Automatic moisture drier guide

AUTOMATIC MOISTURE DRIER FOR HOME APPLIANCES 2013
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
1.1Backgrounds of the Project
Nowadays the technology has developed and grows up very fast. The technology has changed
our life to be easier. The technology is applied when drying the equipment and removing the
moisture where we call it an automatic moisture dryer devices. This device became our trend
where it made drying easier and faster.
This project can get publicity for people because itis easier when we use it. These devices
perform the drying and removing moisture content better than manual methods. This project will
reduce the usage of power,time, and cost and also all of the operation will be performs
automatically.
Our design team intends to conduct research into the design of new generation moisture dryer.
Typically, the outcome will be a synthesis of knowledge brought together in a novel or creative
manner. In this case, our project design will include an understanding of hygiene issues around
moisture driers developing a broad understanding of existing hand dryer products; establishing
the new technologies that may inform the drying process and new moisture dryer design
experiments. The purpose of this project is to develop smart, easy to use, cost effective and time
efficient automatic moisture drier for home appliance. This project is intended to translate and
apply the results from various scientific studies into a product design context.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
We use air to dry our hand and paper towel and reusable close towel to dry equipment’s in our
home. When there is a moisture on our hand and home equipment’s such as dishes for a few
minutes, a number of bacteria are highly spread and grow automatically for examples when we
are washing our hands or washing equipment’s and the electronic equipment’s are easily
damaged in the presence of moisture due to rust caused by moisture, so our project is intended to
solve this problems.
ADAMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY 1

1.3 Objective
Everything in the world is done on the objectives that have been set earlier. Without the
objectives, the previous might drift away from the right track during the project management.
1.3.1 General Objective

 To design the complete model of an automatic moisture dryer device that can be operated
automatically.
 To analyze and investigate how automatic operation is performed by using
microcontroller and sensor.
1.3.2Specific Objective
More specifically this project entails the following aspects:

i. To analyze the function of microcontroller andhow to apply into this project.
ii. Applying control system using sensors and other devices.
iii. To study the important components such as CA3140 IC, infrared sensor and other discrete
devices as hardware parts and also using simulation software part.
1.4 Scope of the Project

Automatic Moisture dryer device for home appliances is a device that we use in our home for
removing moisture from different equipment’s. General Boundary in which drier device assumed
to operate in Home application for removing moisture in our home equipment’s and this device
is used for only one equipment at a time.
1.5 Methodology

The method we follow in this project includes the study conducted in a systematic procedure
starting from selection of the title to final report preparation. The integral part was to identify
and collect data; they were classified, analyzed, interpreted and presented in a systematic
manner to find the essential points. The project development follows the “bottom up design
approach.”The overall method followed in the study is explained further.
1.5.1 System Development Methods

 Title Selection: - All the group members contact and discuss to identify the project title. After
analyzing and investigating a lot of ideas, we argued on one topic that is on automatic
moisture drier for home appliances.
 In system development methods we can used different procedures those are:-System
classifications, System Analysis, System Interpretations,System Implementation and
Presentations. Some diagrams were used for analysis and explain certain concepts and for
presented more clearly.
1.5.2 System Development Tools
These projects have many hardware’s and software’s components to construct and implement.
Hardware components
o Infrared led (IR led)

o Diode
o Transistors
o Resistors
o IC op amp
o PCB(printed circuit board)
o Wiring cable
o Digital melt meter
o Buffer IC

o LCD Display
o Microcontroller
Software equipment
o Protus simulation software
o Microsoft software like word
o Painting software to develop block diagram
o Kiel programming SW
1.5.3 Data Collection Methods

Sources of Data: - Primary data was derived from the practical desk work moreover; the
survey also helped us to get information directly from the related devices like manual
devices.
The source of the data generally described as follows:-
Internal Sources: - Different documents provided by concerned officers and different curriculum,
manuals and books in library of the university.
External Sources: - different website related to our titles and online resources.
1.6 Significant of the project
The adoption of an automatic dryer is a good solution to the above stated problems, for long life
equipment and more easy usage of device.
This device is protecting our material from moisture. I.e. it can help to prevent metallic material
from rust which prevent electronic equipment from damage and also used for drying hand helps
to remove bacteria (since bacteria need moisture to grow at high range rate), so that we can
protected our health.

