A MINI PROJECT REPORT ON

“A SIMPLIFIED POWER CONDITIONER BASED ON

HALF-BRIDGE CONVERTER FOR HIGH SPEED RAILWAY
SYSTEM”
A Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement

For the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
By

M.THARUNKUMAR 18BH5A0222

K.SAI KUMAR 18BH5A0217

Y.KALYAN 17BH1A0236

U.SRINIVAS 17BH5A0237

Under the Guidance of

Mr. K.V.KARTHIK

Assistant Professor

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

ST.MARYS ENGINEERING COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

ST.MARYS ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated JNTUH, Hyderabad) Deshmukhi Village,
Pocham pally(Mandal), Yadadri – 508284

2020-21
 CERTIFICATE

Thisis to certify that the dissertationwork entitled" A SIMPLIFIED POWER

CONDITIONER BASED ON HALF-BRIDGE CONVERTER FOR HIGH SPEED RAILWAY
SYSTEM”that is beingsubmitted by “K.SAI KUMAR”bearing Roll No:18BH5A0217in partial
fulfillment of the requirement of the award of the degreeBACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGYin St
Marys Engineering college, Deshmukhi Village, Pochampally(Mandal), is a record of student
work carried out by him under my supervision and guidance during the year 2020-21.

Signature of the guide Signature of the Head

Mr.K.V.KARTHIK Mr.RAMAKRISHNA.G

Assistant Professor, Assistnat Professor and,

Dept of EEE Head of Dept.EEE,

St.Mary’s Engineering college St.Mary’s Engineering college
Deshmukhi(V),Pochampally(M),Yadadri(D). Deshmukhi(V),Pochampally(M),Yadadri(D).

Signature of the External Examiner

 DECLARATION

This is to certify that work reported in the present thesis titled “A SIMPLIFIED POWER

CONDITIONER BASED ON HALF-BRIDGE CONVERTER FOR HIGH SPEED

RAILWAY SYSTEM” is a record of work done by me in the Department of Electrical

Engineering, St.Marys EngineeringCollege ,Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University,

Hyderabad.

No part of the thesis is copied from books / journals / internet and wherever the portion is

taken, the same has been duly referred in the text. The reported work is based on the project work

done entirely by me and not copied from any other source.

Signature of the Student

 *****

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wish to express my deep sense of gratitude to my project guide Mr.K.V.KARTHIK

Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, St Mary’s College of Engineering&
Technology, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad(JNTUH) for his extremely
valuable guidance and hearted co-operation throughout the project. His constant encouragement
and advice gave me the inspiration for the completion of thesis work.

My Special thanks to” Dr.T.G.ARUL”, Principal, St marys Engineering College ,

Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University.

My Special thanks to”RAMAKRISHNA.G”, Headofthe Department of Electrical

Engineering, St marys Engineering College , Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University.

Finally, my sincere thanks to all the staff members and friends of Department of Electrical
and Electronics Engineering, St.Mary’s EngineeringCollege , Jawaharlal Nehru Technological
University, Hyderabad and employees who contributed directly or indirectly to make this project
success.

Signature of student
ASi
mpli
fiedPowerCondit
ionerBased
on
Hal
f-
Bri
dgeConverterf
orHigh-Speed
Rai
lwaySystem

1
 ABSTRACT

Wi
tht
her
api
ddevel
opmentofhi
gh-
speedandhi
ghpowerr
ail
ways
yst
em i
n
Chi
na,powerqual
it
ysuch ast
he negat
ive s
equence cur
rentand har
moni
c
cur
rentcaus
edbyel
ect
ricl
ocomot
ivesbecomesmor
eandmor
ecr
iti
cal
.Thi
s
paper pr
opos
es a hal
f-
bri
dge-
conver
ter
-bas
ed r
ail
way s
tat
ic power
condi
ti
oner
(RPC) (
HBRPC) whi
ch cons
ist
s of t
wo hal
f-
bri
dge conver
ter
s
connect
edbyt
wocapaci
tor
sins
eri
es.Compar
edwi
tht
het
radi
ti
onalRPC,t
he
HBRPCr
equi
resonl
yapai
rofpowers
wit
chl
egsandt
wocapaci
tor
s.Undert
he
pr
emi
seofaccompl
ishi
ngt
hes
amef
unct
ionofRPC,t
hepr
opos
edcondi
ti
oner
canr
educehal
foft
hepowers
wit
ches
,whi
chcanmakei
twi
thl
owercos
tand
har
dwar
ecompl
exi
ty.Adoubl
e-l
oopcont
roli
spr
opos
edf
orHBRPCt
okeept
he
dc-
li
nkvol
tages
tabl
eandachi
evet
hedynami
ctr
acki
ngoft
hecur
rentr
efer
ence
s
ignal
s,whi
leabal
ancedvol
tagecont
roli
spr
opos
edt
oel
imi
nat
etheer
rorof
t
wocapaci
torvol
tagesandmai
ntai
nthenor
maloper
ati
onofHBRPC.Fi
nal
ly,
s
imul
ati
onandexper
imentr
esul
tshavever
ifi
edt
hepr
opos
eds
truct
ureandi
ts
cont
rolmet
hodef
fect
ivel
y.

2
EXI
STI
NGSYSTEM:

Thechar
act
eri
sti
coft
heel
ect
rict
ract
ions
yst
em whi
chconver
tsat
hree-
phas
e
s
ymmet
ricals
our
cet
otwoi
ndependents
ingl
e-phas
esour
cescanbr
ingi
nal
ot
ofnegat
ives
equencecur
rent(
NSC)i
ntoat
hreephas
epowergr
id.Thef
our
-
quadr
ant pul
se wi
dth modul
ati
on(
PWM) [
1]i
s adopt
ed by hi
gh-
speed
l
ocomot
iveswhi
chhaveahi
ghpowerf
act
or;however
,theywi
llgener
ateal
ot
ofhar
moni
c cur
rent
sin a br
oad s
pect
ralr
ange.Thes
e NSC and har
moni
c
cur
rent
swoul
dhavemuchi
mpactont
hes
tabl
eandeconomi
coper
ati
onoft
he
gr
id,whi
chcani
ncr
eas
epowerl
oss
esoft
het
ract
ions
yst
em,r
educet
hel
if
eand
r
eli
abi
li
ty oft
he t
ract
ion t
rans
for
mer
,and l
ead t
o mal
funct
ionsofs
ens
iti
ve
equi
pment
.

PROPOSEDSYSTEM:

Adoubl
e-l
oopcont
roli
spr
opos
edf
orHBRPCt
okeept
hedc-
li
nkvol
tages
tabl
e
and achi
eve t
he dynami
ctr
acki
ng oft
he cur
rentr
efer
ence s
ignal
s,whi
lea
bal
ancedvol
tagecont
roli
spr
opos
edt
oel
imi
nat
etheer
roroft
wocapaci
tor
vol
tagesandmai
ntai
nthenor
maloper
ati
onofHBRPC.

