Quantitative Research

 An inquiry into a social or human problem based on testing a theory composed of variables,
measured with numbers and analyzed with statistical procedures to determine whether the
predictive generalization of the theory hold true. (Cresswell, 1994)
 It is defined as the collection of numerical data and exhibiting the view of Relationship between
theory and research as deductive.
 It is a systematic empirical investigation of observable phenomena via statistical, mathematical
or computational technique.

Quantitative Data-

 Any data that is in numerical expression of quantitative percentage etc.

Strengths of Quantitative Research

1. Study findings can be generalized to the population about which information is required.
2. Samples of individuals, communities or organizations can be selected to ensure that the
result will be the Representative of the population being studied.
3. Structural factors that determined how inequalities are produced can be analyzed.
4. SURVEY- Clear documentation can be provided, assess the validity of the findings.
5. STANDARIZED APPROACH- It permits the study to be replicated and the can be compared.
6. Possible to control the effects of EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES that might result in misleading of
interpretation.

Weaknesses of Quantitative Research

1. Many kinds of information is difficult to obtain through structured data collection.

2. Respondents are hard to reach.
3. Self-reported information from questionnaires may inaccurate or incomplete.
4. Administration of the structured survey creates unnatural situation that alienate the
respondents.
5. Studies are expensive and time consuming.
6. Errors in the selection of procedures in determining statistical significance can result in
erroneous findings.

QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS COMMONLY APPLIED IN DIFFERENT FIELD

 MARKET RESEARCH
 ECONOMIC RESEARCH
 SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH
 PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH

Variables

 Anything that can affect or change the result of the

 Anything that has quantity or quality.
 Something that needs to be measured.
Types of Variables

In terms of Measurement

 Categorical Variables
 Something that needs to be measured.
 Quantitative Variables
 Something that needs to be measured.

In terms of Role

 Independent Variables
 Something that needs to be measured.
 Dependent Variables
 A variable that changes because of another variables.
 Mediating Variables
 A variables that comes in between other variables, helps to delineate the process through
which variables affect one another.
 Correlational
 Aims to describe and measure the degree of association between two or more variables or
sets of scores.
 Studying relationships
 Types of Correlational Research
a. Explanatory research design
 Determines the extent to which two variables (or more) co-vary.
 Co-vary means to predict a score on one variable with knowledge about the individual’s
score on another variable.
b. Prediction research design
 Seeks to identify variables that will predict an outcome or criterion.
 Variables can be the predictor variable or the criterion variable.
 Descriptive
 Describing characteristics
 This design aims to describe systematically the facts and characteristics of a given
population or area of interest, factually and accurately
 Types of Descriptive Research
a. Observational methods - are used to document and describe animal and human
behavior in a natural or artificial environment.
b. Case Studies - Involves an in-depth study of an individual or a small group of individuals
c. Survey research designs - involves administering a survey to a sample or the entire
population of people to describe the attitudes, opinions, behaviors, or characteristics of
the population
 Types of Survey Research Design
a. Cross-sectional survey
 Used when the researcher collects data at one point in time.
 The purpose is to examines current attitudes, beliefs, opinions, or practices
 Compare two or more groups in terms of attitudes, beliefs, opinions, or practices.
  Evaluates a program
b. Longitudinal survey designs
 Involves the survey procedure of collecting data about trends with the same population,
changes in a cohort group or subpopulation, or changes in a panel group of the same
individuals over time.

 Experimental
 Manipulating conditions
 studying effects
 An experiment tests an idea to determine whether it influences an outcome.
 Used when the researcher wants to establish possible cause and effect between variables.
 Types of Experimental Research Designs
a. In TRUE EXPERIMENTS, the researcher randomly assigns participants to different conditions
of the experimental variable.
b. QUASI-EXPERIMENTS include assignment, but not random assignment of participants to
groups.

 Research Design
 This section specifies what method of research will be used – descriptive, correlation,
experimental, or documentary analysis.
 Research Locale
 Subjects are persons investigated in the study.
 Respondents, therefore, are providers of information needed in the study, elicited orally or
in writing.
 It is important to state your number of subjects or respondents and who they are. Also,
explain how the number will be decided upon
 Research Instrument
 Processes involved
 Methods in gathering data
 Equipment to use
 Data Gathering Procedure
 Identify your sources of data.
 If a questionnaire will be used, explain what kind and how it will be constructed if it is
original, how it is pre- tested, distribution, retrieval, collection, etc. Thus, your procedures
may include: Construction of the questionnaire, Validation, Distribution, Retrieval, Collation,
Presentation of Data and Interpretation of Data.
 STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA
 Specify the statistical treatment/s you will use for interpreting your data and why they are
necessary.
 Also, include the scale or verbal interpretation for the statistical processing of your data;
mention the name of the office or agency, or the person taking charge of it.