Generally the benefits that can get from this device are:
Easy for anyone to use, save the time used for drying, reduces the wastage of paper, it would fit
into the home because it doesn't look obtrusive and doesn't take up much space. There is no
wastage of energy since the device is automatic. The device display the time spent to dry
equipment. So, do not need to spend much time to dry materials
1.7 Out Line of the project
The project is described overview explanation of every activity. Each chapter has its own project
content that has been done.
Chapter one
In this chapter we explain more detail about the back ground of the project, statement of the problem, the
objective that the project will accomplished in the form of general and specific, the scope of the project
that is the work area of project, methodology that can use in this project and also the significant of the
project.
Chapter Two
Basically this chapter is introduce the contain of literature review in to three categories such as,
Literature of paper towel, Literature Review for manual operation hand drier, Literature review
for Partial Automatic hand drier, And also it has limitation of each literature review and summary
toward our project.
Chapter Three
For more explanation of our system we can use this chapter to investigate the system description
and design, system block diagram, mathematical analysis, detail circuit design, and also it has
system programming and flow chart of the system.

Chapter Four
Finally the project is required implementation and testing for further process this typical activity
is described in this chapter.
Chapter Five
Generally the overall description of the project is illustrated in this chapter such as summary of
finding, result and conclusion, Recommendation, future work and reference are stated.

CHAPTER TWO
2. LITERATURE REVIW
2.1Literature review on paper towel(manual drier)
A number of studies have been conducted over the last four decades to investigate the
effectiveness of equipment drying system. The majority of these studies have concentrated on
Clinical and food science scenarios. The data collected by these studies provide valuable insight
into hygiene practices, and will provide a better understanding of the limitations of the various
material drying mechanisms currently available.
With a strong focus on microbiological factors, most existing research on material drying
systems assumes that effective equipment drying should result in a quantitative reduction of
micro-organisms on a subject’s equipment’s.
Review of studies on the relative efficiency and hygiene of paper towels and hand dryers. And
paper towels won a resounding victory. “From a hygiene viewpoint, paper towels are superior to
electric air dryers,” the Mayo review’sabstract noted. But it’s not just that they are more
hygienic. People prefer them. Studies in 2009 and 2000 found a significant majority (55 percent
in the 2009 study, 62 percent in 2000) preferred paper towels to hot air or jet air dryers (no more
than 28 percent in either study).[12]

2.2Literature Review on switch based hand drier
In the case of manual operational moisture dryer can use manually operated electrical equipment
that can done with switch on and off system. In this condition the system can sever different
problem if any shortage of electrical circuit and more physical contact between the equipment
also cause damage tothe device. The operation of manual system is done mechanical access for
this reason it is difficult any one customers to use easily. [9]
2.3Literature Review on Automatic hand drier
Automatic Hand Dryers are activated by an infrared sensor when hands are placed under the air
outlet. IR Sensor Activated Touch Free Hand Drying Steel Cover with Porcelain Enamel Finish,
No Touch - Energy Efficient Operation. Universal Voltage - Automatically Adjusts to Voltages of
100 to 240 VAC - 50Hz Modern Design and Durable, Operates automatically using infrared
sensor
Simple Operation
Activate dryer by placing hands under sensor and dryer automatically shuts off after user
removes hands from sensor zone.[11]

2.4Limitation of the Literature Review
The limitation of all the literature Reviewis

 They can consume more time.
 Expensive to use (it is very cost)
 They are more power consuming
 They are very difficult to use.
 They do not display any information of the process and time that can consume to dry
equipment’s.
 They did not estimate the over drying time of equipment’s.
2.5Summery toward our project
The general characteristic of our project compares with that of other related project done before.
This project can deserve more application relatively, the benefit that obtained is:-
 It is less time consuming

 It is very chip related from others
 It is less energy consumption
 It is user friend and attractive to use this device.
 It is described how much time user to spend to dry the equipment
 It is very simple to identify the problem when it is failed
 It displays a message when the dryer equipment has finish drying.

CHAPTER THREE
3. System Descriptions and Design
3.1 System Description

At the beginning the infrared led is generates signal when it get power. Then when the
object or equipment’s block the infrared ray signal it can detected by phototransistor and
send to op amp CA3140 and the op amp amplify the signal in suitable form for further
process and send it to input signal of the microcontroller AT89C51, then the micro
controller get high input voltage from op amp and it automatically start to count the used
time by the equipment and display it on the LCD screen. And also send high output signal
to the ULN2003A. The ULN2003A starts motor fan and heater to run simultaneously as
it receive high output from microcontroller, If the micro controller is reach counting at
stated value it can reset itself, which is help to prevent our material from over drying.
System Design
3.1.1 Block Diagrams
The hardware unit of the prototype of the system is represented by the block diagram shown
below. It contains an AT89C51 microcontroller as the main processing unit and it gets inputs
from LDR(Light dependent resistor) when it is adjusted into suitable signal by operational
amplifier (CA3140). The data obtained from the sensors is control by the microcontroller and
through Buffer IC (ULN2003A) to interface thefun and heater.To achieve the system
requirements,it alsouses LCDto display the information of the time that the user can spent to dry
the equipment and some relevant information to user.
The heater and fan will be connected to the microcontroller using a Buffer IC and 12V power
supply needed to operate.