3
OBJECTI
VES:

Thi
s paper pr
opos
es a hal
f-
bri
dge-
conver
ter
-bas
ed r
ail
way s
tat
ic power
condi
ti
oner (
RPC) (
HBRPC) whi
ch cons
ist
s of t
wo hal
f-
bri
dge conver
ter
s
connect
edbyt
wocapaci
tor
sins
eri
es.

4
 CHAPTER1
I
NTRODUCTI
ON

Wi
th t
he pr
ogr
ess of human ci
vil
izat
ion and t
he i
ncr
eas
ing of s
oci
al
communi
cat
ion,t
her
eisahi
gherr
equi
rementont
her
ailt
rans
por
t.Ast
he350-
km/
hrai
lways
yst
em hast
headvant
agesofhi
ghs
peedandhi
ghcapaci
ty,i
tis
wi
del
y accept
ed and pr
eval
enti
n Chi
na.The char
act
eri
sti
c oft
he el
ect
ric
t
ract
ion s
yst
em whi
ch conver
tsa t
hree-
phas
esymmet
ricals
our
ce t
otwo
i
ndependents
ingl
e-phas
esour
cescan br
ing i
nal
otofnegat
ive s
equence
cur
rent(
NSC)i
ntoat
hreephas
e powergr
id.The f
our
-quadr
antpul
sewi
dth
modul
ati
on(
PWM)[
1]i
sadopt
edbyhi
gh-
speedl
ocomot
iveswhi
chhaveahi
gh
power f
act
or; however
,they wi
llgener
ate a l
ot of har
moni
c126.
com;
5xxy@1
63.
com)
.Di
git
alObj
ectI
dent
ifi
er1
0.1
109/
TIE.
201
2.2206358cur
rent
sina
br
oad s
pect
ralr
ange.Thes
e NSC and har
moni
ccur
rent
swoul
d have much
i
mpactont
hes
tabl
eandeconomi
coper
ati
onoft
hegr
id,whi
chcani
ncr
eas
e
powerl
oss
esoft
het
ract
ions
yst
em,r
educet
hel
if
eandr
eli
abi
li
tyoft
het
ract
ion
t
rans
for
mer
,and l
ead t
o mal
funct
ions ofs
ens
iti
ve equi
pment
,et
c.[
2]–
[4]
.
Ther
efor
e,how t
odealwi
tht
hepowerqual
it
yofpowers
yst
em andmai
ntai
nthe
s
afeoper
ati
on ofgr
id havebeen hotr
esear
ch t
opi
csr
ecent
ly[
5],and t
hey
des
ervemor
eat
tent
ionsf
rom t
her
esear
cher
s.
I
nrai
lwaypowers
uppl
ysys
tem,manyt
ypesoft
ract
iont
rans
for
mer
s
ar
e us
ed,s
uch asScot
ttr
ans
for
mer
s,Woodbr
idge t
rans
for
mer
s,i
mpedance-
mat
chi
ngbal
ancet
rans
for
mer
s,Y/
Δ11
t
rans
for
mer
s,andV/
Vtr
ans
for
mer
s[6]
,[7]
.Someoft
hes
ebal
ancet
rans
for
mer
s
canr
educet
hecont
entofNSC,buti
tisi
mpos
sibl
etocompl
etel
yel
imi
nat
eit
.To
gover
nthepowerqual
it
yoft
het
ract
iongr
idef
fect
ivel
y,s
omel
arge-
capaci
ty
St
ati
cVarCompens
ator
s(SVCs
)wer
epr
opos
edt
ocompens
ater
eact
ivecur
rent
andNSCi
nel
ect
rif
iedr
ail
way[
8],[
9].However
,SVC
hasal
imi
tedt
racki
ngabi
li
tyt
ocompens
ateNSC dynami
cal
ly,andi
tal
ways
gener
ates a l
otofhar
moni
c cur
renti
nject
ed i
ntot
he powergr
id.Some
STATCOMpens
ator
s(STATCOMs
)ar
eappl
iedt
oimpl
ementt
hecompr
ehens
ive

5
compens
ati
onf
orNSCandhar
moni
ccur
rent
s.Theyar
eof
teni
nst
all
edundert
he
t
hree-
phas
esi
de and beart
he hi
gh vol
tage,s
othe cos
tand compens
ati
on
capaci
tyofdi
str
ibut
ionSTATCOM ar
eus
ual
lyhi
gh.I
n1993,Japanes
eschol
ars
pr
opos
edt
her
ail
ways
tat
icpowercondi
ti
oner[
rai
lwaypowercondi
ti
oner(
RPC)
whi
chi
scompos
edoft
wos
ingl
e-phas
eback-
to-
backconver
ter
sshowni
nFi
g.1
.
Twoconver
ter
sar
eli
nkedbyacapaci
torwhi
chi
sus
edast
hemedi
um ofener
gy
t
rans
fer
ringt
opr
ovi
deas
tabl
edc-
li
nkvol
tage.RPCi
sconnect
edbet
weent
wo
s
econdar
yout
putphas
esoft
ract
iont
rans
for
mer
,andi
thast
heabi
li
tyt
ocont
rol
t
wo-
phas
eact
ive–
react
ivepowerandhar
moni
ccur
rent
sbyadopt
ings
uit
abl
e
cont
rolmet
hods
Recent
ly,s
ome r
esear
ch ef
for
tshave been puton t
he t
opol
ogy and
compens
ati
on pr
inci
ple ofRPC.Zhou etal
.[1
7]pr
opos
ed a novelmul
ti
level
power
-qual
it
ycompens
ator(
MPQC)whi
chi
scompos
edoft
wocas
cadedRPCs
.
EachRPChasani
ndependentcapaci
tor
,andt
her
ati
ooft
hedc-
li
nkvol
tagei
s3:
1
;thus
,theMPQCi
sani
ne-
levelconver
terandhast
hemer
itsofl
ow har
moni
cin
out
putwavef
orm and l
ow vol
tage and cur
rents
tres
sforpowerdevi
ces
.
However
,the MPQC has many powers
wit
ches
,and t
he cos
tand cont
rol
di
ff
icul
tyar
ehi
gh.Sunetal
.[1
8]pr
opos
edanovelact
ivepower
-qual
it
y.

6
.Fi
g.1
.Topol
ogyofRPC.

