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THE COLDEST CONTINENT

If you know anything about Antarctica, you may know that it is really, really cold. In fact, it's the coldest place on
Earth. Antarctica is made up of ice. It doesn't get much snow or rain so it's considered a desert. Given how cold
Antarctica is, it's no surprise that not many people live there. Most of the people who stay in Antarctica are scientists
who study its ice. In the summer, tourists also visit Antarctica. Soon enough, these tourists go back home. In general,
this continent can be a pretty lonely place for humans. While not many humans call Antarctica home, some animals
certainly do. Emperor penguins live in Antarctica. They are the biggest species of penguins. Weddell seals live in
Antarctica. They spend a lot of their time in the cold waters below the ice looking for animals to eat. Killer whales live
in the ocean waters of Antarctica. They eat other animals like seals and seabirds. They also eat krill, a small ocean
animal that lives in the ocean surrounding Antarctica. Many other animals in the Antarctic also eat krill. As for plants,
not many can be found in Antarctica. Moss and algae are few of the plants that can live in a place that cold.
Vocabulary
algae (n): su yosunu emperor (n): imparator seabird (n): deniz kuşu
call (v): adlandırmak, telefon etmek krill (n): kril seal (n): fok balığı, mühür
cold (adj): soğuk, ilgisiz lonely (adj): yalnız, ıssız (yer) species (n): tür (canlı)
consider (v): düşünmek moss (n): yosun surround (v): çevrelemek
continent (n): kıta pretty (adv): oldukça whale (n): balina
desert (n): çöl scientist (n): bilim insanı
Collocations
get snow : kar yağmak spend time : zaman harcamak/vakit cold water : soğuk su
geçirmek
Preposition
know about : ... hakkında bilmek stay in : ...da kalmak in general : genel olarak/genellikle
on Earth : Dünya'da in summer : yazın live in : ...da yaşamak
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WHAT DO PLANTS NEED?

Plants are living things. They depend on water and light to help them grow. But how do plants find what they need?
They get it from the world around them! Plants get water from the soil. They get light from the sun. Many plants have
roots, stems, and leaves. Roots keep a plant attached to the soil and help the plant take in water. Water moves up the
plant’s stem to the leaves. The stem also supports the plant so it stays up straight. Leaves take in light energy from
the sun. The leaves use water, light energy, and a gas called carbon dioxide to make glucose. Glucose is a kind of
sugar. It is food for the plant. Yes, plants make their own food! They use it to grow.
Vocabulary
call (v): adlandırmak, telefon etmek, plant (n): bitki, santral stem (n): sap (bitki)
çağırmak root (n): kök support (v): desteklemek
grow (v): büyümek stay (v): kalmak use (v): kullanmak
leaf (n): yaprak
Collocations
living thing : canlı stay straight : düz durmak
Preposition
attached to : …ya iliştirilmiş kind of : ...nın türü
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THE SAHARA DESERT