Fig 3.1 block diagram
3.1.2 Mathematical analysis
Operational amplifier

Fig 3.2 Operational amplifier
Vout= (Rf/Rz) VI
A resistor is often inserted between the non-inverting input and ground, reducing the
inputoffsetvoltage due to different voltage drops due to biascurrent, and may reduce distortion in
some op-amps.
Oscillator design

The heartbeat of every microcontroller design is the oscillator circuit. Most designs that demand
precise timing over a wide temperature range use a crystal oscillator.
Datasheet specifies that the Atmel AT89C51 is operational for an oscillators in the range 24 MHz
to 0 MHz (fully static paused). However, during initial flash programming and verification, it
requires an oscillator frequency in the range 24 MHz to 3 MHz
Fig 3.3oscillator diagram
The fact is that the traces on the circuit board, nearby wires and all sorts of things
Contribute to the total capacitance. This extra capacitance generated by things
Such as that is called 'parasitic capacitance'. This value could
Be anything, but normally is between 7-10pF. So anyway, enough chatter about
This, let’s see how we figure out the proper value of the capacitor.
rLC = 2 * (LC - PC)

rLC = Real Load Capacitor value (the value of C1 and C2)

LC = Load Capacitance manufacture gave PC = Parasitic Capacitance
(Normally between 7-10pF)
So for our example crystal that had a load capacitor value of 20pF
rLC = 2 * (LC-PC) rLC = 2 * (20-8) rLC = 2 * (12) rLC = 24pF

So both C1 and C2 will be 24pF,
3.3 Detail Circuit Design and features of each component

Features of AT89C51
• Compatible with MCS-51 Products
• 4K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory
– Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles
• Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz
• Three-level Program Memory Lock
• 128 x 8-bit Internal RAM
• 32 Programmable I/O Lines
• Two 16-bit Timer/Counters
• Six Interrupt Sources
• Programmable Serial Channel
• Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes

Description AT89C51 MICROCONTROLER
The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4K

Bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The device is
manufactured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with
the industry-standard MCS-51 instruction set and pin out. The on-chip flash allows the program
memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer.
By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C51 is a
powerful microcomputer which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many
embedded control applications.
Fig 3.4AT89C51microcontroller

Pin Configurations
Fig 3.5 AT89C51 pin configuration

Pin Description
VCC Supply voltage
GND Ground
Port 0
Port 0 is an 8-bit open-drain bi-directional I/O port. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins
can be used as high impedance inputs. In this mode P0 has internalpull-ups.Port 0 also receives
the code bytes during Flash programming, and outputs the code bytes during program
verification. External pull-ups are required during program verification.
Port 1
Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups.

When 1s are written to Port 1 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used
as inputs. Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and
verification.
Port 2

as inputs. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash
programming and verification.

Port 3

as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current because
of the pull-ups. Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification.
Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89C51 as listed below:
Table 3.1ports of AT89C51
RST

Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the
device.
ALE/PROG
Address Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to
external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming.
In normal operation ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency, and may be
used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped
during each access to external Data Memory. Setting the ALE disable bit has no effect if the
microcontroller is in external execution mode.
PSEN
Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory. When the AT89C51 is
executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle,
except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory.
EA/VPP
External Access Enable, EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code
from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if
lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC
for internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage
(VPP) during Flash programming, for parts that require12-volt VPP.
XTAL1

Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.
XTAL2
Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.
Oscillator Characteristics
XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifier which can
be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, asshown in Figure 1. Either a quartz crystal or
ceramic resonator may be used.
Fig 3.6oscillator connection

To drive the device from an external clock source, XTAL2 should be left unconnected while
XTAL1 is driven as shown in Figure 2.There are no requirements on the duty cycle of the
external clock signal, since the input to the internal clocking circuitry is through a divide-by-two
flip-flop, but minimum and maximum voltage high and low time specifications must be
observed.
Fig 3.7External Clock Drive Configuration
Features Operational Amplifier CA314
- MOSFET Input Stage

