions, temper tantrums
and jealousy reactions.

14. Lying – The penchant for not telling the truth clearly manifest that the following are
lacking: love, security, attention, respect, acceptance, praise and happiness.

15. Stealing – This criminal act comes from loose morals in the home, lack of economic
security wherein the parents are unable to provide for the needs of their children,
undisciplined desire for possession and pleasure seeking and parental indifference.

16. Predisposing factors- Internal propensities which may not be considered as a criminal
act unless the attempt was made.

17. Precipitating factors- Refers to conditions and elements which provokes crimes or
factors such as personal problems, curiosity, ignorance, necessities and diseases.

18. FAMILY – The basic unit of society, whose main responsibility is to provide the basic
necessities of the child as well as to give emotional, spiritual, moral, intellectual and
social basic to its members particularly the children and the primary social agency
tasked with the significant task of rearing the youth.

19. Joint Parental Authority. - The father and mother shall exercise jointly just and
reasonable parental authority and responsibility over their legitimate or adopted children.

20. Child refers to a person under the age of eighteen (18) years.

21. Child at Risk refers to a child who is vulnerable to and at the risk of committing criminal
offenses because of personal, family and social circumstances, such as, but not limited
to, the following:
● being abused by any person through sexual, physical, psychological, mental, economic
or any other means and the parents or guardian refuse, are unwilling, or unable to
provide protection for the child;
● being exploited including sexually or economically;
● being abandoned or neglected, and after diligent search and inquiry the parent or
guardian cannot be found;
● coming from a dysfunctional or broken family or without a parent or guardian;
● being out of school;
● being a street child;
● being a member of a gang;
● living in a community with a high level of criminality or drug abuse; and
● living in situations of armed conflict.

22. Child in Conflict with the Law refers to a child who is alleged as, accused of, or
adjudged as, having committed an offense under Philippine laws.

23. Community-based Programs refers to the programs provided in a community setting

developed for purposes of intervention and diversion, as well as rehabilitation of the child
in conflict with the law, for reintegration into his/her family and/or community.

24. Court refers to a family court or, in places where there are no family courts, any regional
trial court.

25. Deprivation of Liberty refers to any form of detention or imprisonment, or to the

placement of a child in conflict with the law in a public or private custodial setting, from
which the child in conflict with the law is not permitted to leave at will by order of any
judicial or administrative authority.

26. Diversion refers to an alternative, child-appropriate process of determining the

responsibility and treatment of a child in conflict with the law on the basis of his/her
social, cultural, economic, psychological or educational background without resorting to
formal court proceedings.

27. Diversion Program refers to the program that the child in conflict with the law is required
to undergo after he/she is found responsible for an offense without resorting to formal
court proceedings.

28. Initial Contact With the Child refers to the apprehension or taking into custody of a child
in conflict with the law by law enforcement officers or private citizens. It includes the time
when the child alleged to be in conflict with the law receives a subpoena under Section
3(b) of Rule 112 of the Revised Rules of Criminal Procedure or summons under Section
6(a) or Section 9(b) of the same Rule in cases that do not require preliminary
investigation or where there is no necessity to place the child alleged to be in conflict
with the law under immediate custody.

29. Intervention refers to a series of activities which are designed to address issues that
caused the child to commit an offense. It may take the form of an individualized
 treatment program which may include counseling, skills training, education, and other
activities that will enhance his/her psychological, emotional and psycho-social well-
being.

30. Juvenile Justice and Welfare System refers to a system dealing with children at risk and
children in conflict with the law, which provides child-appropriate proceedings, including
programs and services for prevention, diversion, rehabilitation, re-integration and
aftercare to ensure their normal growth and development.

31. Recognizance refers to an undertaking in lieu of a bond assumed by a parent or

custodian who shall be responsible for the appearance in court of the child in conflict
with the law, when required.

32. Restorative Justice refers to a principle which requires a process of resolving conflicts
with the maximum involvement of the victim, the offender and the community. It seeks to
obtain reparation for the victim; reconciliation of the offender, the offended and the
community; and reassurance to the offender that he/she can be reintegrated into society.
It also enhances public safety by activating the offender, the victim and the community in
prevention strategies.

33. Status Offenses refers to offenses which discriminate only against a child, while an adult
does not suffer any penalty for committing similar acts. These shall include curfew
violations, truancy, parental disobedience and the like.