The Sahara Desert is one of the natural wonders on Earth. There are a few cities in the Sahara Desert, like Cairo and
Egypt, but compared to other parts of the world not many people live in this desert. Despite its large size, only around
2.5 million people live in the Sahara Desert. The most common language spoken in the Sahara is Arabic. The Sahara
Desert is the world's largest hot desert, but the third largest desert overall behind the Antarctic and the Arctic, which
are cold deserts. The Sahara Desert is on the northern part of the continent of Africa and is about 3.5 million square
miles. The overall climate of the Sahara makes it a difficult place for any life to exist. It is hot, dry, and windy. Even
though it is so hot during the day, the temperature can drop rapidly at night. It is even sometimes to below freezing.
It rarely rains in the Sahara. Some regions can go years without seeing a drop of rain. Plants, like the cactus, and
some grasses that don't need a lot of water grow here. Palm trees and fig trees grow in the areas of the desert that
have water.
Vocabulary
cold (adj): soğuk, ilgisiz exist (v): var olmak grow (v): büyümek
continent (n): kıta fig (n): incir overall (adv): bütününe bakıldığında
desert (n): çöl grass (n): çim windy (adj): rüzgârlı
despite (prep): ...e rağmen
Collocations
natural wonder : doğa harikası speak language : dili konuşmak make sth difficult : bir şeyi zorlaştırmak
large size : büyük boy hot desert : kızgın çöl temperature may drop : sıcaklık düşebilir
common language : ortak dil northern part : kuzey kısmı drop rapidly : hızla düşmek
Preposition
on Earth : Dünya'da during the day : gün boyunca below freezing : donma noktasının altında
compared to : … ile karşılaştırıldığında at night : geceleyin drop of : ... damlası
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PENGUINS
Penguins are one of the most beloved animals in the world. Penguins are found in many areas in the southern
hemisphere. Most people think of penguins as living in very cold climates like the icy continent of Antarctica, but they
also live in more temperate areas like the Galapagos Islands, Australia, and South Africa. Penguins love to swim in the
ice cold ocean water. They can swim very fast and can dive deep looking for food. A layer of fat together with a layer
of air keeps penguins warm in the cold water and almost any weather. There are several different types of penguins,
but you can tell these different types of penguins apart by the unique markings on their heads. Perhaps the Macaroni
penguin has the most unusual of these markings as it has long orange feathers right on top of its head. The largest
of the penguins is the Emperor penguin which is over three feet tall. All Penguins are mostly black and white in
colouring, which provides an excellent camouflage in the water. When swimming in the ocean, their white stomachs
make them hard to see from below as they blend into the sky and sunlight above. Likewise, their black backs help
disguise them from above as they are hard to see against the water and the dark ocean bed. Penguins mostly eat
fish. What types of fish they eat can depend on where they live. Some penguins mate for life, while others mate for a
season. In spring they return to the same place every year and lay eggs. Sometimes there will be thousands of
penguins at the same place. Each parent penguin stays close to the eggs and newborn chicks to protect them. While
one parent watches over the chick, the other parent will get food and store it in its mouth to feed the chick.
Vocabulary
apart (adj, adv): ayrı feather (n): tüy ocean (n): okyanus
beloved (adj): sevilen feed (v): beslemek protect (v): korumak
blend (v): karıştırmak find (v): bulmak southern (adj): güney
chick (n): civciv, genç kadın hemisphere (n): yarı küre, beyin yarısı stomach (n): mide
continent (n): kıta icy (adj): buzlu, buz gibi store (v): depolamak
deep (adj, adv): derin layer (n): katman sunlight (n): güneş ışığı
different (adj): farklı likewise (trans): benzer şekilde temperate (adj): ılıman
disguise (v): kılık değiştirmek marking (n): iz type (n): tür
dive (v): dalmak, azalmak mate (v): çiftleşmek, eş olmak unique (adj): eşsiz
fat (n): yağ mostly (adv): çoğunlukla unusual (adj): sıra dışı
Collocations
cold climate : soğuk iklim excellent camouflage : mükemmel make sth hard : bir şeyi sertleştirmek |
look for food : yiyecek aramak kamuflaj zorlaştırmak
keep warm : sıcak tutmak provide camouflage : kamuflaj lay egg : yumurtlamak
sağlamak stay close : yakın durmak
Preposition
in the world : dünyada at a/the place : bir yerde for life : ömür boyu
in the water : suda, suyun içinde close to : ...ya yakın return to : ...ya (geri) dönmek
disguise from : ...dan gizlemek
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MEERKATS
There are few animals on Earth who work as well together as meerkats. They live in the deserts and grasslands of the
southern tip of Africa. They live in groups of between twenty and fifty individuals. Each group has a king and a queen.
An adult meerkat weighs about three quarters of a kilo and is about 30 cm long with a long tail. These extremely
social animals live together in burrows, which they dig with their long, sharp claws. Living underground keeps mob
members safe from predators and out of the harsh African heat. Meerkats only go outside during the daytime. Each
morning, as the sun comes up, the mob emerges and begins looking for food. They use their keen sense of smell to
locate their favourite foods, which include beetles, caterpillars, spiders and scorpions. When the group hunts or
plays, two meerkats watch for danger. They start making noises when they see danger and all the meerkats run into
the tunnels. They have special cries which mean ‘eagle’ and ‘snake’. But if caught in the open by a predator, a meerkat
will try to look fierce, lying on its back and showing its teeth and claws. Meerkat parents teach their children how to
eat scorpions and they sometimes have babysitters so they can go out. When the young leave the tunnels for the first
time, the whole group comes to celebrate the occasion.
Vocabulary
babysitter (n): çocuk bakıcısı grassland (n): çayır predator (n): yırtıcı hayvan
beetle (n): böcek harsh (adj): sert queen (n): kraliçe, vezir (satranç),
burrow (n): yuva heat (n): ısı kız (iskambil)
caterpillar (n): tırtıl hunt (v): avlamak, aramak scorpion (n): akrep
cry (n): çığlık, ağlama include (v): içermek social (adj): toplumsal
danger (n): tehlike individual (n): birey special (adj): özel
desert (n): çöl king (n): kral spider (n): örümcek
dig (v): kazmak, araştırmak lie (v): uzanmak tip (n): ipucu, bahşiş, uç
emerge (v): ortaya çıkmak locate (v): yerini belirlemek tunnel (n): tünel
extremely (adv): son derece member (n): üye underground (adj, adv): yer altı, gizli
fierce (adj): şiddetli mob (n): kalabalık weigh (v): tartmak, hesap etmek
Collocations
long tail : uzun kuyruk look for food : yiyecek aramak favourite food : favori yiyecek
sharp claw : keskin pençe keen sense : keskin duyu celebrate occasion : özel durum
sun may come up : güneş doğabilir kutlamak
Preposition
on Earth : Dünya'da watch for : gözlemek run into : ...ya rastlamak
during the daytime : gündüzleri
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MADAGASCAR
Madagascar has two seasons, a warm, wet season from November to April, and a cooler dry season between May and
October. However, different parts of the country have very different weather. The east coast is hotter and wetter,
with up to 4000 mm of rainfall per year. In the rainy season, there are strong winds, and these can cause a lot of
damage. So, you should avoid visiting eastern Madagascar between January and March because the weather can
make road travel very difficult. The dry season is cooler and more pleasant. The high, central part of the country is
much drier and cooler. The summer is usually sunny and dry, but it can be cold, especially in the mornings, with
freezing showers, and it may snow in mountain areas above 2,400 m, and even stay there for several days. The west
coast is the driest part of the island. Here, the winter months are pleasant with little rain, cooler temperatures and
blue skies. The summers can be extremely hot, especially in the southwest. This part of the country is semi-desert,
and only gets around 300 mm of rain per year.
Vocabulary
avoid (v): kaçınmak mountain (n): dağ, yığın
because (conj, trans): ...dığı için, çünkü pleasant (adj): hoş sunny (adj): güneşli
cool (adj): serin, harika, sakin rainfall (n): yağmur yağışı travel (n): seyahat
especially (adv): özellikle road (n): yol visit (v): ziyaret etmek
freezing (adj): dondurucu shower (n): duş, sağanak warm (adj): ılık, sıcak tutan, içten
however (trans): ancak stay (v): kalmak weather (n): hava durumu
Collocations
wet season : yağışlı mevsim rainy season : yağmurlu mevsim strong central part : temel parça, orta kısım
dry season : kurak mevsim wind : sert rüzgar cool temperature : düşük sıcaklık
different part : farklı bölüm cause damage : zarara sebep olmak extremely hot : son derece sıcak
east coast : doğu kıyısı make sth difficult : bir şeyi zorlaştırmak
Preposition
per year : yılda / her yıl in the morning : sabahleyin
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1. State whether the following are True (T) 5. State whether the following are True (T)
or False (F): or False (F):
Madagascar has four seasons: spring, The wettest part of the island is the east.
summer, autumn and winter.
A) (T)
A) (T) B) (F)
B) (F)
6. State whether the following are True (T)
2. State whether the following are True (T) or False (F):
or False (F): January-March is a good time to visit
There is more rain in January than in eastern Madagascar.
June.
A) (T)
A) (T) B) (F)
B) (F)
or False (F): The centre of Madagascar is the coldest
The wet season is colder than the dry part.
season.
A) (T)
A) (T) B) (F)
B) (F)
or False (F): The west coast has the best weather in
It hardly ever rains in central December.
Madagascar.
A) (T)
A) (T) B) (F)
B) (F)
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RAINFOREST
Rainforests are forests characterized by biodiversity and high rainfall, with annual rainfall between 250 and 450
centimetres. There are two types of rainforest: tropical rainforest and temperate rainforest. Tropical rainforests are
characterized by a warm and wet climate with no substantial dry season: typically found within 10 degrees north and
south of the equator in areas such as South America, Southeast Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. Temperate
rainforests, however, are only found in few temperate regions around the world such as Europe, North America and
East Asia. Around 40% to 75% of all biotic species are indigenous to the rainforests. It has been estimated that there
may be many millions of species of plants, insects and microorganisms still undiscovered in tropical rainforests.
Tropical rainforests have been called the "jewels of the Earth" and the "world's largest pharmacy", because over one
quarter of natural medicines have been discovered there. Rainforests are also responsible for 28% of the world's
oxygen turnover; that is why tropical forests are also called "Earth's lungs." Rainforests produce many items that we
all use in our daily lives. Tropical rainforests provide timber as well as animal products such as meat and hides. Other
common rainforests products include: chocolate, sugar, cinnamon, rubber, medicine, and pineapples. Rainforests
also have value as tourism destinations and for the ecosystem services provided.
Vocabulary
because (conj, trans): ...dığı için, çünkü indigenous (adj): yerli service (n): hizmet, çalışma süresi
biodiversity (n): biyolojik çeşitlilik insect (n): böcek species (n): tür (canlı)
biotic (adj): canlılara ait item (n): madde substantial (adj): önemli, dayanıklı
cinnamon (n): tarçın meat (n): et temperate (adj): ılıman
destination (n): varış yeri medicine (n): ilaç, tıp timber (n): kereste
equator (n): ekvator natural (adj): doğal, normal tropical (adj): tropikal
estimate (v): tahmin etmek provide (v): sağlamak undiscovered (adj): keşfedilmemiş
hide (n): hayvan post rainforest (n): yağmur ormanı value (n): değer
however (trans): ancak rubber (n): kauçuk, silgi
Collocations
high rainfall : yüksek yağış wet climate : yağışlı iklim animal product : hayvansal ürün
annual rainfall : yıllık yağış dry season : kurak mevsim economic development : ekonomik
warm climate : sıcak iklim daily life : günlük yaşam gelişme
Preposition
to be characterized by : ... ile around the world : dünya genelinde | responsible for : ...dan sorumlu
nitelenmek / tanımlanmak dünyanın etrafında
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Tropical forests are found only in Rainforests have contributed to
tropical regions. economic development.
A) (T) A) (T)
B) (F) B) (F)