- Very High Input Impedance

- Very Low Input Current

- Wide Common Mode Input Voltage Range
- Output Swing Complements Input Common Mode Range
- Directly Replaces Industry Type 741 in Most Applications
Descriptions of Operational Amplifier CA3140
The CA3140 are integrated circuit operational amplifiers that combine the advantages of high
voltage PMOS transistors with high voltage bipolar transistors on a single monolithic chip. The
CA3140 BiMOS operational amplifiers feature gate protected MOSFET (PMOS) transistors in
the input circuit to provide very high input impedance, very low input current, and high speed
performance. The CA3140 operate at supply voltage from 4V to 36V (either single or dual
supply). These operational amplifiers are internally phase compensated to achieve stable
operation in unity gain follower operation, and additionally, have access terminal for a
supplementary external capacitor if additional frequency roll-off is desired. Terminals are also
provided for use in applications requiring input offset voltage nulling. The use of PMOS field
effect transistors in the input stage results in common mode input voltage capability down to
0.5V below the negative supply terminal, an important attribute for single supply applications.
The output stage uses bipolar transistors and includes built-in protection against damage from
load terminal short circuiting to either supply rail or to ground. The CA3140A and CA3140 are
intended for operation at supply voltages up to 36V (±18V).
PinoutCA3140 operational amplifier

Fig 3. 8operational amplifier description
Features of LCD LM016L
16 character x2 lines, +5v single power supply, Display color: Gray.
Descriptions of 16x2 LCD
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide range of
applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly used in various
devices and circuits. These modules are preferred over seven segments and other multi segment
LEDs. The reasons being: LCDs are economical; easily programmable; have no limitation of
displaying special & even custom characters (unlike in seven segments), animations and so on.
A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In this LCD
each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers, namely, Command
and Data.
The command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A command is an
instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing it, clearing its screen, setting the
cursor position, controlling display etc. The data register stores the data to be displayed on the
LCD. The data is the ASCII value of the character to be displayed on the LCD.

Fig 3.9LCD pin description

Pin Description:
Pin
Function Name
No
1 Ground (0V) Ground
2 Supply voltage; 5V (4.7V – 5.3V) Vcc
3 Contrast adjustment; through a variable resistor VEE
4 Selects command register when low; and data register when Register Select
high
5 Low to write to the register; High to read from the register Read/write
6 Sends data to data pins when a high to low pulse is given Enable
7 DB0
8 DB1
9 DB2
10 DB3
8-bit data pins
11 DB4
12 DB5
13 DB6
14 DB7
15 Backlight VCC (5V) Led+
16 Backlight Ground (0V) Led-
Table 3.2LCD pin configuration

16×2 LCD module commands
Using the LCD Instruction set

.These instructions can be used to make the
LCD messages more interesting - for instance by flashing the screen or creating
‘Moving’ messages which scroll across the screen.
16×2 LCD module has a set of preset command instructions. Each command will make the
module to do a particular task. The commonly used commands and their function are given in the
table below.
Command Function

0F LCD ON, Cursor ON, Cursor blinking
ON
01 Clear screen
2 Return home
4 Decrement cursor
06 Increment cursor
E Display ON ,Cursor ON
80 Force cursor to the beginning of 1st line
C0 Force cursor to the beginning of 2nd line
38 Use 2 lines and 5×7 matrix
83 Cursor line 1 position 3
3C Activate second line
0C3 Jump to second line, position3
OC1 Jump to second line, position1
Table 3.3LCD module commands
Code Instruction
1 Clear display and move to the start of the first line
2 Move the cursor and display ‘window’ to the start of the first line
4 Set ‘right to left printing’ mode

5 Set ‘scroll printing to the left’ mode

6 Set ‘left to right printing’ mode
7 Set ‘scroll printing to the right’ mode
10 Turn visual LCD screen off
12 Hide cursor
13 Make cursor flash
14 Turn visual LCD screen (and cursor) on
16 Move cursor left one position
20 Move cursor right one position
24 Scroll display ‘window’ left one position
28 Scroll display ‘window’ right one position
128 Move cursor to the start of the first line
192 Move cursor to the start of the second line
LCD initialization.
The steps that have to be done for initializing the LCD display is given below and these steps
are common for almost all applications.
 Send 38H to the 8 bit data line for initialization

 Send 0FH for making LCD ON, cursor ON and cursor blinking ON.
 Send 06H for incrementing cursor position.
 Send 01H for clearing the display and return the cursor.
Sending data to the LCD.