7
 Fi
g.1
.2.Compensat
ionsyst
em basedonhal
f-br
idgeconver
ter
s.

compens
ator(
APQC)
,whi
chcons
ist
sofat
hree-
phas
evol
tages
our
ceconver
ter
and a Scot
ttr
ans
for
mer
.The Scot
ttr
ans
for
mer t
aken as an i
sol
ati
on
t
rans
for
merconver
tst
het
ract
ion powers
yst
em t
o a near
lybal
anced t
hree-
phas
epowers
yst
em.Ther
efor
e,agener
alt
hree-
phas
econver
tercoul
dbeus
ed,
andi
tonl
yhass
ixpowers
wit
ches
.Thecont
roldi
ff
icul
tyofAPQCcanber
educed
cor
res
pondi
ngl
y,butAPQCal
soneedsanexpens
iveScot
ttr
ans
for
mer
.I
nor
der
t
oens
uret
hes
afeandr
eli
abl
eoper
ati
onofr
ail
ways
yst
em,t
hecompens
ati
on
devi
cesar
ereques
ted t
o be s
impl
e,r
eli
abl
e,and l
ow cos
t.I
nthi
spaper
,a
s
impl
if
iedhal
f-
bri
dgeconver
ter
-bas
edRPC(
HBRPC)i
spr
opos
ed,whi
chcons
ist
s
oft
wohal
f-
bri
dgeconver
ter
sconnect
edbyt
wocapaci
tor
sins
eri
es,ass
howni
n
Fi
g.2.Compar
edwi
tht
het
radi
ti
onalRPC,HBRPCcanr
educehal
foft
hepower

8
s
wit
chesundert
hepr
emi
seofaccompl
ishi
ngt
hes
amef
unct
ionofRPC,s
oitcan
r
educet
hecompl
exi
tyofhar
dwar
eci
rcui
tandcos
tandi
ncr
eas
ether
eli
abi
li
tyof
compens
ati
on s
yst
em.Thi
s paperf
irs
tanal
yzed t
he char
act
eri
sti
cs oft
he
pr
opos
edt
opol
ogyi
nSect
ionI
I.Then,t
hecompens
ati
onpr
inci
pleoft
heHBRPC
underV/
Vtr
act
ions
yst
em i
sdes
cri
bedi
nSect
ionI
II
.Thedoubl
e-l
oopcont
rol
met
hodf
ort
heHBRPCi
spr
opos
edi
nSect
ionI
V,andt
hebal
ancedvol
tage(
BV)
cont
roli
spr
opos
edt
okeept
hevol
tagebal
anceoft
wodc-
li
nkcapaci
tor
sand
mai
ntai
nther
eli
abl
eoper
ati
onofHBRPC.Fi
nal
ly,s
imul
ati
onsandexper
iment
s
havebeencar
riedout
,andt
her
esul
tshavever
ifi
edt
hepr
opos
edt
opol
ogyand
cont
rolmet
hodcor
rect
ly.

TABLEI
CHARACTERI
STI
CCOMPARI
SONOFHBRPCANDRPC

9
CI
RCUI
TDI
AGRAM:

Fi
g.1
.2.
3Pr
inci
pledi
agr
am f
orNSCsandHar
moni
ccompens
ast
ion
(
a)Vect
ordi
agr
am f
orNSCcompens
ati
onunderV/
Vtr
act
ions
yst
em.
(
b)Det
ect
iondi
agr
am f
ort
heNSCsandHar
moni
cref
erence.

1
0
 CHAPTER2
SEMI
CONDUCTORDEVI
CE

Theel
ect
roni
csemi
conduct
ordevi
ceactasa s
wit
chi
ng devi
cei
nthepower
el
ect
roni
cconver
ter
s.I
ngener
al,t
hechar
act
eri
sti
csoft
hedevi
cear
eut
il
izedi
n
s
uchawayt
hati
tact
sasas
hor
tci
rcui
twhencl
osed.I
naddi
ti
ont
o,ani
deal
s
wit
chal
socons
umesl
esspowert
oswi
tchf
rom ones
tat
etoot
her
.

Semi
conduct
ori
sdef
inedast
hemat
eri
alwhos
econduct
ivi
tydependsont
he
ener
gy (
li
ght
,heat
,et
c.,
)fal
li
ng on i
t.They don’
tconductatabs
olut
e zer
o
t
emper
atur
e.But
,ast
het
emper
atur
eincr
eas
es,t
hecur
rentconduct
edbyt
he
s
emiconduct
ori
ncr
eas
esasi
tget
sener
gyi
nthef
orm ofheat
.Thei
ncr
eas
ein
cur
renti
spr
opot
ionalt
othe t
emper
atur
eri
se.Semi
conduct
ors
wit
chesar
e
di
odes
,SCR,MOSFET,I
GBT,BJT,TRI
AC et
c,.

Thei
nsul
ated-
gat
ebi
pol
art
ransi
stororI
GBT:

The i
nsul
ated-
gat
e bi
pol
ar t
rans
ist
or or I
GBT i
sa t
hree-
ter
minalpower
s
emi
conduct
ordevi
cenot
edf
orhi
ghef
fi
ciencyandf
asts
wit
chi
ng.I
tswi
tches
el
ect
ric power i
n many moder
n appl
iances
:el
ect
ric car
s,var
iabl
espeed
r
efr
iger
ator
s,ai
r-condi
ti
oner
s,andevens
ter
eos
yst
emswi
thdi
git
alampl
if
ier
s
Si
nce i
tisdes
igned t
orapi
dlyt
urn on and of
f,ampl
if
ier
sthatus
eitof
ten
s
ynt
hes
izecompl
exwavef
ormswi
thpul
sewi
dthmodul
ati
onandl
ow-
pas
sfi
lt
ers
.

1
1
 Fi
g.2I
GBT

TheI
GBTcombi
nest
hes
impl
egat
e-dr
ivechar
act
eri
sti
csoft
heMOSFETswi
th
t
hehi
gh-
cur
rentandl
ow–
sat
urat
ion-
vol
tagecapabi
li
tyofbi
pol
art
rans
ist
orsby
combi
ningani
sol
ated-
gat
eFETf
ort
hecont
roli
nput
,andabi
pol
arpower
t
rans
ist
orasas
wit
ch,i
nas
ingl
edevi
ce.TheI
GBTi
sus
edi
nmedi
um-t
ohi
gh-
powerappl
icat
ionss
uchass
wit
ched-
modepowers
uppl
ytr
act
ionmot
orcont
rol
andi
nduct
ionheat
ing.Lar
geI
GBTmodul
est
ypi
cal
lycons
istofmanydevi
cesi
n
par
all
elandcanhavever
yhi
ghcur
renthandl
ingcapabi
li
ti
esi
ntheor
derof
hundr
edsofampswi
thbl
ocki
ngvol
tagesof6,
000V.