or False (F):
Many species of plants, insects and
microorganisms haven't been
discovered in tropical rainforests yet.
A) (T)
B) (F)
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ELEPHANT INTELLIGENCE
Most contemporary ethologists view the elephant as one of the world's most intelligent animals. With a mass of just
over 5 kg, an elephant's brain has more mass than that of any other land animal, and although the largest whales have
body masses twenty times those of a typical elephant, a whale's brain is barely twice the mass of an elephant's brain.
In addition, elephants have a total of 300 billion neurons. Elephant brains are similar to humans' and many other
mammals' in terms of general connectivity and functional areas. Elephants manifest a wide variety of behaviours,
including those associated with grief, learning, mimicry, play, self-sacrifice, use of tools, compassion, cooperation,
self-awareness, memory, and communication. Further, evidence suggests elephants may understand pointing: the
ability to nonverbally communicate an object by extending a finger, or equivalent. Elephants are thought to be highly
self-sacrificing animals that even aid other species, including humans, in distress. In India, an elephant was helping
locals lift logs by following a truck and placing the logs in pre-dug holes upon instruction from the mahout (elephant
trainer). At a certain hole, the elephant refused to lower the log. The mahout came to investigate the hold-up and
noticed a dog sleeping in the hole. The elephant only lowered the log when the dog was gone. When an elephant is
hurt, other elephants, even if they are unrelated, aid them.
Vocabulary
aid (v): yardım etmek functional (adj): işlevsel, çalışır durumda memory (n): anı, hafıza
although (conj, trans): ...e rağmen, fakat further (adv): daha fazla, daha ileriye mimicry (n): taklit
barely (adv): neredeyse hiç grief (n): üzüntü neuron (n): nöron
behaviour (n): davranış highly (adv): hayli, yüksek mevkili self-awareness (n): öz farkındalık
communication (n): iletişim hurt (adj): yaralanmış, üzülmüş self-sacrifice (n): özveri
compassion (n): şefkat including (prep): … dahil self-sacrificing (adj): fedakâr
connectivity (n): bağlanabilirlik intelligent (adj): zeki tool (n): alet
contemporary (adj): çağdaş lift (v): kaldırmak total (n): toplam
cooperation (n): iş birliği local (n): yerel halktan olan truck (n): kamyon
elephant (n): fil log (n): kütük, (gemi, uçak) seyir defteri understand (v): anlamak
equivalent (n): eş değerlik lower (v): indirmek unrelated (adj): ilişkisi olmayan
ethologist (n): etolog manifest (v): göstermek whale (n): balina
extend (v): uzatmak, kapsamak mass (n): yığın, kütle
Collocations
land animal : kara hayvanı evidence may suggest : kanıt extend finger : parmak uzatmak
a wide variety of : çok çeşitli ... gösterebilir dig hole : delik/çukur kazmak
Preposition
in distress : tehlikede/sıkıntıda associated with : ... ile ilişkili story about : ...hakkında hikaye
similar to : ...ya benzer in the hole : bir delikte
An elephant’s brain is larger than that of Elephants may understand a certain
a whale. type of body language.
A) (T) A) (T)
B) (F) B) (F)
In some respects, an elephant’s brain The story about an elephant in India is
resembles the human brain. an example of self-sacrifice.
A) (T) A) (T)
B) (F) B) (F)
PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN PLANTS
Although some of the steps in photosynthesis are still not completely understood, the overall photosynthetic
equation has been known since the 1800s. Jan van Helmont began the research of the process in the mid-1600s when
he carefully measured the mass of the soil used by a plant and the mass of the plant as it grew. After noticing that the
soil mass changed very little, he hypothesised that the mass of the growing plant must come from the water, the only
substance he added to the potted plant. His hypothesis was partially accurate—much of the gained mass also comes
from carbon dioxide as well as water. In 1796, Jean Senebier, a Swiss pastor, botanist, and naturalist, demonstrated
that green plants consume carbon dioxide and release oxygen under the influence of light. Soon afterwards,
Nicolas-Théodore de Saussure showed that the increase in mass of the plant as it grows could not be due only to
uptake of CO2, but also to the incorporation of water.
Vocabulary
afterwards (trans): ardından incorporation (n): birleşme yaymak, piyasaya çıkarmak
although (conj, trans): ...e rağmen, fakat notice (v): fark etmek research (n): araştırma
change (v): değişmek, (para) bozdurmak overall (adj): tüm show (v): göstermek
consume (v): tüketmek pastor (n): papaz soil (n): toprak, ülke
demonstrate (v): göstermek, gösteri yapmak photosynthesis (n): fotosentez substance (n): madde, önem
equation (n): denklem, eşitlik process (n): süreç, işlem uptake (n): kavrama
grow (v): büyümek release (v): serbest bırakmak,
Collocations
understand completely : tamamen measure mass : kütle ölçmek gain mass : kütle kazanmak
anlamak potted plant : saksı bitkisi understand fully : tam olarak
measure carefully : dikkatlice ölçmek partially accurate : kısmen doğru anlamak
Preposition
step in : ...da adım under the influence : etki altında increase in : ...de artış
add to : ...ya eklemek, katkıda bulunmak
We now fully understand the process of De Saussure demonstrated that both
photosynthesis. carbon dioxide and water contribute to
an increase in mass in plants as they
A) (T) grow.
B) (F)
A) (T)
B) (F)
or False (F):
Van Helmont's hypothesis did not take
into account that plants consume
carbon dioxide.
A) (T)
B) (F)
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SOLAR ENERGY
Solar energy system is the new source of energy used in most of the developed countries. The solar system
technology has started to gain popularity in developing countries too. Use of gasoline and other natural resources
as sources of energy are harmful for the environment; therefore, developed countries are trying to put more
reliance on solar energy for industrial use in general and domestic usage in particular. Use of solar energy for
industrial and domestic purpose is likely to increase in the future due to its benefits and multipurpose usage.
In the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, energy requirement around the globe has increased significantly.
Fossil fuels are the primary energy source that has the inherent disadvantage of being non-renewable. Due to
limited fossil fuels and the ever-increasing requirement for energy sources, it is important to look for the
alternative energy sources in order to replace the fossil fuels. Solar energy is another venue that provides an
alternative source. Sun energy is converted into electrical or thermal energy after it reaches earth. Solar energy
helps to sustain life on earth by maintaining the earth’s atmosphere and weather. Presently, only a very meagre
portion of the world energy is obtained from the sun, however, it is believed that solar energy can produce 5000
times more for energy for present consumption. In addition to the energy produced through solar panels,
hydropower and wind power are also forms of solar energy. Wind is due to the low and high temperatures caused
by the heat of the sun. Rainfall leads to plenty of water that produces hydropower. Solar energy can be extracted
both by active and passive methods. Active method includes the extraction of solar energy from photovoltaic cells
and using the same for different purposes. Passive solar energy is gained by orienting and siting the buildings in
accordance with the dispersion of light. There is a hybrid form of energy in which solar energy is used in
combination with other sources such as hydropower and energy produced by use of fossil fuels. Solar energy can
also be stored in batteries for later use.
Vocabulary
consumption (n): tüketim hybrid (adj, n): melez provide (v): sağlamak
dispersion (n): dağılma, renksel saçılım important (adj): önemli purpose (n): amaç
domestic (adj): yurt içi, aile içi, evcil limited (adj): sınırlı, limitet şirket rainfall (n): yağmur yağışı
ever-increasing (adj): sürekli artan maintain (v): devam ettirmek, bakım reach (v): ulaşmak, uzanmak
extract (v): çıkarmak yapmak, iddia etmek replace (v): değiştirmek, yerine koymak
extraction (n): çıkarma meagre (adj): yetersiz requirement (n): gereklilik
gain (v): kazanmak non-renewable (adj): yenilenemeyen store (v): depolamak
harmful (adj): zararlı presently (adv): şimdi, yakında therefore (trans): bu yüzden
heat (n): ısı primary (adj): başlıca, ilkokul, ilk venue (n): yer
however (trans): ancak
Collocations
solar energy : güneş enerjisi produce energy : enerji üretmek meet need : ihtiyacı karşılamak
developed country : gelişmiş ülke solar panel : güneş paneli harm environment : çevreye zarar vermek
gain popularity : popülerlik kazanmak wind power : rüzgar gücü/enerjisi tiny fraction : küçük kesir
natural resource : doğal kaynak low temperature : düşük sıcaklık shrink steadily : sürekli küçültmek /
industrial use : endüstriyel kullanım high temperature : yüksek sıcaklık küçülmek
increase significantly : önemli traditional society : geleneksel toplum great potential : büyük ihtimal
derecede artmak environmentally damaging : çevreye economic boom : ekonomik patlama/-
fossil fuel : fosil yakıt zarar veren canlanma
energy source : enerji kaynağı primary source : birincil/ana kaynak environmental health : çevre sağlığı
inherent disadvantage : temel dezavantaj environmentally friendly : çevre reduce sharply : keskin bir şekilde
alternative source : alternatif kaynak dostu azaltmak
sustain life : hayatı sürdürmek cardinal direction : ana yön
Prepositions
put reliance on : ...ya güvenmek, bel on Earth : Dünya'da for use : kullanma/kullanım için
bağlamak obtain from : ...dan elde etmek shift to : ...ya dönüşmek
in general : genel olarak/genellikle to be caused by : ...dan kaynaklanmak align with : … ile aynı hizada olmak
around the globe : dünya çapında use for : ... için kullanmak
requirement for : ... için gereksinim in combination with : ... ile birlikte /
convert into : ...ya dönüştürmek kombine halde
Solar energy was popular in traditional Solar energy is more environmentally
societies, but the modern world is friendly than fossil fuel-based energy.
shifting to more fossil fuel
consumption. A) (T)
B) (F)
A) (T)
B) (F) 5. State whether the following are True (T)
or False (F):
2. State whether the following are True (T) Some solar energy can be harnessed
or False (F): simply by siting buildings correctly,
Solar energy is environmentally even without solar panels.
damaging because solar energy used
for electrical generation is no longer A) (T)
available to regulate climate. B) (F)
A) (T)
6. Which of the following could be another
B) (F) title for this passage?
3. State whether the following are True (T) A) How Solar Panels Were Invented
or False (F): B) Solar Energy: A Renewable, Eco-Friendly
Wind is the primary source of Power Source
hydropower. C) Pros and Cons of Solar Power
A) (T) D) Wind Power vs. Solar Power
B) (F) E) Should I Buy A Solar Panel?
6. Which of the following could be another title 11. The passage says that solar energy can
for this passage? be harnessed ----.
A) How Solar Panels Were Invented A) through passive means like siting and
B) Solar Energy: A Renewable, Eco-Friendly orientation but not by active means
Power Source B) actively through solar panels but not in any
C) Pros and Cons of Solar Power other way
D) Wind Power vs. Solar Power C) both actively and passively
E) Should I Buy A Solar Panel? D) in tropical climates, but not in temperate
climates
E) only by people in areas with strong wind
7. The meaning of the word "domestic" patterns
in this passage is ----.
A) tame 12. According to this passage, developed