The steps for sending data to the LCD module are given below. I have already said that the LCD
module has pins namely RS, R/W and E. It is the logic state of these pins that make the module
to determine whether a given data input is a command or data to be displayed.
 Make R/W low.

 Make RS=0 if data byte is a command and make RS=1 if the data byte is a data to be
displayed.
 Place data byte on the data register.
 Pulse E from high to low.
 Repeat above steps for sending another data.
The Reset Circuit
Fig 3.10 reset circuit
If we omit the pull-up resistor, your AT89c51 will remain in reset (clear) mode on power-up, and
will not execute its program.
Resistor R1 and pushbutton switch S1 make up an actual reset circuit. When S1 is pressed, it
completes a low impedance connection from the RST pin to ground, forcing the AT89c51 into
reset (clear) mode. Resistor R1 is optional, and is used to limit the current on the RST pin to

prevent a condition called latch up— in which the input circuit of a CMOS chip can become
‘stuck’. Electrostatic discard (ESD) from a person touching the reset switch could potentially
cause latch-up.
Choosing values of R and C
If, having reviewed all aspects of this pattern, you have decided to use an RC-based reset
circuit, what values of R and C should you use?
It is certainly not obvious how to determine suitable values of R and C directly from Equation
1. We can, however, simplify matters by noting that the product of R (in Ohms) multiplied by
C (in farads) is known as the ‘time constant’ (in seconds) of this form of RC circuit. This time
constant is the time taken for the capacitor to be charged to 60% of its final voltage. Thus,
with a 5V supply and the circuit in Figure 1, this is the time taken for the capacitor voltage to
reach 3V, and - therefore - the voltage at the reset pin to reach 2V (that is, Vcc - 3V): this is
still high enough (because it is greater than 1.2V, as discussed above) to ensure that the device
is in reset mode. As long as the device is still in this mode until approximately 1ms after the
power supply reaches Vcc (typically around 100ms after starting: see ‘Safety and reliability
issues’), the device will be reset correctly. A basic rule of thumb, therefore, is that the RC time
constant should be approximately 100 ms, and values of R and C chosen to meet this
requirement will usually ensure effective reset operation
IR SENSOR
An infrared sensor is a device that is capable of emitting or receiving infrared waves in the form
of heat. While the vast majority of infrared sensors transmit and receive infrared waves, some

infrared sensors are only able to receive them. These types of infrared sensors are known as
passive infrared sensors, or PIR sensors, and are usually found in the form of motion detectors.
How Infrared Sensors Work
All infrared sensors are dependent on pyro-electric materials, which produce an electrical voltage
whenever it is heated or cooled. Most infrared sensors are coated with either parabolic mirrors or
Fresnel lenses in order to retrieve infrared waves from an entire room or area. As infrared waves
reach the sensor from different areas, they cause the sensor to generate a voltage in different
waves and can be used to trigger an alarm or activate another type of system.
Fig 3.11infrared sensor
Applications
Infrared sensors can be used in a number of applications but usually involve measuring distance,
detecting motion, or transferring data. In televisions and motion detectors, with televisions being
activated by an infrared remote and motion detectors arenaturally, activated by motion.Used in
heat-seeking missile in order to detect their target.
Advantages
Infrared sensors are advantageous because they operate by using a type of electromagnetic wave
that is invisible to human eyes, harmless to users, and is naturally emitted by all objects.
Relatively inexpensive, Provide the most efficient method of detecting objects, especially while
they are moving, simple in design and provide a reliable method of detection. Small in size and
can be installed into virtually any electronic device. (Infrared remote)

LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR -LDR
The Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) is made from a piece of exposed semiconductor material
such as cadmium sulphide (CdS) photoconductive cells with spectral responses similar to that of
the human eye. Those changes its electrical resistance from several thousand Ohms in the dark to
only a few hundred Ohms when light falls upon it by creating hole-electron pairs in the material.
The net effect is an improvement in its conductivity with a decrease in resistance for an increase
in illumination. Also, photo resistive cells have a long response time requiring many seconds to
respond to a change in the light intensity.
Materials used as the semiconductor substrate include, lead sulphide (PbS), lead selenide (PbSe),
indium antimonide (InSb) which detect light in the infra-red range with the most commonly used
of all photoresistive light sensors being Cadmium Sulphide (Cds). Cadmium sulphide is used in
the manufacture of photoconductive cells because its spectral response curve closely matches
that of the human eye and can even be controlled using a simple torch as a light source. Typically
then, it has a peak sensitivity wavelength (λp) of about 560nm to 600nm in the visible spectral
range.
Photoconductive cells are used in many different types of circuits and applications, most of
which involves detecting the presence of light. For example, street lights use photo resistors to
detect whether it is day or night and turn the light or off accordingly. Photo resistors are also used
in digital cameras to detect how much light the camera is able to see and adjust the picture
quality accordingly. Photo resistors are also used in some clocks, alarms, and other electronic
devices that are semi dependent on sunlight.

