CHAPTER 33

Surface Treatment, Coating, and

Cleaning

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 Surface Treatments for Various Metals
TABLE 33.1
Metal Treatment
Aluminum Chrome plate; anodic coating, phosphate; chromate
conversion coating
Beryllium Anodic coating; chromate conversion coating
Cadmium Phosphate; chromate conversion coating
Die steels Boronizing; ion nitriding; liquid nitriding
High-temperature steels Diffusion
Magnesium Anodic coating; chromate conversion coating
Mild steel Boronizing; phosphate; carburizing; liquid nitriding;
carbonitriding; cyaniding
Molybdenum Chrome plate
Nickel- and cobalt-base alloys Boronizing; diffusion
Refractory metals Boronizing
Stainless steel Vapor deposition; ion nitriding; diffusion; liquid nitriding;
nitriding
Steel Vapor deposition; chrome plate; phosphate; ion nitriding;
induction hardening; flame hardening; liquid nitriding
Titanium Chrome plate; anodic coating; ion nitriding
Tool steel Boronizing; ion nitriding; diffusion; nitriding; liquid nitriding
Zinc Vapor deposition; anodic coating; phosphate; chromate
chemical conversion coating
Source: After M. K. Gabel and D. M. Doorman in Wear Control Handbook, New York, ASME, 1980 p. 248.
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 Roller Burnishing
Figure 33.1 Roller burnishing of the fillet of a stepped shaft to induce
compressive surface residual stresses for improved fatigue life.

Figure 33.2 Examples of roller burnishing of

(a) a conical surface and (b) a flat surface
and the burnishing tools used. Source:
Sandvik, Inc.
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 Figure 33.3
Schematic
illustrations of
thermal spray
operations. (a)
Thermal wire
spray. (b)
Thermal metal-
powder spray. (c)
Thermal Plasma spray.

Spray
Operations

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 Physical Deposition

Figure 33.4 Schematic illustration

of the physical deposition process.
Source: Cutting Tool Engineering.

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 Sputtering

Figure 33.5 Schematic illustration of

the sputtering process. Source: ASM
International

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 Ion-Plating Apparatus
Figure 33.6 Schematic
illustration of an ion-plating
apparatus. Source: ASM
International.

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 Chemical Vapor Deposition

Figure 33.7 Schematic illustration of the chemical vapor deposition

process.

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 Electroplating

Figure 33.8 Schematic illustration of

the electroplating process.

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 Electroplating Guidelines

Figure 33.9 (a) Schematic illustration of nonuniform coatings (exaggerated) in electroplated parts. (b)
Design guidelines for electroplating. Note that sharp external and internal corners should be avoided for
uniform plating thickness. Source: ASM International.

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 Hot Dipping
Figure 33.10 Flowline for
continuous hot-dip galvanizing of
sheet steel. The welder (upper
left) is used to weld the ends of
coils to maintain continuous
material flow. Source: American
Iron and Steel Institute.

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 Types of Ceramics and Their Properties and
Applications
TABLE 33.2
Property Type of ceramic Application
Wear resistance Chromium oxide Pumps, turbine shafts, seals, compressor rods
Aluminum oxide for the petroleum industry; plastics extruder
Aluminum titania barrels; extrusion dies
Thermal insulation Zirconium oxide Fan blades, compressor blades, and seals for
(yttria stabilized) gas turbines; valves, pistons, and combustion
Zirconium oxide heads for automotive engines
(calcia stabilized)
Magnesium zirconate
Electrical insulation Magnesium aluminate Induction coils, brazing fixtures, general
Aluminum oxide electrical applications

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 Painting

Figure 33.11 Methods of paint application: (a) dip coating, (b) flow coating, and (c) electrostatic spraying.
Source: Society of Manufacturing Engineers.

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