B) within one nation’s borders nations are investing in solar energy,
C) in homes wind and hydropower because ----.
D) servants’ A) getting energy from fossil fuel harms the
E) native environment and getting energy from the sun
does not
8. The word "orienting" in this passage B) solar technology is much cheaper than oil
is closest in meaning to ----. extraction technology
C) solar technology requires more manpower
A) aligning with a cardinal direction than fossil fuel technology so it creates more
B) positioning with the face toward the east jobs
C) positioning according to feng shui D) solar technology requires less manpower than
D) navigating fossil fuel technology so it frees people up to
do other kinds of work
E) adjusting the width
E) solar energy can be transmitted more
efficiently than fossil fuel energy
9. The phrase "due to" in this passage
is closest in meaning to ----.
13. Which of the following most accurately
A) owed to reflects what this passage says about
B) caused by solar energy capacity?
C) a cause of A) Most of the world’s electricity is already

D) the opposite of provided by solar power.
E) expected to B) Solar power will never provide more than a
tiny fraction of the world’s energy.
10. This passage is mainly about ----. C) The proportion of human-consumed energy
generated by the sun is steadily shrinking.
A) why solar power and other renewables D) Direct solar energy is very limited, but indirect
will never be able to meet all our energy forms of solar energy generation such as wind
needs power have great potential.
B) how solar technology has developed over E) Only a small portion of the world’s energy is
the past 50 years now produced by solar power, but there is the
C) why wind power is not quite as efficient capacity to generate much more.
as solar power
D) how and why nations are developing
solar power and other renewable
resources
E) why some nations are developing solar
power and others developing fossil fuels
14. This passage estimates that we could 15. We can guess from this passage that
produce how much more solar power the author believes that ----.
than we currently do?
A) solar technology will lead to an immediate
A) 100 times economic boom
B) 5.6 times B) nations will make long-term environmental
C) one million times health a priority
D) 5,000 times C) we will soon discover a technology even more
safe and efficient than solar
E) the potential is infinite and cannot be
measured D) humans will have to sharply reduce our
energy consumption
E) wind power is safer than hydropower
ANIMAL COMMUNICATIONS
Do all animals talk to each other? Probably not, but many do communicate. Like human beings, many animals live
together in groups. Some insects, including ants and bees, are well known for living in groups. For animals to live
together in groups, they must be able to communicate with each other.
Animal communication increases the ability to survive and have children. This is known as genetic fitness.
Communication helps animals find food, defend themselves, have, and care for children.
Some animals communicate with sound. Most birds communicate this way. Birds use different calls to warn other birds
of danger. They use sounds to tell them to flock together. Many other animals also use sound to communicate. For
example, monkeys use warning sounds to tell other monkeys that danger is near. Frogs make noise (croak) to attract
female frogs as mates. Gibbon use calls to tell other gibbons to stay away from their area.
Another way some animals communicate is with sight. They communicate by moving in certain ways or by “making
faces”. Most primates communicate in this way. For example, a male chimpanzee may raise his arms and stare at
another male chimpanzee. This warns the chimpanzee to not come close. The chimpanzee may look like he is smiling,
but he is really showing fear. He is communicating to other chimpanzees that he will not fight them.
Some animals communicate with scents and smells. They release chemicals. Other animals can smell or detect these
chemicals. Ants release many different chemicals. Other ants detect the chemicals with their antennae. This explains
how ants are able to work together. The different chemicals that ants produce have different meanings.
Some of the chemicals signal the ants to come together. Other chemicals warn of danger. Still other chemicals mark
paths to food sources. When an ant finds food, it marks the path back to the nest by leaving behind a chemical on the
ground. Other ants follow the chemical path to the food.
Vocabulary
ability (n): yetenek follow (v): takip etmek, anlamak noise (n): gürültü
attract (v): çekmek gibbon (n): şebek path (n): patika, yaşam biçimi
call (n): arama, talep, kısa ziyaret, including (prep): … dahil probably (adv): muhtemelen
sesleniş increase (v): artmak produce (v): üretmek, neden olmak
danger (n): tehlike insect (n): böcek scent (n): koku
defend (v): savunmak mark (v): puanlamak, lekelemek, sight (n): görme yetisi, görüntü
detect (v): tespit etmek belirtmek signal (v): işaret vermek
explain (v): açıklamak mate (n): arkadaş, eş smell (n): koku, koklama
fight (v): kavga etmek, mücadele meaning (n): anlam sound (n): ses
etmek, savaşmak monkey (n): maymun survive (v): hayatta kalmak
fitness (n): sağlıklı yaşam, uygunluk nest (n): kuş yuvası warn (v): uyarmak
flock (v): akın etmek
Collocations
human being : insanoğlu find food : come close : yakına gelmek/yaklaşmak effective way : etkili yol
yiyecek bulmak show fear : korkuyu göstermek express idea : fikir ifade etmek
use sound : ses kullanmak release chemical : kimyasal salmak basic idea : temel fikir
make face : surat asmak food source : besin kaynağı
raise arm : kolunu kaldırmak
Prepositions
talk to : ...ile konuşmak care for : ...nın bakımını üstlenmek out of sight : gözden uzak, gizli
in a group : grupta, grup halinde warn of : ... hakkında uyarmak similarity between : ...arasında benzerlik
known for : ...sıyla ünlü, tanınan, bilinen stare at : gözlerini ...ya dikmek speak with : ... ile konuşmak
communicate with : …ile iletişim kurmak on the ground : yerde use as : ...olarak kullanmak
be known as : ... olarak bilinmek in a ... manner : ... bir şekilde, biçimde mixture of : ... karışımı
1. State whether the following are True (T) 4. State whether the following are True (T) or
or False (F): False (F):
Male frogs use noises such as croaking Communications helps animals to
to attract female frogs as sexual partners. defend themselves but does not help
them find food.
A) (T)
B) (F) A) (T)
B) (F)
or False (F): 5. State whether the following are True (T) or
Sight is another very common and False (F):
effective way of communication. Ants generally communicate using
sounds.
A) (T)
B) (F) A) (T)
B) (F)
or False (F): 6. Which of the following could be another
For animals to exist in groups they do title for this passage?
not necessarily need to communicate.
A) How to Talk to Animals
A) (T)
B) Communication Skills and Monkeys
B) (F)
C) Sight, Sound and Scent, Animal
Communication
D) Sight vs Sound
E) Learning to Communicate
7. The meaning of the word "call" in this 11. The passage mentions each of the
passage is ----. following EXCEPT ----.
A) sound A) For animals or insects to live in groups they