Fig 3.12light dependent resistor cells
The most commonly used photo resistive light sensors are the ORP12 Cadmium Sulphide
photoconductive cell. This light dependent resistor has a spectral response of about 610 nm in the
yellow to orange region of light.
Figure 3.13 light dependent resistor

Analog Applications
Camera Exposure Control
Auto Slide Focus-dual cell
Photocopy Machines-density of toner
Colorimetric Test Equipment
ElectronicScales-dual cell
Automatic Gain Control–modulatedlightsource
Digital Applications
Automatic Headlight Dimmer, Night Light Control, Oil Burner Flame Out, Street Light Control,
Absence / Presence (beam breaker)and Position Sensor. The sensitivity of a photo detector is the
relationship between the light falling on the device and the resulting output signal. In the case of
a photocell, one is dealing with the relationship between the incident light and the corresponding
resistance of the cell.

3.1.3 System Programming (Flow Chart)
Fig 3.14 a flow chart

Fig 3.14 b flow chart

CHAPTER FOUR
IMPLIMENTATION AND TESTING
In implementation and testing phase we are going to discuss each and every process that is
carried out in the system. We totally divided the process in four different cases.
Case 1
When the circuit power is on (when we run on the Protus.) In this case the LCD display the
“welcome” information and at this stage the motor and fun do not run .The switch is open which
is going to be closed by user if user present in next case.
Fig 4.1 circuit diagram case 1

Case 2
In this case a user is present and the switch is closed. Now the fan motor and the heater starts to
run in parallel, which is carried out the process of drying. At the same time the LCD display the
time that is used by user.
Fig 4.2circuit diagram case 2

Case 3
In this case the user is still present, but the fan motor and heater stops automatically becausethe
time is expired. The LCD at this time display information “Your time is expired 10 Q!”
And check a switch if it is closed. If switch is closed it again starts to run the fan motor and
heater after 5second delay, otherwise it stop until another user comes back again.
Fig 4.3circuit diagram case 3

Case 4
This is the last case in our system. Now the user finished using the device. The switch is now
opened. The motor fan and the heater stop to operate until another user come again.
Fig 4.4 circuit diagram case 4

CHAPTER FIVE
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION
5.1 Summary of Findings
Automatic moisture dryers are better in quality and also inexpensive in terms of cost. In the old
days, there were no choices in the process of drying. If we wantmoisture dryer, you got a push
button, cast iron dryer, and it did the job. The advantages of automatic dryers are obvious. The
first is hygienic. We don’t have to touch an automatic hand dryer, reducing the possible spread of
germs that could be left on the dryer.
The second is energy savings. We only use the dryer for as long as you need it. Many timers
are set for 30 seconds. But the user may choose to leave after only 10 seconds of drying, wasting
the energy used for the rest of the cycle.
The first generation of sensors also had short life spans and needed to be replaced too frequently.
However, as electronic technology has improved, these problems are no longer so prevalent and
sensors and their circuit boards can now be some of the most reliable components in the dryer.
Sensors, which have fewer moving parts, are more reliable than push buttons. The sensor
usually costs more, however, so you may pay more for your automatic dryer than you will for
your push button dryer.
The third and probably the main reason why a lot of push button hand dryers are still specified is
that some people feel that they are not as easy to damage as motion-sensor hand dryers.
This is because some vandals will try to damage the automatic sensor either by scratching it or
putting gum on it.
Additionally dryers are programmed to stop running after a period of time if the sensor is
blocked, but the substance still needs to be removed from the dryer by a maintenance person.