34. Youth Detention Home refers to a 24-hour child-caring institution managed by accredited
local government units (LGUs) and licensed and/or accredited non-government
organizations (NGOs) providing short-term residential care for children in conflict with
the law who are awaiting court disposition of their cases or transfer to other agencies or
jurisdiction.

35. Youth Rehabilitation Center refers to a 24-hour residential care facility managed by the
Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD), LGUs, licensed and/or
accredited NGOs monitored by the DSWD, which provides care, treatment and
rehabilitation services for children in conflict with the law. Rehabilitation services are
provided under the guidance of a trained staff where residents are cared for under a
structured therapeutic environment with the end view of reintegrating them into their
families and communities as socially functioning individuals. Physical mobility of
residents of said centers may be restricted pending court disposition of the charges
against them.

36. Victimless Crimes refer to offenses where there is no private offended party.

37. Abandoned Child – Is one who has no proper parental care or guardianship or whose
parents or guardians have deserted him for a period of at least 6 continuous months.
38. Critical Theory – explains that delinquency is the by product of social arrangement.

39. Defendant Child – Is one who is without a parent, guardian or other custodian or one
whose parents, guardian or other custodian for good cause desires to be relieved of his
care and custody.

40. Delinquency – Acts against norms, mores of society.

41. Deviancy – Is a stage of human existence where one has ceased to believe in love
whereby the child ends up bitter, empty, lonely, resentful and in most cases emotionally
infantile.

42. Edwin Schur – Radical Non Intervention – if a child commits an offense, he should be
left alone.

43. Emancipation – Liberty from parental authority.

44. Emotionally Disturbed Children – Are those who although not afflicted with insanity or
mental defect are unable to maintain normal social relations with others and the
community in general due to emotional problems and complexes.

45. Family Home – Constituted jointly by the husband and the wife or by unmarried head of
a family, is the dwelling house where they and their family reside and the land on which
it is situated.

46. Hedonism – Pleasure, highest goal of man's life.

47. Hedonistic Calculus – Process of weighing pleasure and pain.

48. Idea Of Determination – Any act committed awaits an explanation to the natural world.

49. Jeremy Bentham – Introduced punishment of imprisonment.

50. Juvenile – person/Minors/Youth whose mental and emotional faculty has not been fully
developed.

51. Juvenile Delinquent – Person commits any act of delinquency.

52. Juvenile Diversion – Offender is removed from JJS and diverted to other government
programs.

53. Neglected Child – is one whose basic needs have been deliberately unattended or
inadequately attended.
 54. Neo-Classical Theory – Modified the classical theory, excepted the child and lunatics
from punishment.

55. Parental Authority/Partia Potestos – Rights and obligations which parents have in
relation to the persons and property of their children until their emancipation and even
after this under certain circumstances.

56. Poverty – Means the condition of that group whose income is low, therefore, the
standard of living is not enough to maintain normal health and efficiency.

57. Welfare Model – Is the positivistic approach which holds that young offenders should be
helped rather than punished.

58. William Bonger – Social Conflict Theory – society is composed of the ruling class and
the ruled class.

59. Youthful Offender – below 18 years old.

- Is one who is over 9 years but under 18 years of age at the time of the
commission of the offense.

60. Zones Of Peace – Children trapped in an armed conflict based on RA 7610.

61. PD 603 - Child and Youth Welfare Code

62. RA 9262 - Anti Violence Against Women and their Children Act of 2004.

63. RA 9344 - Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act of 2006

64. Youthful offender - over 9 years old but under 18 years old at the time of the commission
of the offense.

65. Rational Choice - causes of crime lie within the individual offender rather than in their
external environment.

66. Social Disorganization - absence or breakdown of communal institutions and communal

relationships that traditionally encouraged cooperative relationships among people.

67. Strain Theory - crime is caused by the difficulty of those in poverty in achieving socially
valued goals by legitimate means.

68. Differential Association - young people are motivated to commit crimes by delinquent
peers and learn criminal skills from them.
69. Labelling Theory - once a person is labeled criminal they are more likely to offend.
Once labeled as deviant, a person may accept that role and more likely to associate
with others who have been similarly labeled.

70. Social Control Theory - proposes that exploiting the process of socialization and social
learning builds self control and can reduce the inclination to indulge in behavior
recognized as anti social.

71. Direct - punishment is threatened or applied for wrongful behavior and compliance is
rewarded by parents, family and authority figures.