B) cry must have some form of communication
C) scream B) Not all animals talk or speak with each other
but many do communicate
D) singing
C) Humans generally live in groups and work
E) speaking together in groups
D) Insects such as ants and bees are also
8. The word “mark” is closest in known for living in groups
meaning to ----. E) Animals often live together in groups but do
not have any form of communication
A) stain
B) blot
12. According to this paragraph, ----.
C) prove
D) show A) Birds often use head movements that to warn
other birds of danger
E) sign
B) Generally birds use sound to communicate
with each other
9. What does the pronoun “they” in C) When birds flock together they do not require
this passage refers to? sound to do it
A) insects D) Very few animals are able to use sound to
communicate
B) animals
E) Gibbons and monkeys use arm actions to
C) ants signal danger or tell others to stay away from
D) bees the area
E) human beings
13. It is clearly stated in the passage that ---
10. The primary purpose of the -.
passage is to ----.
A) chemicals can not be used as a tool of
A) explain how humans are very different communication by any insects or animals
from animals in the manner they
B) scents and smells can be enjoyable or
communicate
disgusting but is very difficult to be used as a
B) express the basic ideas of group communication basis
dynamics and how groups work
C) chemicals can be released to communicate
together
with other animals who either smell or detect
C) explain how sight, sound and smell are these chemicals
used by animals to communicate and
D) ants detect chemicals on their legs and then
thereby allow them to function in groups
communicate using dance
D) teach which form of communication is
E) ants only use a single type of chemical but
better out of sight, sound and smell
interpret the chemical differently
E) remind the reader that there are
many similarities between animals
and humans
14. According to the passage, animals 15. It can be inferred from the passage that
communicate using sight ----. ----.
A) only if the animals can not communicate by A) humans have a very complex level of
using sound communication and this means we can not
B) very rarely as smell is more commonly used communicate with other species
C) because the senses of sound and scent or B) if humans can understand how animals and
smell is very very poor insects communicate we may be able, in the
future, to communicate or control these
D) by moving in a certain way, making faces
animals or insects
such as waving arms or smiling
C) people must be care with what scent or
E) if there is no danger and the animal is relaxed
perfumes he/she wear as it will affect insect
and feels safe
who communicate using scents and smells
D) sound is a much more important form of
communication than either sight or scent
E) all animals and insects must use a mixture of
sight, sound and smell to communicate in a
strong group
THE IMPORTANCE OF POLLINATORS

Many of us don’t like insects and prefer not to have them in our yards and neighbourhoods. While there are certainly
unwanted insects, such as poisonous spiders, ticks and mosquitos; we need the majority of insects for pollination for
most of the beautiful flowers in our gardens and neighbourhoods.
Pollination is a vital process of nature that isn’t very well known, but is extremely important in the food growing
processes, and without it, we would be in trouble. For the fruit seeds to develop, pollen has to be transferred between two
flowers of the same species, which then fertilizes the flower and allows the production of healthy seeds on the plant.
It is estimated that ¾ of our staple crops, and 1/3 of all food crops require pollination. Without the necessary amount of
pollinators, we wouldn’t be able to grow the crops necessary for food. Hand-pollinating crops would be a huge financial
burden and undertaking, and would drastically change agriculture.
The most widely known pollinators are honey bees. Honey bees are responsible for the pollination and thus production of
$19 billion worth of food crops each year, just in the United States alone! There are many other pollinators that are just as
vital to food crop productions and plant reproduction as honey bees, but aren’t as well known such as wasps, moths, flies,
butterflies, beetles, bats, birds, and ants.
We can take steps in our own backyards, gardens, and neighbourhoods to create a pollinator friendly environment, which
is crucial to pollinators’ (and our own) survival! One way to do this is to plant more pollinator food sources such as a
variety of flowering plants. It is best to choose different flowering plants so you will have a continuous bloom throughout
the year in order to extend the pollen and nectar seasons. Planting your variety flowers in large areas is more effective
than planting flowers in small, isolated areas.
Another important step is providing pollinators a source of water in your yard. A simple idea is to put a bird dish of water
in a shady spot in your yard.
Vocabulary
agriculture (n): tarım fertilize (v): gübrelemek, döllemek require (v): gerektirmek
backyard (n): arka bahçe insect (n): böcek seed (n): tohum
beetle (n): böcek majority (n): çoğunluk species (n): tür (canlı)
bloom (n): (yeni açmış) çiçek, hayatın baharı moth (n): güve survival (n): hayatta kalma
continuous (adj): devamlı necessary (adj): gerekli thus (trans): bu yüzden
crop (n): ekin pollinator (n): polen taşıyıcı tick (n): ( ) işareti, tik tak sesi, kene
crucial (adj): çok önemli prefer (v): tercih etmek undertaking (n): zor ve önemli iş
develop (v): gelişmek, ortaya çıkmak process (n): süreç, işlem unwanted (adj): istenmeyen
effective (adj): etkili production (n): üretim, yapım vital (adj): hayati, enerji dolu
estimate (v): tahmin etmek provide (v): sağlamak wasp (n): yaban arısı
extend (v): uzatmak, kapsamak
Collocations
poisonous spider : zehirli örümcek take step : adım atmak pollinate flower : çiçeği döllemek
extremely important : son derece önemli friendly environment : dost canlısı çevre direct link : doğrudan bağlantı
staple crop : temel ürün flowering plant : tohumlu bitki short space : kısa süre
grow crop : ekin yetiştirmek isolated area : ayrılmış/ıssız alan price may increase : fiyat artabilir
financial burden : finansal yük important step : önemli adım population may increase : nüfus artabilir
change drastically : büyük ölçüde shady spot : gölgelik daily life : günlük yaşam
değiştirmek
Prepositions
in yard : bahçede necessary for : …için gerekli link between : ...arasındaki bağlantı
in the neighbourhood : civarda/semt- responsible for : ...dan sorumlu in the world : dünyada
te/mahallede step in : ...da adım assist with : ...da yardım etmek
in trouble : başı belada throughout the year : yıl boyunca aware of : …nın farkında
transfer between : ... arasında aktarma around the world : dünya genelinde |
yapmak dünyanın etrafında
1. Most insects are not required to 5. Around the world honey bees are
pollinate flowers or plants in our responsible for the pollination of 19
gardens billion dollars worth of food each year.
A) (T) A) (T)
B) (F) B) (F)
2. It is well known by normal people that 6. The meaning of the word "steps" in this
insects are necessary for pollination. passage is ----.
A) (T) A) actions
B) (F) B) movements
C) jumps
3. Honey bees are the most widely known D) strides
pollinators in nature. E) walks
A) (T)
B) (F) 7. The word "vital" is closest in meaning to
----.
4. To pollinate a flower, pollen needs to be A) active