No one these days wants to touch anything in the restroom and we particularly dislike banging
those buttons.
As new dryers are designed, we will notice that they are only being designed with automatic
versions. Eventually, there will be no more push button hand dryers.
5.2 Conclusion (Derived from findings)
This is an Automatic Hand Dryers which is activated by an infrared sensor when hands are
placed under the air outlet.
The result of this project show that if automatic moisture dryer is choices in the home more over
paper towel and manual switch based moisture dryer device. This project adds some feature to
increase user friend operation of the system such as LCD to display relevant information to the
user, and also use buffer IC to minimize electric shocking in the circuit.
The automatic moisture dryer device has overcomes the problem of energy consumption by
adjusting estimated time of drying equipment in the microcontroller.
5.3 Recommendation
From the results obtained, we made discussion in order to study the important things in our
project that could be possibly ignored during the development. Through the discussion we
determine the weakness and strength of our projects.
Weaknesses
Our system do not identify the content of moisture, it only uses AC power supply, with this
device only one person can use at a time and the fan motor rotates at a constant speed, i.e. do not
change speed of running motor depending up on moisture contents to be dried.
Strengths
Our system is a device that is a user friendly, Display all necessary information when it is on
process (It display the “welcome” information when it is on, when the user start to use display

time and when the time is up it display warning message “your time is expired” and at the end
when the user finished it display “thank you” message) and it does not need direct contact since
it is sensor based system.
5.4 Future Works
The future work of automatic moisture drier
The system will be work everywhere without depending on ac and electric power. It must be
performed on its amount ofmoisture contents of the materials means small and large moisture
contents are not dried at the same time interval. The fun system is installed above some length so
every users can’t use the system so it is better to installed (arrange) for conformability to every
users .The system will have detect automatically weather the equipment is dried but it only sense
the presence of the persons.

References
Books and Publications from Website
[1] Robert L.Bolysted, Louis nashelsky, Franz J. Monssen Electronic Device and Circuit Theory
Eighteenth edition, New jersey Columbus, Ohio.
[2] Michael J. Pont. 2002. Embedded C, 1st edition. London, Britain…..
[3] DirmanHanafi, AmranMohd, ZaidAyobHj. Johari, IzaidahShahbudin.2010.
Development of driers system for laundry business.University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia,
86400 Parit Raja, BatuPahat, Johor, Malaysia.
[4] Trisha Montalbo, Jeremy Gregor, Randolph Kirchain.2011. Life Cycle Assessment of Hand Drying
Systems
[5] Matthews, J.A. and Newsom, S.W.B. (1987) Hot air electric driers compared with paper
towels for the potential spread of airborne bacteria. Journal of Hospital Infection 9, 85-88.
[6] Knights, B., Evans, C., Barrass, S. and McHardy, B. (1993) Hand Drying; Assessment of
Efficiency and Hygiene of
Different Methods.Survey by the Applied Ecology Research Group at the University of
Westminister, London.
[7] Cytron Technologies Sdn. Bhd, (2008).Humidity SN-HMD, http://www.cytron.com.
my/humidity Control System Using SN-HMD.
[8] Redway, K., Knights, B., Bozoky, Z., Theobald, A. and Hardcastle, S. (1994) Hand drying: a
study of \
bacterial types associated with different hand drying methods and with hot air dryers. Applied
Ecology
Research Group. University of Westminster: London W1M 8JS
[9] PHS Wash rooms.2013.Paper Dispensers. (http://www.phs.co.uk/washrooms), UK,

London(Accessed on June 2, 2013).

Different Methods.Survey by the Applied Ecology Research Group at the University of

Westminister, London.
[10] Muhammad Ali Mazidi,JaniceGillispieMazidi,Rolin D. McKinlay. 1996 The 8051
Microcontroller and Embedded Systems: Using Assembly and C, Second edition
[11]HSD online .2000.Automatic Hand Dryers

(http://www.hygienesuppliesdirect.com/th/automatic_hand_dryers), UK,London (Accessed on
May 10, 2013).
[12] Treehugger.May 2007LCA of Hand Dryers vs. Paper Towels (http://www.treehugger.com/)

Colorado America (Accessed on April 21, 2013).

APENDIX
Code
#include<reg51.h>
#include<stdio.h>
//sbit reset = port^0;// resetting
sbitrs=P3^0; //Register select (RS)
sbitrw=P3^1; //Read write (RW) pin
sbit en=P3^2; //Enable (EN) pin
sbit sw1=P0^0;
unsigned char commands[]={0x38,0x0E,0x01,0x80,'\0'}; //Command to be sent to LCD
/*0x38 .......... setting 8-bit interface, 2 lines, 5*7 Pixels
0x0E ......... turning on underline visible cursor
0x01 ......... clearing screen
0x06 ........... 0x8-0 ////////moving cursor to the begining of line 1 of LCD
0xc0 moving cursor to the begining of

line 2 of LCD
*/
char name[]={"WELCOME TO AUTO MD"}; //String to be displayed on LCD
unsigned char command[]={0x38,0x1E,0x01,0xC5,'\0'}; //Command to be sent to LCD