72. Internal - youth refrains from delinquency through the conscience or super ego.

73. Indirect - by identification with those who influence behavior because his/her delinquent
act might cause pain and disappointment to parents and others with whom he/she has
close relationships.

74. Control - through needs satisfaction, if all individuals needs are met, there is no point in
criminal activity.

75. Juvenile Delinquency - is the participation in illegal behavior by minors who fall under a
statutory limit.

76. Juvenile Delinquent - is a person who is typically under the age of 18 and commits an
act that otherwise would have been charged as a crime if they were an adult.

77. Property crimes - is a category of crime that includes theft,robbery,motor vehicle

theft,arson,shop lifting and vandalism.

78. Age of Majority - is the threshold of adulthood as it is conceptualised, recognized or

declared by law.The vast majority of country including the Philippines set majority age at
18.

79. Young Adult - a person between the ages of 20 and 40 whereas adolescent is a person
between the ages of 13 and 19.

80. Delinquency - crimes committed by minors which are dealt with by the juvenile courts
and justice system.

81. Criminal behavior - crimes dealt with by the criminal justice system.

82. Truancy - is any intentional unauthorized absence from compulsory schooling.

83. Vandalism - Ruthless destruction or spoiling of anything beautiful or venerable.The term
includes criminal damage such as graffiti and defacement directed towards a property
without the permission of the owner.

84. Graffiti - is writing or drawings scribbled,scratched or sprayed illicitly on a wall or other

surface in a public place.

85. Defacement - refers to marking or removing the part of an object designed to hold the
viewers attention.

86. Repeat Offender - (life-course-persistent offender) - begins offending or showing anti-

social/aggressive behavior in adolescence or even childhood and continuous in
adulthood.

87. Age Specific Offender (adolescence-limited offender) - juvenile offending or delinquency

begins and ends during their period of adolescence.

88. Adjudicated delinquent - A youth who has been found by a judge in juvenile court to
have committed a violation of the criminal Law that is, a delinquent act.The judge can
formally adjudicate the youth as an initial step before imposing a disposition (a sentence
or punishment), or the judge can decide not to adjudicate the youth and instead impose
conditions that, if met, will result in dismissal of the charges.

89. Adjudicatory hearing - The fact finding (trial) phase of a juvenile case in which a judge
receives and weighs evidence before deciding whether a delinquency or status offense
has been proven beyond a reasonable doubt.

90. Curfew: A local ordinance that requires, under specific conditions and exceptions, a
specific group of persons (usually juveniles under a certain age) to refrain from
unsupervised activities after a designated hour within the confines of a selected area,
city, or county.

91. Delinquency prevention programs: Programs and services - designed to keep at-risk
youth from entering the juvenile justice system.

92. Delinquent act - Any act committed by a youth that would be a criminal violation if
committed by an adult.

93. Detention: In custody (secure, non-secure, or home confinement) while awaiting an

adjudication hearing, disposition, or commitment placement.

94. Detention hearing: A judicial hearing generally required to be held within 72 hours of a
youth being taken into custody, a twhich point the court determines whether (1) there is
probable cause to believe that the youth has committed a delinquent act or a court order
 exists that requires the continued detention of the youth, and (2) continued detention is
required pending an adjudicatory hearing.

95. Disposition hearing - The hearing in a juvenile case (like a sentencing hearing in criminal
court) at which the court receives a predisposition report containing information and
recommendations to help determine the appropriate sanction. These sanctions can
include probation, commitment to the custody of the state's department of juvenile
justice, or community-based sanctions.

96. Protective factors: Factors that help to reduce the impact of risk factors in a young
person's life.

97. Mentoring: Generally involves providing support and guidance to and spending time on a
regular basis with a youth.

98. Conflict resolution: Use of communication skills and creative thinking to develop
voluntary solutions that are acceptable to disputants.

99. Internationalist Perspective – any youth who commits a crime should be left
aloneInternationalist Perspective – any youth who commits a crime should be left alone.

100. CHILD PORNOGRAPHY - refers to any representation, whether visual, audio or

written combination thereof, byelectronic, mechanical, digital, optical, magnetic or any
other means, of child engaged orinvolved in real or simulated explicit sexual activities.

101. SYNDICATED CHILD PORNOGRAPHY - committed if carried out by a group of

three (3) or more person.