moved between two flowers of the same B) lively
species.
C) absolutely necessary
A) (T) D) progressive
B) (F) E) common
8. What does the pronoun "we" in this 11. The passage mentions each of the
passage refers to? following EXCEPT ----.
A) insects A) Without pollination people would be in trouble

B) flowers as it is important in the food growing process.
C) humans B) Most insects are required in some capacity to
assist with the process of pollination.
D) spiders
C) Many people do not like insects and do not
E) neighbourhoods like having them in their houses and gardens.
D) People often do not like insects such as
9. The passage is best described as being spiders or scorpions.
----. E) Every species of insect is necessary for the
process and action of pollinating plants.
A) informative and instructive
B) scientific 12. According to the passage, if food crops
C) well-researched were not pollinated ----.
D) negative
A) then the human species would have
E) unconvincing absolutely no sources of food to consume
B) then food crops would have to be hand
10. The main point made by the pollinated which would be very expensive
passage is that ----. C) we would still be able to grow all the
necessary vegetables that people want to eat
A) specific insects are important as
pollinators such as ticks and spiders D) the humans species would die out within a
very short space of time
B) pollinating insects are essential to food
growing and anybody with a garden can E) two thirds of our food sources could not be
help these pollinators grown
C) honey bees are very important to the
food cycle of humans around the
13. According to this paragraph, ----.
world
D) the average person can do little A) the most common and well-known pollinator is
actions around the garden to help the ant
pollinators B) in the United States, honey bees are
E) there is a direct link between the number responsible for 40 billion dollars of food crops
of pollinators in the world and the amount every years
of food that can be grown C) the honey bee is the most widely known and
effective pollinator of crops around the world
D) honey bees are the only important and
necessary pollinator in the world
E) it is possible for humans to cheaply grow all
the food they need without insects to pollinate
food
14. According to the passage, people can 15. Based on the passage, which of the
help pollinators by ----. following was true of pollinators?
A) keeping the garden dry and without any ponds A) All insects can works as pollinators and if one
or water species dies another species can replace that
B) changing nothing our yard, gardens and pollinator.
neighbourhoods B) Pollinators are essential to the human food
C) planting trees and not flowers cycle and people must be aware of them and
take care of pollinators or food prices will
D) buying insects from the pet shops and putting
increase and the vegetable food types may
them in the garden
decrease.
E) planting flowering plants and having a source
C) Pollinator are actually quite simple for humans
of water in the garden
to places with hand pollinators and in the
future this may be the simplest system.
D) People must make specific plans to help
pollinators in their gardens, backyards and
neighbourhoods or pollinators will die out and
be killed.
E) People will have to start living with more
pollinators in their daily lives as the population
of the world increase and more food must be
grown to feed these people.
HISTORY OF CHEMICAL WEAPONS USE

Chemicals had been used in wars for thousands of years. For example, poisoned arrows, boiling tar, arsenic smoke
and noxious fumes. Modern chemical usage started in World War I.
Chlorine and phosgene gases was used during World War I. The chemicals were released on the battlefield and
spread by the wind. These chemicals were produced in large amounts before WW1. The first large attack with
chlorine gas occurred 22 April 1915 in Belgium. During the war several different types of chemical weapons were
used. Mustard gas caused 90,000 deaths and over one million injuries. Injured soldiers affected by chemical
warfare suffered for the rest of their lives.
By the end of World War I, 124,000 tonnes of chemical agent had been used. The delivery system for the chemicals
changed over the years. These weapons now have a large capacity to kill. Chemical weapons can be delivered in the
form of artillery shells, mortar projectiles, aerial bombs, spray tanks and landmines.
After World War I, few countries wanted to use even deadlier chemical weapons on the World War II battlefields.
However, many countries prepared chemical weapons to be used in war. Chemical weapons were used everywhere
in the First and Second World Wars. Old and forgotten chemical weapons are a problem for many countries.
During the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union both maintained enormous stockpiles of chemical
weapons, amounting to tens of thousands of tonnes. The amount of chemical weapons held by these two countries
was enough to destroy much of the human and animal life on Earth.
Iraq used chemical weapons in Iran during the war in the 1980s. Also, Iraq used mustard gas and nerve agents
against Kurdish residents in Northern Iraq, in 1988. Pictures of Kurdish victims shocked the world. Two recent uses
of chemical weapons were both sarin attacks in Japan. These two attacks focused international attention on
terrorists using chemical weapons.
Chemical weapons have a terrible history. The use of modern chemicals scares many people. There is a ban on
such chemical weapons now. Many countries are trying to stop the use of chemical weapons around the world.
Vocabulary
affect (v): etkilemek enormous (adj): muazzam produce (v): üretmek, neden olmak
agent (n): temsilci, ajan, etmen however (trans): ancak projectile (n): mermi
artillery (n): top (askeri) injury (n): yaralanma resident (n): sakin
attack (n): saldırı, eleştiri, hastalık nöbeti landmine (n): kara mayını rest (n): dinlenme, geri kalanı
boiling (adj): kaynayan maintain (v): devam ettirmek, bakım sarin (n): sarin
chemical (adj, n): kimyasal yapmak, iddia etmek smoke (n): duman, sigara içme
deadly (adj): ölümcül mortar (n): harç, havan (silah), stockpile (n): stok
delivery (n): teslimat, doğum havan (mutfak) tar (n): katran
destroy (v): yok etmek prepare (v): hazırlamak weapon (n): silah
Collocations
poisoned arrow : zehirli ok large capacity : geniş kapasite traditional form : geleneksel biçim
noxious fumes : zehirli dumanlar chemical weapon : kimyasal silah modern invention : modern buluş
large amount : büyük miktar cold war : soğuk savaş human history : insanlık tarihi
attack may occur : saldırı meydana human life : insan hayatı chemical attack : kimyasal saldırı
gelebilir international attention : uluslararası ilgi give power : güç vermek
injured soldier : yaralı asker ancient time : antik zaman private company : özel şirket
chemical warfare : kimyasal savaş popular choice : popüler seçim
Prepositions
around the world : dünya genelinde | over the years : yıllar boyunca ban on : … yasağı
dünyanın etrafında in the form of : ... şeklinde war between : ...arasında savaş
spread by : ... ile yayılmak problem for : ... için sorun spread across : ... boyunca yayılmak
suffer for : ... için acı çekmek on Earth : Dünya'da in the past : geçmişte
by the end of : ...nın sonuna kadar
1. State whether the following are True (T) or