TheI
GBTi
saf
air
lyr
ecenti
nvent
ion.Thef
irs
t-gener
ati
ondevi
cesoft
he1
980s
andear
ly1
990swer
erel
ati
vel
ysl
ow i
nswi
tchi
ng,andpr
onet
ofai
lur
ethr
ough
s
uchmodesasl
atchupands
econdar
ybr
eakdown.Second-
gener
ati
ondevi
ces
wer
emuchi
mpr
oved,andt
hecur
rentt
hir
d-gener
ati
ononesar
eevenbet
ter
,
wi
ths
peedr
ival
ingMOSFETs
,andexcel
lentr
uggednes
sandt
oler
anceof
over
load.
Theext
remel
yhi
ghpul
ser
ati
ngsofs
econd-andt
hir
d-gener
ati
on
devi
cesal
somaket
hem us
efulf
orgener
ati
ngl
argepowerpul
sesi
nar
easl
ike
par
ticl
eandpl
asmaphys
ics
,wher
etheyar
est
art
ingt
osuper
sedeol
derdevi
ces
l
iket
hyr
atr
onsandt
rigger
eds
par
kgaps
.Thei
rhi
ghpul
ser
ati
ngs
,andl
ow pr
ices
ont
hes
urpl
usmar
ket
,al
somaket
hem at
tract
ivet
othehi
gh-
vol
tagehobbyi
st
f
orgener
ati
ngl
argeamount
sofhi
gh-
frequencypowert
odr
iveexper
iment
sli
ke

1
2
Tes
lacoi
ls.Avai
labi
li
tyofaf
for
dabl
e,r
eli
abl
eIGBTsi
sakeyenabl
erf
orel
ect
ric
vehi
clesandhybr
idcar
s.Toyot
a’ss
econdgener
ati
onhybr
idPr
iushasa50kW
I
GBTi
nver
tercont
rol
li
ngt
woACmot
or/
gener
ator
sconnect
edt
otheDCbat
ter
y
[
2]
pack. I
naddi
ti
on,f
orabout20year
sTos
hibahasappl
iedI
GBTsasaudi
o
ampl
if
ier
s.

Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionofsemi
conduct
ordevi
ce:

Basedoncont
rol
labi
li
ty:

 Uncont
rols
wit
chi
ngdevi
ce(
SCR)
s.
 s
emicont
rols
wit
chi
ngdevi
ce.

 Ful
lycont
rols
wit
chi ce.
ngdevi

Basedoncont
rolmodes:

 Cur
rentcont
roldevi
ces
(SCR,
BJT)
.

 Vol
tagecont
roldevi
ce(
MOSFET,
IGBT)
.

Basedoncur
rentdi
rect
ion:
 Un-
dir
ect
ionaldevi
ce(
SCR,
MOSFET,
IGBT)
.
 Bi
-Uni
dir
ect
iondevi
ce(
TRI
AC)
.
Advant
agesofi
nver
ter
s:
 Smal
lleakagecur
rentdur
ingof
fst
age.

 Low vol
tagedr
opdur
ingONs
tage.

 Fast
ert
urnONandt
urnOFF.

 Smal
lcont
rolpowert
oswi
tchf
rom ones
tat
etoot
her
s.

 Hi
ghf
orwar
dcur
rentandbl
ocki
ngvol
tagecapabi
li
ti
es.

 Hi
ghdv/
dtanddi
/dtr
ati
ngs
.

1
3
PULSEWI
DTHMODULATI
ONTECHNI
QUES

Thecont
rolofout
putvol
tagei
sdoneus
ingpul
sewi
dthmodul
ati
on.The
commonl
yus
edt
echni
quesar
e

 Si
ngl
epul
sewi
dthmodul
ati
on.
 Mul
ti
plepul
sewi
dthmodul
ati
on.
 Si
nus
oidalpul
sewi
dthmodul
ati
on.
 Modi
fi
eds
inus
oidalpul
sewi
dthmodul
ati
on.
 Phas
edi
spl
acementcont
rol
.

Pul
seWi
dthModul
ati
on(
PWM)
:

Theener
gyt
hatas
wit
chi
ngpowerconver
terdel
iver
stoamot
ori
scont
rol
led
byPul
seWi
dthModul
ated(
PWM)s
ignal
s,appl
iedt
othegat
esoft
hepower
t
rans
ist
ors
..PWM s
ignal
s ar
e pul
set
rai
ns wi
thf
ixed f
requency and
magni
tudeandvar
iabl
epul
sewi
dth.Ther
eisonepul
seoff
ixedmagni
tudei
n
ever
yPWM per
iod.However
,thewi
dthoft
hepul
seschangesf
rom per
iodt
o
per
iodaccor
dingt
oamodul
ati
ngs
ignal
.

WhenaPWM s
ignali
sappl
iedt
othegat
eofapowert
rans
ist
or,i
tcaus
est
he
t
urnonandt
urnsof
fint
erval
soft
het
rans
ist
ort
ochangef
rom onePWM
per
iodt
oanot
herPWM per
iodaccor
dingt
othes
amemodul
ati
ngs
ignal
.The
f
requencyofaPWM s
ignalmus
tbemuchhi
ghert
hant
hatoft
hemodul
ati
ng
s
ignal
,thef
undament
alf
requency,s
uch t
hatt
heener
gydel
iver
ed t
othe
mot
orandi
tsl
oaddependsmos
tlyont
hemodul
ati
ngs
ignal
.

1
4
 Fi
g.2.
2TWOTYPESOFPWM SI
GNALS
Above f
igur
eshowst
wot
ypesofPWM s
ignal
s,s
ymmet
ricandas
ymmet
ricedge
-
ali
gned.Thepul
sesofa s
ymmet
ricPWM s
ignalar
eal
wayss
ymmet
ricwi
th
r
espectt
othecent
erofeachPWM per
iod.Thepul
sesofanas
ymmet
ricedge-
al
ignedPWM s
ignalal
wayshavet
hes
ames
ideal
ignedwi
thoneendofeach
PWM per
iod.Bot
htypesofPWM s
ignal
sar
eus
edi
nthi
sappl
icat
ion.
I
thasbeens
hownt
hats
ymmet
ricPWM s
ignal
sgener
atef
ewerhar
moni
cin
t
he out
putcur
rentand vol
tage.Di
ff
erentPWM t
echni
ques
,orways of
det
ermi
ning t
he modul
ati
ng s
ignaland t
he s
wit
ch-
on/
swi
tch-
offi
nst
ant
s
f
rom t
hemodul
ati
ngs
ignal
,exi
st.TheTechni
quet
hatweus
eisNat
uralPWM
t
echni
que.
Thi
stechni
quei
scommonl
yus
edwi
tht
hreephas
eVol
tageSour
cepower
i
nver
ter
sfort
hecont
roloft
hree-
phas
eACi
nduct
ionmot
ors
.
Anexampl
eofPWM:t
hes
uppl
yvol
tage(
blue)modul
atedasas
eri
esofpul
ses
r
esul
tsi
nas
ine-
li
ke f
lux dens
ity wavef
orm (
red)i
n a magnet
ic ci
rcui
tof
el
ect
romagnet
icact
uat
or.Thes
moot
hnes
soft
her
esul
tantwavef
orm canbe
cont
rol
led by t
he wi
dth and number of modul
ated i
mpul
ses (
per gi
ven
cycl
e).
Pul
se-
widt
hmodul
ati
on(
PWM)ofas
ignalorpowers
our
cei
nvol
vest
he
modul
ati
on of i
ts dut
y cycl
e, t
o ei
ther convey i
nfor
mat
ion over a
communi
cat
ionschannelorcont
rolt
heamountofpowers
entt
oal
oad.
Pul
se-
wi
dthmodul
ati
onus
esas
quar
ewavewhos
epul
sewi
dthi
smodul
atedr
esul
ti
ng
i
nthevar
iat
ionoft
heaver
ageval
ueoft
hewavef
orm.