unsigned char commanda[]={0x3C,0x0E,0x01,0xC0,'\0'}; //Command to be sent to LCD
char name1[]={"1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9"}; // no to be displayed on LCD
char name2[]={"Ur time is expired, 10Q!"}; // no to be displayed on LCD
voidlcdinit(void); //LCD initialization Function
voidlcdclr(void); //LCD Clear Function
voidlcdcomd(unsigned char); //LCD Command Declaring Fucntion
voidlcddata(unsigned char); //LCD Data Display Fucntion
void delay(intmsec) //delay function
unsignedinti,j;
for(i=0;i<msec;i++)
for(j=0;j<600;j++);
voidlcdcmd(unsigned char value) //Function for sending values to the command register of LCD
P2=value; //putting value on the pins
rs=0; //selecting command register
rw=0; //selecting to write
en=1; //strobe enable pin
delay(1);
en=0;
return;

void display(unsigned char value) //Function for sending values to the data register of LCD
P2=value; //putting value on the pins
rs=1; //selecting command register
rw=0; //selecting to write
en=1; //strobe the enable pin
delay(1);
en=0;
return;
void main()
inti,j,l,m,x,y;
P0 = 0; /* First, Port 0 will be initialized to zero */
for(i=0;commands[i]!='\0';i++) //Sending string to LCD
lcdcmd(commands[i]);
delay(50); // delay 50 Microsecond
for(j=0;name[j]!='\0';j++)

display(name[j]);
delay(50);
while(1==1) //run forever, infinite loop(unpredictable method of implementing

a delay)
lcdcmd(0x1C); //Shift the entire display to right
delay(40);
if(sw1==1)
for(l=0;command[l]!='\0';l++) //Sending string to LCD
lcdcmd(command[l]);
for(m=0;name1[m]!='\0';m++)
display(name1[m]);
lcdcmd(0x10);// to display data on current position
delay(50);
lcdcmd(0x0C); //hide blinking of cursor
delay(40);

P1=0x01;
delay(30);
P1=0x02;
delay(30);
P1=0x04;
delay(30);
P1=0x08;
delay(30);
for(ss=0;ss<=10;ss++)
sw1==1;
//else
if(ss==10)
sw1==0;
/}
for(x=0;commanda[x]!='\0';x++) //Sending string to LCD
lcdcmd(commanda[x]);

for(y=0;name2[y]!='\0';y++)
display(name2[y]);
delay(150);

Circuit diagram
Figure 5.1 full circuit diagrams

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AUTOMATIC MOISTURE DRIER FOR HOME APPLIANCES 2013

1.2 Statement of the Problem

ADAMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY 1

1.3.1 General Objective

More specifically this project entails the following aspects:

ii. Applying control system using sensors and other devices.

1.4 Scope of the Project

ADAMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY 2

1.5.1 System Development Methods

o Infrared led (IR led)

ADAMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY 3

1.5.3 Data Collection Methods

1.6 Significant of the project

ADAMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY 4

1.7 Out Line of the project

ADAMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY 5

ADAMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY 6

2.1Literature review on paper towel(manual drier)

ADAMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY 7

2.2Literature Review on switch based hand drier

2.3Literature Review on Automatic hand drier

ADAMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY 8

2.4Limitation of the Literature Review

The limitation of all the literature Reviewis

2.5Summery toward our project

 It is less time consuming

ADAMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY 9

3. System Descriptions and Design

3.1 System Description

ADAMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY 10

Fig 3.1 block diagram

3.1.2 Mathematical analysis

ADAMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY 11

Fig 3.2 Operational amplifier

ADAMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY 12

Fig 3.3oscillator diagram

rLC = 2 * (LC - PC)

ADAMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY 13

rLC = Real Load Capacitor value (the value of C1 and C2)

rLC = 2 * (LC-PC) rLC = 2 * (20-8) rLC = 2 * (12) rLC = 24pF

3.3 Detail Circuit Design and features of each component

• Compatible with MCS-51 Products

• 4K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory

– Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles

• Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz

• Three-level Program Memory Lock

• 128 x 8-bit Internal RAM

• 32 Programmable I/O Lines

• Two 16-bit Timer/Counters

• Six Interrupt Sources

• Programmable Serial Channel

• Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes

ADAMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY 14

Description AT89C51 MICROCONTROLER

The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4K

ADAMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY 15

Fig 3.5 AT89C51 pin configuration

ADAMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY 16

Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups.

Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups.

ADAMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY 17

Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups.

Table 3.1ports of AT89C51