False (F): 4. State whether the following are True (T) or
Chemicals have only recently started to be False (F):
used in wars and conflicts. During the Cold War many countries
kept large amounts of chemical
A) (T)
weapons.
B) (F)
A) (T)
2. State whether the following are True (T) or B) (F)
False (F):
World War One was the first time that 5. State whether the following are True (T) or
chemicals were used in modern warfare. False (F):
Chemical weapons have never been
A) (T)
used by the Iraqi government.
B) (F)
A) (T)
3. State whether the following are True (T) or B) (F)
False (F):
Only small amounts of chemicals were 6. The meaning of the word “capacity” in
developed for use in World War One. this passage is ----.
A) (T) A) ability
B) (F) B) size
C) depth
D) dimensions
E) talent
7. The word “released” is closest in 11. The passage mentions each of the
meaning to ----. following EXCEPT ----.
A) freed A) for thousands of years chemicals have been

B) used used in wars
C) put out B) the use of chemical weapons in modern
warfare started during World War 1
D) let go of
C) poisoned arrows are a traditional and tribal
E) unchained form of chemical weapon
8. What does the pronoun “their” in D) in ancient times boiling tar and noxious fumes
this passage refers to? were used as chemical weapons
A) chemicals E) chemical warfare is not a modern invention
and is part of the human history of war
B) warfare
C) injured soldiers
D) mustard gases 12. According to the passage, which of the
following is true of World War 1?
E) war
A) The first chemical weapons were spread
9. The passage is best described as being across the battle by cannons.
----. B) The very first large attack using chemical
weapons during WW1 occurred in Belgium
A) emotional when chemicals were released and spread by
B) cold the wind.
C) well-researched C) During the First World War only one type of
chemical weapon was used, chlorine.
D) illogical
D) Injuries from chemical weapons did not last
E) tedious
very long and were relatively easy to recover
from.
10. This story tells as a whole ----. E) One million people were killed by chemical
attacks in the First World War.
A) the usage of chemical weapons on
ancient times
B) how chemical weapons were used during 13. According to this paragraph, ----.
the cold war between America and
A) America never used or stockpiled chemical
Russia
weapons
C) how chemical weapons were developed
B) Russia, like America, did not stockpile
and the science behind it
chemical weapons
D) the development, storage, capacity and
C) after the deaths of the First World War people
use of chemical weapons in the modern
did not want to use chemical weapons again
world and modern wars
D) America and Russia had enough chemicals to
E) why chemical weapons have always
kill all the humans in the world during the Cold
been such a popular choice of
War
weapon in war
E) during the cold war the amount of chemical
weapons in the world actually decreased
14. According to the passage, chemical 15. We can think from this passage that ----.
weapons ----.
A) the First World War was a terrible occurrence
A) were used by the Iranian on the Iraqi and does not reflect true human nature
population during the 1980’s B) humans have always used chemical weapons
B) were used by the Iraqi government against the in war and will continue to use chemical
Kurds weapons regardless of the consequences
C) were never used by the Iraqi government in C) the ban on chemical weapons will hopefully
any conflict or war stop deaths and injuries occurring in wars
D) have not been used by a government against from the use of chemical weapons
its own population D) if government stop using chemical weapons it
E) are used so rarely that no pictures of gas gives power to terrorist groups like those who
attack victims exist committed the attacks in Japan
E) governments and private companies are now
developing even more deadly chemical
weapons that may kill many more people than
all wars in the past
DESERTIFICATION
Desertification has environmental impacts at the global and regional scale. Affected areas may sometimes be
located thousands of kilometres away from the desertified areas. Desertification-related processes such as
reduction of vegetation cover, for instance, increase the formation of aerosols and dust. These, in turn, affect
cloud formation and rainfall patterns, the global carbon cycle, and plant and animal biodiversity. For example,
visibility in Beijing is often adversely affected by dust storms originating in the Gobi Desert in springtime. Large
dust storms emanating from China affect the Korean peninsula and Japan and are observed to even have an impact
on North American air quality.
An increase in desertification-related dust storms is widely considered to be a cause of ill health
(fever, coughing, and sore eyes) during the dry season. Dust emanating from the East Asian region and the Sahara
has also been implicated in respiratory problems as far away as North America and has affected coral reefs in the
Caribbean. Dust storms can also have positive impacts, however; for example, air-transported dust deposits from
Africa are thought to improve soil quality in the Americas. Finally, reduction of vegetation cover in drylands leads
to destructive o ods downstream and excessive clay and silt loads in water reservoirs, wells, river deltas, river
mouths, and coastal areas often located outside the drylands.
The societal and political impacts of desertification also extend to non-dryland areas. Droughts and loss of land
productivity are predominant factors in movement of people from drylands to other areas, for example (medium
certainty). An inu x of migrants may reduce the ability of the population to use ecosystem services in a sustainable
way. Such migration may exacerbate urban sprawl and by competing for scarce natural resources bring about
internal and cross-boundary social, ethnic, and political strife. Desertification-induced movement of people also
has the potential of adversely affecting local, regional, and even global political and economic stability, which may
encourage foreign intervention.
Vocabulary
biodiversity (n): biyolojik çeşitlilik finally (adv): sonunda productivity (n): verim
cause (n): sebep, amaç formation (n): oluşum rainfall (n): yağmur yağışı
clay (n): kil impact (v): etkilemek reduction (n): azalma
cloud (n): bulut implicate (v): suça bulaştırmak, reservoir (n): gölet
deposit (v): bırakmak, bankaya para yatırmak içermek respiratory (adj): solunumla ilgili
desertification (n): çölleşme improve (v): gelişmek scarce (adj): kıt
destructive (adj): yıkıcı increase (v): artmak sore (adj): ağrılı
downstream (adj, adv): akıntı yönündeki local (adj): yerel sprawl (n): yayılma
drought (n): kuraklık locate (v): yerini belirlemek springtime (n): ilkbahar
dryland (n): kurak bölge migration (n): göç strife (n): çatışma
dust (n): toz pattern (n): biçim, desen, (elbise vb) kalıp sustainable (adj): sürdürülebilir
encourage (v): teşvik etmek peninsula (n): yarımada visibility (n): görünürlük
exacerbate (v): kötüleştirmek potential (n): potansiyel widely (adv): yaygın olarak
excessive (adj): aşırı predominant (adj): egemen
Collocations
environmental impact : çevresel etki coastal area : kıyı bölgesi major cause : ana sebep
regional scale : bölgesel ölçek urban sprawl : çarpık kentleşme human civilization : insan uygarlığı
global scale : küresel ölçek natural resource : doğal kaynak hiding place : saklanma yeri
vegetation cover : bitki örtüsü political strife : siyasi çatışma leading article : başmakale/başyazı
affect adversely : olumsuz etkilemek social strife : sosyal çatışma far-reaching effect : geniş kapsamlı etki
dust storm : toz fırtınası economic stability : ekonomik istikrar volcanic eruption : yanardağ patlaması
air quality : hava kalitesi foreign intervention : dışarıdan/ dış decline rapidly : hızla azalmak
ill health : hastalık müdahale blow dust : toz uçurmak
dry season : kurak mevsim leave sth bare : bir şeyi çıplak/çorak political stability : siyasi istikrar
positive impact : olumlu etki bırakmak proceed rapidly : hızla ilerlemek
Prepositions
originate in : ...da ortaya çıkmak factor in : ...de etken, faktör lie on : …da uzanmak, bulunmak
impact on : …üzerinde etki in a ... way : ... bir şekilde spread across : ... boyunca yayılmak
increase in : ...de artış compete for : ...için yarışmak / responsible for : ...dan sorumlu
extend to : ...ya kadar uzanmak rekabet etmek
Desertification is a local problem which Immigration is described in this passage
does not affect distant areas. as a major cause of desertification.
A) (T) A) (T)
B) (F) B) (F)
Dust storms can affect air quality many Desertification often improves human
miles from the drylands where they health.
begin.
A) (T)
A) (T) B) (F)
B) (F)
6. Which of the following could be another
3. State whether the following are True (T) title for this passage?
or False (F):
Desertification kills plants and leaves A) Local and Global Damage Caused by
soil bare; this can lead to dangerous Desertification
flooding downstream. B) What Creates Deserts?
C) A History of Human Efforts to Reduce
A) (T)
Desertification
B) (F)
D) Why Human Civilization Began in Deserts
E) Desertification: Who Wins, Who Loses
7. The meaning of the word “cover” in 11. The passage mentions that
this passage is ----. desertification negatively affects each of
the following EXCEPT ----.
A) something which lies on top of or
spreads across something else A) human health
B) a hiding place B) cloud formation
C) a false story intended to protect a secret C) human migration
D) the leading article in a newspaper D) volcanic eruptions
E) a lid which seals off a hollow container E) flooding
8. The word “affect” in this 12. This passage says that desertification
passage is closest in meaning causes more ---- to form.
to ----.
A) aerosols and dust
A) measure B) wetlands
B) cause feelings in C) volcanoes
C) ruin D) carbon monoxide
D) influence E) crevasses
E) enhance
13. This passage says that soil quality in