1
5
I
fwecons
ideras
quar
ewavef
ormf
(t)wi
thal
ow val
ueymin,ahi
ghval
ueymax
andadut
ycycl
eD(
seef
igur
e1)
,theaver
ageval
ueoft
hewavef
ormi
sgi
venby:
Asf
(t)i
sas
quar
ewave,i
tsval
uei
symaxf
orandyminf
or.

The above expr

ess
ion t
hen becomes
:Thi
slat
terexpr
ess
ion can be f
air
ly
s
impl
if
iedi
nmanycas
eswher
eymin =0as.Fr
om t
his
,iti
sobvi
oust
hatt
he
aver
ageval
ueoft
hes
ignal(
)isdi
rect
lydependentont
hedut
ycycl
eD.

Fi
g.2:A s
impl
emet
hodt
ogener
atet
hePWM pul
set
rai
ncor
res
pondi
ngt
oa
gi
vens
ignali
sthei
nter
sect
ivePWM:t
hes
ignal(
her
ethegr
eens
inewave)i
s
compar
edwi
thas
awt
oot
hwavef
orm(
blue)
.Whent
hel
att
eri
sles
sthant
he
f
ormer
,thePWM s
ignal(
magent
a)i
sinhi
ghs
tat
e(1
).Ot
her
wis
eiti
sint
hel
ow
s
tat
e(0)
.

Thes
impl
estwayt
ogener
ateaPWM s
ignali
sthei
nter
sect
ivemet
hod,whi
ch
r
equi
resonl
ya s
awt
oot
h ora t
riangl
e wavef
orm (
eas
ily gener
ated us
ing a
s
impl
eos
cil
lat
or)andacompar
ator
.Whent
heval
ueoft
her
efer
ences
ignal(
the
gr
eens
inewavei
nfi
gur
e2)i
smor
ethant
hemodul
ati
onwavef
orm(
blue)
,the
PWM s
ignal(
magent
a)i
sint
hehi
ghs
tat
e,ot
her
wis
eiti
sint
hel
ow s
tat
e.

I
II
.STATESPACEMODEL:

Si
ncet
heZ-
sour
cei
nver
teri
scont
rol
ledwi
thPWM s
ignal
s,t
hes
wit
chi
ngs
tat
es
oft
hebr
idges
houl
dbecons
ider
edi
nthemodel
ingt
odes
cri
bet
hedynami
csof
t
hedr
ives
yst
em.

Ass
howni
nFi
g.1
,themai
nci
rcui
tcanbedi
videdi
ntot
wopar
ts,onei
stheX-
s
hapei
mpedancesnet
wor
kcombi
nedwi
tht
hedcs
our
ce,andt
heot
heri
sthe
t
hree-
phas
einver
terconnect
ed wi
tht
he equi
val
entci
rcui
tofPMBDCM.So
model
ingcanbeal
ongwi
tht
hos
etwopar
ts.

AModel
ingoft
heI
mpedanceSour
ceNet
wor
k:Gener
all
y,t
heZ-
sour
cenet
wor
k
canoper
atei
nsi
xpos
sibl
est
ates
,inwhi
cht
hrees
tat
esar
edes
iredwhi
let
he
ot
hert
hree ar
e undes
irabl
e.And t
he undes
irabl
est
atescan be avoi
ded by

1
6
choos
ingappr
opr
iat
eval
uesoft
hei
nduct
orsandcapaci
tor
soft
hei
mpedance
net
wor
k[4]
.Iti
ssuppos
edt
hatonl
ythet
hreedes
ireds
tat
esar
econs
ider
edi
n
t
hef
oll
owi
nganal
ysi
s.Thedes
iredopens
tat
e,act
ives
tat
eands
hoot
-thr
ough
s
tat
ear
eil
lus
trat
edi
nFi
g.5(
a),(
b)and(
c),r
espect
ivel
y.As
sumi
ngt
hatt
heZ-
s
our
cenet
wor
kiss
ymmet
rical
,thati
sL1=L2=L,C1=C2=C,i
L1=i
L2=i
Land
vC1=vC2=vC.

1
7
 CHAPTER3

DESI
GNANDTECHNOLOGY

Fi
g.3.
1(a)
Equi
val
entci
rcui
toft
heHBRPC

Fi
g.3.
1(b)Cont
rol
led-
cur
rents
our
ceequi
val
entci
rcui
t.

1
8
Fi
g.3.
2Ci
rcui
tmodesofHal
fbr
idgeconver
ter

(
a)DCl
inkcapaci
torchar
gingmodewheni
>0

(
b)DCl
inkcapaci
tordi
schar
gingmodewheni
>0

(
c)DCl
inkcapaci
tordi
schar
gingmodewheni
<0

1
9
(
d)DCl
inkcapaci
torchar
gingmodewheni
<0

20
Fi
g.3.
3.Cont
rolbl
ockdi
agr
am ofHBRPC.

21
 CHAPTER4
RESULTSANDDI
SCUSSI
ONS

SI
MULATI
ONRESULTS:

I
n or
dert
o val
idat
ethepr
opos
ed t
opol
ogywhi
ch i
sbas
ed onhal
f-
br
idgeconver
teri
nthi
spaperandi
tscont
rolmet
hod,t
hes
imul
ati
on
di
agr
am ofHBRPCbyus
ingPSI
M6s
oft
war
eisbui
lt
,ass
howni
nFi
g.2.
Cons
ider
ingki
ndofbadcondi
ti
on,as
sumet
hatt
hepowerl
oadsofα-
andβ-
phas
etr
act
ionpowerar
msar
e8.
8and4.
4MW,r
espect
ivel
y.
Her
e,t
hel
oadmodeli
srepl
acedbyt
hel
inearr
esi
storandhar
moni
c
cur
rents
our
ces
.Thepowerf
act
orofl
oadi
scl
oset
oone,andt
het
otal
har
moni
cdi
stor
tion(
THD)ofbot
hloadcur
rent
sisabout1
4.6%.The
par
amet
ersofHBRPCar
eshowni
nTabl
eII
,andt
hes
imul
ati
onr
esul
ts
ar
eshowni
nFi
gs.

22
23
24
EXPERI
MENTRESULTS:

I
nor
dert
ofur
therval
idat
ethepr
opos
edHBRPC,apr
otot
ypeofHBRPCunderV/
V
t
ract
ion t
rans
for
merata r
ankof380 V hasbeen bui
lt
.The V /
Vtr
ans
for
mer
cons
ist
s oft
wo s
ingl
e-phas
est
ep-
down t
rans
for
mer
s,and t
he uncont
rol
labl
e
r
ect
ifi
erFi
g.

Fi
g4.
1(a)V/
Vtr
act
iont
rans
for
merands
tepdownt
rans
for
mer
s.(
b)TMS320F281
2cont
rol
panel
.(c)Back-
to-
backpowers
wit
chmodul
es.

25
 CHAPTER5
I
NTRODUCTI
ON TO MATLAB

MATLABi
sas
oft
war
epackagef
orcomput
ati
oni
nengi
neer
ing,s
cience,and

appl
iedmat
hemat
ics

I
tof
fer
sapower
fulpr
ogr
ammi
ngl
anguage,excel
lentgr
aphi
cs,andawi
der
ange

ofexper
tknowl
edge.MATLABi
spubl
ishedbyandat
rademar
kofTheMat
hWor
ks,

I
nc.

Thef
ocusi
nMATLABi
soncomput
ati
on,notmat
hemat
ics
:Symbol
icexpr
ess
ions

andmani
pul
ati
onsar
enotpos
sibl
e(exceptt
hrought
heopt
ionalSymbol
icTool
box,

acl
everi
nter
facet
omapl
e).Al
lres
ult
sar
enotonl
ynumer
icalbuti
nexact
,thanks

t
other
oundi
nger
ror
sinher
enti
ncomput
erar
ithmet
ic.Thel
imi
tat
iont
onumer
ical

comput
ati
oncanbes
eenasadr
awback,buti
t’
sas
our
ceofs
trengt
htoo:MATLAB

i
smuchpr
efer
redt
oMapl
e,Mat
hemat
ical
,andt
hel
ikewheni
tcomest
onumer
ics
.

Ont
heot
herhand,compar
edt
oot
hernumer
ical
lyor
ient
edl
anguagesl
ikeC++

andFORTRAN,

MATLAB i
smuch eas
iert
o us
e and comeswi
th a huge s
tandar
dli
brar
y.1t
he

unf
avor
abl
ecompar
isonher
eisagapi
nexecut
ions
peed.Thi
sgapi
snotal
ways

asdr
amat
icaspopul
arl
orehasi
t,andi
tcanof
tenbenar
rowedorcl
osedwi
th
26
goodMATLABpr
ogr
ammi
ng(
sees
ect
ion6)
.Mor
eover
,onecanl
inkot
hercodes

i
nto MATLAB,orvi
ce ver
sa,and MATLAB now opt
ional
lys
uppor
ts par
all
el

comput
ing.St
il
l,MATLAB i
s us
ual
ly not t
he t
oolof choi
ce f
or maxi
mum-

per
for
manceComput
ing.

TheMATLABni
chei
snumer
icalcomput
ati
ononwor
kst
ati
onsf
ornon-
exper
tsi
n

comput
ati
on.Thi
sisahugeni
che—onewayt
otel
list
olookatt
henumberof

MATLAB-
rel
ated books on mat
hwor
ks.
com. Even f
or s
uper
comput
er us
ers
,

MATLAB can be a val

uabl
e envi
ronmenti
n whi
ch t
o expl
ore and f
ine-
tune

al
gor
ithmsbef
ore mor
elabor
iouscodi
ng i
n anot
herl
anguage.
Mos
tsucces
sful

comput
ingl
anguagesandenvi
ronment
sacqui
readi
sti
nct
ivechar
act
erorcul
tur
e.

I
nMATLAB,t
hatcul
tur
econt
ainss
ever
alel
ement
s:anexper
iment
alandgr
aphi
cal

bi
as,r
esul
ti
ng f
rom t
hei
nter
act
iveenvi
ronmentand compr
ess
ion oft
hewr
ite-

compi
le-
li
nk-
execut
eanal
yzecycl
e;anemphas
isons
ynt
axt
hati
scompactand

f
riendl
ytot
hei
nter
act
ivemode,r
athert
hant
ight
lycons
trai
nedandver
bos
e;a

ki
tchen-
sinkment
ali
tyf
orpr
ovi
dingf
unct
ional
it
y;andahi
ghdegr
eeofopennes
s

andt
rans
par
ency(
thoughnott
otheext
entofbei
ngopens
our
ces
oft
war
e).
The

componentt
hati
sthehear
tofMATLABi
scal
ledt
heCommandWi
ndow,l
ocat
ed

ont
he1
Her
eandel
sewher
eIam t
hinki
ngoft
he“
oldFORTRAN,
”FORTRAN77.Thi
s

i
snotacomment
aryont
heus
eful
nes
sofFORTRAN90butonmyi
gnor
anceofi
t.

SI
MULI
NK:

Si
mul
ink(
Simul
ati
onandLi
nk)i
sanext
ens
ionofMATLABbyMat
hwor
ksI
nc.I
t

wor
kswi
th MATLAB t
o of
fermodel
ing,s
imul
ati
ng,and anal
yzi
ng ofdynami
cal

s
yst
emsunderagr
aphi
calus
eri
nter
face(
GUI
)envi
ronment
.Thecons
truct
ionofa

modeli
ssi
mpl
if
ied wi
th cl
ick-
and-
drag mous
e oper
ati
ons
.Si
mul
ink i
ncl
udesa

compr
ehens
ivebl
ockl
ibr
aryoft
ool
boxesf
orbot
hli
nearandnonl
inearanal
yses
.