9. The word “considered” in this
the Americas ----.
passage is closest in meaning to
----. A) is very different in North America than in
South America
A) proven
B) is declining rapidly because of American
B) doubted desertification
C) believed C) is improved because dust blown from Africa in
D) deliberated dust storms settles in the Americas
E) suggested D) is negatively impacted because toxic dust
clouds from polluted parts of China settle in
the Americas
10. This passage is mainly about ----.
E) has not been measured
A) how to prevent desertification
B) why we don’t need to prevent desertification
C) the nations mainly
responsible for desertification
D) how to restore land which has been
turned into desert
E) the far-reaching effects of desertification
14. Which country’s dust storms are 15. This passage suggests that ----.
described as affecting air quality in
Japan, Korea and the Americas? A) combating desertification would improve
human health, political stability, and
A) India environmental quality
B) China B) desertification is proceeding rapidly and there
C) Russia is nothing we can do to stop it; we must
prepare to survive its bad effects
D) Senegal
C) desertification is really not as bad as some
E) Cameroon alarmists suggest
D) desertification is not really happening
E) desertification is dangerous but not as
dangerous as the opposite problem of
excessive moisture
CEVAP ANAHTARI
MADAGASCAR
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
B A B A A B A A
RAINFORESTS
1 2 3
B A A
ELEPHANT INTELLIGENCE
1 2 3 4
B A A A
PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN PLANTS
1 2 3
B A A
CEVAP ANAHTARI
SOLAR ENERGY
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
B B B A A B C A B D C A E D B
ANIMAL COMMUNICATIONS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
A A B B B C A D B C E B C D B
THE IMPORTANCE OF POLLINATORS

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
B B A A B A C C A B E B C E B
HISTORY OF CHEMICAL WEAPONS USE

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
B A B A B A A C C D E B D B C
DESERTIFICATION
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
B A A B B A A D C E D A C B A
YDS DERSLERİ
Çeviri, kelime, okuma çalışmaları ve soru çözüm stratejileri ile
seviyeniz ne olursa olsun sizi YDS’ye eksiksiz hazırlayacak internetin
olduğu her yerden istediğiniz zaman ulaşabileceğiniz online eğitimler
sunuyoruz.
YÖKDİL DERSLERİ
Sosyal Bilimler, Sağlık Bilimleri ve Fen Bilimleri alanlarına yönelik
çeviri, kelime, okuma çalışmaları ve soru çözüm stratejileri ile
seviyeniz ne olursa olsun sizi YÖKDİL’e eksiksiz hazırlayacak internetin
olduğu her yerden istediğiniz zaman ulaşabileceğiniz online eğitimler
sunuyoruz.
ÇEVİRİ DERSLERİ
İster sınav için ister akademik kariyeriniz için katılabileceğiniz
Akademik Çeviri Dersleri ile kısa sürede İngilizce'den Türkçe'ye çeviri
bilginizi geliştirebilirsiniz. Çeviri dersleri aracılığıyla çeviri bilginizin
yanı sıra hem okuma-yazma becerinizi hem de kelime bilginizi ileri
seviyeye taşıyabilirsiniz.
KİTAPLAR
YDS ve YÖKDİL’e yönelik titizlikle hazırladığımız kitaplarımızı, internete
erişiminizin olmadığı zamanlarda YDS ve YÖKDİL sınavlarına eksiksiz
hazırlanmak için rehber olarak kullanabilirsiniz.
ONLINE UYGULAMALAR
İnternete bağlanabilen tüm cihazlarda rahatça kullanabileceğiniz
İngilizce öğrenme uygulamalarımızla, öğrenmeyi hem zevkli hale
getiriyor hem de bireyselleştiriyoruz. Üstelik tüm uygulamalarımızı
online derslere katılan kullanıcılara ücretsiz sunuyoruz.
Rh Pozitif Yayıncılık Danışmanlık ve Eğitim, Öğretim Hizmetleri San. Tic. Ltd. Şti.
Ertuğrulgazi Mahallesi Ceylanbeyli Sk. No:29 Pk:26140 Tepebaşı | Eskişehir
0(850) 532 74 74 | 0(532) 365 01 08
iletisim@remzihoca.com
www.remzihoca.com

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YÖKDİL FEN

THE COLDEST CONTINENT

WHAT DO PLANTS NEED?

THE SAHARA DESERT

2. State whether the following are True (T)

A) tame 12. According to this passage, developed

C) a cause of A) Most of the world’s electricity is already

A) sound A) For animals or insects to live in groups they

THE IMPORTANCE OF POLLINATORS

4. To pollinate a flower, pollen needs to be A) active

A) insects A) Without pollination people would be in trouble

HISTORY OF CHEMICAL WEAPONS USE

1. State whether the following are True (T) or

A) freed A) for thousands of years chemicals have been

13. This passage says that soil quality in

THE IMPORTANCE OF POLLINATORS

HISTORY OF CHEMICAL WEAPONS USE

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