27
Model
s ar
e hi
erar
chi
cal
,whi
ch al
low us
ing bot
htop-
down and bot
tom-
up

appr
oaches
.AsSi
mul
inki
sani
ntegr
alpar
tofMATLAB,i
tiseas
ytos
wit
chback

andf
ort
hdur
ingt
heanal
ysi
spr
oces
sandt
hus
,theus
ermayt
akef
ulladvant
age

off
eat
uresof
fer
edi
nbot
henvi
ronment
s.Thi
stut
ori
alpr
esent
sthebas
icf
eat
ures

ofSi
mul
inkandi
sfocus
edoncont
rols
yst
emsasi
thasbeenwr
itt
enf
ors
tudent
sin

mycont
rols
yst
em

8.
3Get
tingSt
art
ed

Tos
tar
ta Si
mul
inks
ess
ion,you'
dneedt
obr
ingupMat
labpr
ogr
am f
irs
t.Fr
om

Mat
labcommandwi
ndow,ent
er:

>>s
imul
ink

Al
ter
nat
ely,youmaycl
ickont
heSi
mul
inki
conl
ocat
edont
het
ool
barass
hownFi
g.

28
Tos
eet
hecont
entoft
hebl
ocks
et,cl
ickont
he"
+"s
ignatt
hebegi
nni
ngofeach

t
ool
box.

Tos
tar
tamodelcl
ickont
heNEW FI
LEI
CON ass
howni
nthes
creens
hot

above.
Alt
ernat
ely,youmayus
ekeys
trokesCTRL+N.

Anew wi
ndow wi
llappearont
hes
creen.Youwi
llbecons
truct
ingyourmodeli
n

t
hiswi
ndow.Al
soi
nthi
swi
ndow t
hecons
truct
edmodeli
ssi
mul
ated.As
creens
hot

ofat
ypi
calwor
king(
model
)wi
ndow t
hatl
ooksl
ikeones
hownbel
ow:

29
Tobecomef
ami
li
ari
zedwi
tht
hes
truct
ureandt
heenvi
ronmentofSi
mul
ink,you

ar
eencour
agedt
oexpl
oret
het
ool
boxesands
cant
hei
rcont
ent
s.

Youmaynotknow whatt
heyar
eal
laboutbutper
hapsyoucoul
dcat
chont
he

or
gani
zat
ionoft
hes
etool
boxesaccor
dingt
othecat
egor
y.Fori
nst
ant
,youmay

s
eeCont
rolSys
tem Tool
boxt
ocons
istoft
heLi
nearTi
meI
nvar
iant(
LTI
)sys
tem

l
ibr
aryandt
heMATLABf
unct
ionscanbef
oundunderFunct
ionandTabl
esoft
he

Si
mul
inkmai
ntool
box.Agoodwayt
olear
nSi
mul
ink(
oranycomput
erpr
ogr
am i
n

gener
al)i
stopr
act
iceandexpl
ore.Maki
ngmi
stakesi
sapar
toft
hel
ear
ningcur
ve.

So,f
earnot
,yous
houl
dbe.

As
impl
emodeli
sus
edher
etoi
ntr
oduces
omebas
icf
eat
uresofSi
mul
ink.Pl
eas
e

f
oll
ow t
hes
tepsbel
ow t
ocons
tructas
impl
emodel
.

STEP1
:CREATI
NGBLOCKS.

Fr
om BLOCKSETCATEGORI
ESs
ect
ionoft
heSI
MULI
NKLI
BRARYBROWSERwi
ndow,

30
cl
ickont
he"
+"s
ignnextt
otheSi
mul
inkgr
oupt
oexpandt
het
reeands
elect(
cli
ck

on)Sour
ces
.

As
etofbl
ockswi
llappeari
nthe BLOCKSET gr
oup.Cl
ick on t
he Si
ne Wave

bl
ockanddr
agi
ttot
hewor
kspacewi
ndow (
als
oknownasmodelwi
ndow)
.

31
 As
etofbl
ockswi
llappeari
ntheBLOCKSETgr
oup.Cl
ickont
heSi
neWave

bl
ockanddr
agi
ttot
hewor
kspacewi
ndow (
als
oknownasmodelwi
ndow)
.

Iam goi
ngt
osavet
hismodelundert
hef
il
ename:"
simexampl
e1"
.Tos
avea

model
,youmaycl
ickont
hef
loppydi
sket
tei
con.Orf
rom FI
LEmenu,s
electSaveor

CTRL+S.
32
Al
lSi
mul
inkmodelf
il
ewi
llhaveanext
ens
ion"
.mdl
".Si
mul
inkr
ecogni
zesf
il
ewi
th

.
mdlext
ens
ionasas
imul
ati
onmodel(
simi
lart
ohow MATLABr
ecogni
zesf
il
eswi
th

t
he ext
ens
ion .
m asan MFi
le)
.Cont
inue t
o bui
ld yourmodelby addi
ng mor
e

component
s(orbl
ocks
)toyourmodelwi
ndow.We'
l
lcont
inuet
oaddaScopef
rom

Si
nksl
ibr
ary,anI
ntegr
atorbl
ockf
rom Cont
inuousl
ibr
ary,and aMuxbl
ockf
rom

Si
gnalRout
ingl
ibr
ary.

NOTE:I
fyouwi
sht
olocat
eabl
ockknowi
ngi
tsname,youmayent
ert
henamei
n

t
heSEARCH WI
NDOW (
atFi
ndpr
ompt
)andSi
mul
inkwi
llbr
ingupt
hes
peci
fi
ed

bl
ock.
To move t
he bl
ocksar
ound,s
impl
y cl
ick on i
tand dr
ag i
tto a des
ired

l
ocat
ion.
Onceal
lthebl
ocksar
edr
aggedovert
othewor
kspaces
houl
dcons
istof

t
hef
oll
owi
ngcomponent
s:

Youmayr
emove(
del
ete)abl
ockbys
impl
ycl
icki
ngoni
toncet
otur
nont
he

"
sel
ectmode"(
wit
hfourcor
nerboxes
)andus
etheDELkeyorkeyscombi
nat
ion

33
CTRL-
X

STEP 2:MAKI
NG CONNECTI
ONS:To es
tabl
ish connect
ionsbet
ween t
hebl
ocks
,

movet
hecur
sort
otheout
putpor
trepr
esent
edby"
>"s
ignont
hebl
ock.Once

pl
aced ata por
t,t
he cur
sorwi
llt
urni
nto a cr
oss"
+"enabl
ing you t
o make

connect
ionbet
weenbl
ocks
.

To make a connect
ion:l
eft
-cl
ickwhi
le hol
ding down t
he cont
rolkey(
on your

keyboar
d)anddr
agf
rom s
our
cepor
ttoades
tinat
ionpor
t.Theconnect
edmodeli
s

s
hownbel
ow.

As
ines
ignali
sgener
atedbyt
heSi
neWavebl
ock(
asour
ce)andi
sdi
spl
ayed

byt
hes
cope.Thei
ntegr
ateds
ines
ignali
ssentt
oscopef
ordi
spl
ayal
ongwi
tht
he

or
igi
nals
ignalf
rom t
hes
our
cevi
atheMux,whos
efunct
ioni
stomul
ti
plexs
ignal
s

i
nfor
m ofs
cal
ar,vect
or,ormat
rixi
ntoabus
.

STEP3:RUNNI
NGSI
MULATI
ON:

Younow canr
unt
hes
imul
ati
onoft
hes
impl
esys
tem abovebycl
icki
ngont
hepl
ay

but
ton(
alt
ernat
ivel
y,youmayus
ekeys
equenceCTRL+T,orchoos
eSt
arts
ubmenu

underSi
mul
ati
onmenu)
.Doubl
ecl
ickont
heScopebl
ockt
odi
spl
ayoft
hes
cope.

34
Si
m PowerSyst
ems:

Si
mPower
Sys
tems i
s a moder
n des
ign t
oolt
hatal
lows s
cient
ist
s and

engi
neer
s t
o r
api
dly and eas
ily bui
ld model
s t
hat s
imul
ate power

s
yst
ems
.Si
mPower
Sys
temsus
est
heSi
mul
inkenvi
ronment
,al
lowi
ngyout
obui
lda

modelus
ings
impl
ecl
ickanddr
agpr
ocedur
es.Notonl
ycanyoudr
aw t
heci
rcui
t

t
opol
ogyr
api
dly,butyouranal
ysi
soft
heci
rcui
tcani
ncl
udei
tsi
nter
act
ionswi
th

mechani
cal
,ther
mal
,cont
rol
,andot
herdi
sci
pli
nes
.Thi
sispos
sibl
ebecaus
eal
lthe

el
ect
ricalpar
tsoft
hes
imul
ati
oni
nter
actwi
tht
heext
ens
iveSi
mul
inkmodel
ing

l
ibr
ary.Si
nceSi
mul
inkus
esMATLAB®asi
tscomput
ati
onalengi
ne,des
igner
scan

al
sous
eMATLABt
ool
boxesandSi
mul
inkbl
ocks
ets
.Si
mPower
Sys
temsandSi
m

Mechani
css
har
eas
peci
alPhys
icalModel
ingbl
ockandconnect
ionl
inei
nter
face.
35
Si
mPower
Syst
emsLi
brar
ies:

Youcanr
api
dlyputSi
mPower
Sys
temst
owor
k.Thel
ibr
ari
escont
ainmodel
sof

t
ypi
calpowerequi
pments
uch as t
rans
for
mer
s,l
ines
,machi
nes
,and power

el
ect
roni
cs.Thes
e model
sar
e pr
oven onescomi
ng f
rom t
ext
books
,and t
hei
r

val
idi
tyi
sbas
edont
heexper
ienceoft
hePowerSys
temsTes
tingandSi
mul
ati
on

Labor
ator
yofHydr
o-Québec,al
argeNor
thAmer
icanut
il
it
ylocat
edi
nCanada,

and al
so on t
he exper
ience ofÉcol
e de Technol
ogi
eSupér
ieur
e and Uni
ver
sit
é

Laval
.

Thecapabi
li
ti
esofSi
mPower
Sys
temsf
ormodel
ingat
ypi
calel
ect
ricals
yst
em ar
e

i
ll
ust
rat
ed i
n demons
trat
ion f
il
es.And f
or us
ers who wantt
oref
res
hthei
r

knowl
edgeofpowers
yst
em t
heor
y,t
her
ear
eal
sos
elf
-l
ear
ningcas
est
udi
es.

TheSi
mPower
Sys
temsmai
nli
brar
y,powerl
ib,or
gani
zesi
tsbl
ocksi
ntol
ibr
ari
es

accor
dingt
othei
rbehavi
or.Thepowerl
ibl
ibr
arywi
ndow di
spl
ayst
hebl
ockl
ibr
ary

i
consandnames
.Doubl
e-cl
ickal
ibr
aryi
cont
oopent
hel
ibr
aryandacces
sthe

bl
ocks
.The mai
n Si
mPower
Sys
tems
powerl
ibl
ibr
arywi
ndow al
so cont
ainst
he

Power
guibl
ockt
hatopensagr
aphi
calus
eri
nter
facef
ort
hes
teady-
stat
eanal
ysi
s

ofel
ect
ricalci
rcui
ts.

Nonl
inearSi
mul
inkBl
ocksf
orSi
mPower
Sys
temsModel
sThenonl
inearSi
mul
ink

bl
ocks oft
he powerl
ibl
ibr
ary ar
est
ored i
nas
peci
al\
block l
ibr
ary named

power
li
b_model
s.Thes
emas
kedSi
mul
inkmodel
sar
eus
edbySi
mPower
Sys
temst
o

bui
ldt
heequi
val
entSi
mul
inkmodelofyourci
rcui
t.SeeChapt
er3,“
Impr
ovi
ng

Si
mul
ati
onPer
for
mance”f
orades
cri
pti
onoft
hepower
li
b_model
sli
brar
y.

36
 CHAPTER6

CONCLUSI
ONSANDREFERENCES

A compr
ehens
ive compens
ati
on s
yst
em HBRPC hasbeen pr
esent
ed f
orpower
qual
it
yoft
hehi
ghs
peedr
ail
way,whi
chi
sbas
edont
wohal
f-
bri
dgeconver
ter
s,i
n
t
hispaper
.Compar
edt
oRPC,t
henumberofpowers
wit
chesi
sreduced,s
othecos
t,
har
dwar
ecompl
exi
ty,andpowerl
oss
esar
ereducedcor
res
pondi
ngl
y.

Ar
eal
-t
imer
efer
encedet
ect
ionmet
hodf
orNSCandhar
moni
ccur
rent
sunderV/
V
t
ract
ion s
yst
em hasbeen pr
esent
ed,and t
he hys
ter
esi
scont
roli
sadopt
ed t
o
achi
eve f
astt
racki
ng oft
he cur
rentr
efer
ence and i
mpr
ove t
he dynami
cal
compens
ati
onper
for
mance.

Cons
ider
ingt
hedc-
li
nkvol
tagebal
anceoft
wocapaci
tor
s,aBVcont
rolhasbeen
pr
opos
edt
oel
imi
nat
ethevol
tagei
mbal
anceandr
educet
heunbal
ancedi
nfl
uence
ons
yst
em per
for
mance.

Fi
nal
ly,s
imul
ati
on and exper
imentr
esul
ts have conf
irmed t
hatt
he pr
opos
ed
s
yst
em has a good ef
fect on NSC compens
ati
on and har
moni
c cur
rent
s
uppr
ess
ion.
Even t
hough t
he hal
f-
bri
dge conver
terhas s
ome dr
awbacks
,the
pr
opos
ed HBRPC pr
ovi
desa new at
temptf
ormanagi
ng t
he powerqual
it
y of
r
ail
ways
yst
em.

37
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39